the skeletal system - coral springs charter school · 2016-04-19 · •in embryos, the skeleton is...
TRANSCRIPT
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 5 The Skeletal System
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The Skeletal System
Slide 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Parts of the skeletal system •Bones (skeleton)
• Joints
•Cartilages
• Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
• Divided into two divisions •Axial skeleton
•Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
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Functions of Bones
Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
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Bones of the Human Body
Slide 5.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue •Compact bone • Homogeneous
•Spongy bone • Small needle-like
pieces of bone
• Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
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Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Long bones
•Typically longer than wide
•Have a shaft with heads at both ends
•Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
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Classification of Bones
Slide 5.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Short bones
•Generally cube-shape
•Contain mostly spongy bone
•Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Flat bones
•Thin and flattened
•Usually curved
•Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
•Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Classification of Bones
Slide 5.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
•Do not fit into other bone classification categories
•Example: Vertebrae and hip
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Slide 5.5c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Slide 5.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Diaphysis •Shaft
•Composed of compact bone
• Epiphysis
•Ends of the bone
•Composed mostly of spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Periosteum • Outside covering of
the diaphysis • Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
• Sharpey’s fibers • Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
• Arteries • Supply bone cells
with nutrients Figure 5.2c
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Structures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articular cartilage
•Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
•Made of hyaline cartilage
•Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Medullary cavity
•Cavity of the shaft
•Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
•Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
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Bone Markings
Slide 5.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Surface features of bones
• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
• Passages for nerves and blood vessels
• Three broad categories of bone markings
•Projections for muscle attachment •Surfaces that form joints •Depressions or cavities – indentations
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Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (1 of 2)
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Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (2 of 2)
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Microscopy Anatomy of Bone
Bone Histology • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY5r_SJIG-A
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.10a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteon (Haversian System) •A unit of bone
• Central (Haversian) canal •Opening in the center of an osteon
•Carries blood vessels and nerves
• Perforating (Volkman’s) canal •Canal perpendicular to the central canal
•Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.10b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.11a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lacunae •Cavities containing
bone cells (osteocytes)
•Arranged in concentric rings
• Lamellae •Rings around the
central canal •Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5.11b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Canaliculi •Tiny canals
•Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
•Form a transport system
Figure 5.3
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Changes in the Human Skeleton
Slide 5.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
•Bridge of the nose
•Parts of ribs
• Joints
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Bone Growth
Slide 5.13a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
•New cartilage is continuously formed
•Older cartilage becomes ossified
•Cartilage is broken down
•Bone replaces cartilage
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Bone Growth
Slide 5.13b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
•Bones change shape somewhat
•Bones grow in width
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Slide 5.14a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.4a
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Types of Bone Cells
Slide 5.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteocytes • Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts • Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts • Bone-destroying cells • Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Bone Fractures
Slide 5.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures •Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
•Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization •Realignment of the bone
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Common Types of Fractures
Slide 5.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 5.2
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Fractures are also categorized based on the shape of the break. There are eight main shapes or kinds of bone fractures.
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• Transverse fractures: go more or less straight across the bone.
• Oblique fractures: are diagonal breaks across the bone. • Spiral fractures: happen when one or both halves of the bone
are twisted. • Comminuated fractures: break the bone into more than two
pieces. • Avulsion fractures: mean pieces of the bone have been pulled
apart. • Impacted fractures: are the opposite of avulsion fractures.
These happen when a piece of bone is pushed down into another piece of bone.
• Fissure fractures: are cracks in the bone. • Greenstick fractures: happen when the bone bends and
breaks partially, but not completely.
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• Transverse fractures: go more or less straight across the bone.
• Oblique fractures: are diagonal breaks across the bone. • Spiral fractures: happen when one or both halves of the bone
are twisted. • Comminuated fractures: break the bone into more than two
pieces. • Avulsion fractures: mean pieces of the bone have been pulled
apart. • Impacted fractures: are the opposite of avulsion fractures.
These happen when a piece of bone is pushed down into another piece of bone.
• Fissure fractures: are cracks in the bone. • Greenstick fractures: happen when the bone bends and
breaks partially, but not completely.
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Repair of Bone Fractures
Slide 5.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
• Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Slide 5.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.5
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The Axial Skeleton
Slide 5.20a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
• Divided into three parts •Skull
•Vertebral column
•Bony thorax
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The Axial Skeleton
Slide 5.20b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6
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The Skull
Slide 5.21a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Two sets of bones
•Cranium
•Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
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The Skull
Slide 5.21b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.7
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Bones of the Skull
Slide 5.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.11
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Human Skull, Superior View
Slide 5.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.8
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Human Skull, Inferior View
Slide 5.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.9
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Paranasal Sinuses
Slide 5.25a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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Paranasal Sinuses
Slide 5.25b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Functions of paranasal sinuses • Lighten the skull •Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
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The Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
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The Fetal Skull
Slide 5.27a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
Figure 5.13
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The Fetal Skull
Slide 5.27b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
•Allow the brain to grow
•Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
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The Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
• The spine has a normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14
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Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Slide 5.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.16
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The Bony Thorax
Slide 5.31a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Forms a cage to protect major organs
Figure 5.19a
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The Bony Thorax
Slide 5.31b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Made-up of three parts
•Sternum
•Ribs
•Thoracic vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
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The Appendicular Skeleton
Slide 5.32a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
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The Appendicular Skeleton
Slide 5.32b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6c
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Composed of two bones
•Clavicle – collarbone
•Scapula – shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide 5.34a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.20a, b
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Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The arm is formed by a single bone
•Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
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Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The hand
•Carpals – wrist
•Metacarpals – palm
•Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Hip bones • Composed of three pair of fused bones
• Ilium • Ischium • Pubic bone
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• Protects several organs • Reproductive organs • Urinary bladder • Part of the large intestine
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The Pelvis
Slide 5.38a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23a
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Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The thigh has one bone
•Femur – thigh bone
Figure 5.35a, b
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The leg has two bones
•Tibia
•Fibula
Figure 5.35c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The foot
•Tarsus – ankle
•Metatarsals – sole
•Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
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Joints
Slide 5.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articulations of bones
• Functions of joints
•Hold bones together
•Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified
•Functionally
•Structurally
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Functional Classification of Joints
Slide 5.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Synarthroses – immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
• Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
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Structural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Fibrous joints
•Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints
• Immovable or slightly moveable
• Synovial joints
•Freely moveable
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Fibrous Joints
Slide 5.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Figure 5.27d, e
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Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis
Slide 5.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bones connected by cartilage
• Examples
•Pubic symphysis
• Intervertebral joints
Figure 5.27b, c
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Synovial Joints
Slide 5.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
• Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
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Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses
Slide 5.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint
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Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint
Slide 5.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs •Lined with synovial membranes
•Filled with synovial fluid
•Not actually part of the joint
• Tendon sheath •Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
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The Synovial Joint
Slide 5.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.28
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Slide 5.52a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Slide 5.52b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f
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Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
Slide 5.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints •Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide 5.54a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Osteoarthritis •Most common chronic arthritis
•Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis •An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
•Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
•Often leads to deformities
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide 5.54b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Gouty Arthritis
• Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood
•Can usually be controlled with diet
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