the skeletal system - fisiokinesiterapia system.pdf · the skeletal system ... •thin layers of...
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The Skeletal System
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The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
Slide 5.1
• Parts of the skeletal system•Bones (skeleton)
• Joints
•Cartilages
• Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
• Divided into two divisions•Axial skeleton
•Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
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Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
Slide 5.2
• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
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Bones of the Human BodyBones of the Human Body
Slide 5.3
• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue•Compact bone• Homogeneous
•Spongy bone• Small needle-like
pieces of bone
• Many open spacesFigure 5.2b
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.4a
• Long bones
•Typically longer than wide
•Have a shaft with heads at both ends
•Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.4b
• Short bones
•Generally cube-shape
•Contain mostly spongy bone
•Examples: Carpals, tarsals
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Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape
Slide 5.4c
Figure 5.1
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.5a
• Flat bones
•Thin and flattened
•Usually curved
•Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
•Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Slide 5.5b
• Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
•Do not fit into other bone classification categories
•Example: Vertebrae and hip
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Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape
Slide 5.5c
Figure 5.1
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Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Slide 5.6
• Diaphysis•Shaft
•Composed of compact bone
• Epiphysis•Ends of the bone
•Composed mostly of spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.7
• Periosteum• Outside covering of
the diaphysis• Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
• Sharpey’s fibers• Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
• Arteries• Supply bone cells
with nutrientsFigure 5.2c
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Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.8a
• Articular cartilage
•Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
•Made of hyaline cartilage
•Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long BoneStructures of a Long Bone
Slide 5.8b
• Medullary cavity
•Cavity of the shaft
•Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
•Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
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Bone Markings Bone Markings -- Page 119Page 119
Slide 5.9
• Surface features of bones
• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
• Passages for nerves and blood vessels
• Categories of bone markings
•Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface
•Depressions or cavities – indentations
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5 10a
• Osteon (Haversian System)•A unit of bone
• Central (Haversian) canal•Opening in the center of an osteon
•Carries blood vessels and nerves
• Perforating (Volkman’s) canal•Canal perpendicular to the central canal
•Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5 10b
Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5 11a
• Lacunae•Cavities containing
bone cells (osteocytes)
•Arranged in concentric rings
• Lamellae•Rings around the
central canal•Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone
Slide 5 11b
• Canaliculi•Tiny canals
•Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
•Form a transport system
Figure 5.3
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Changes in the Human SkeletonChanges in the Human Skeleton
Slide 5.12
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated areas
•Bridge of the nose
•Parts of ribs
• Joints
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Bone GrowthBone Growth
Slide 5 13a
• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
•New cartilage is continuously formed
•Older cartilage becomes ossified
•Cartilage is broken down
•Bone replaces cartilage
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Bone GrowthBone Growth
Slide 5 13b
• Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
•Bones change shape somewhat
•Bones grow in width
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Long Bone Formation and GrowthLong Bone Formation and Growth
Slide 5 14a
Figure 5.4a
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Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone Cells
Slide 5.15
• Osteocytes• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts• Bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts• Bone-destroying cells• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
• Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Bone FracturesBone Fractures
Slide 5.16
• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures•Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
•Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization•Realignment of the bone
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Common Types of FracturesCommon Types of Fractures
Slide 5.17Table 5.2
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Repair of Bone FracturesRepair of Bone Fractures
Slide 5.18
• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
• Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
• Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Stages in the Healing of a Bone FractureFracture
Slide 5.19
Figure 5.5
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The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Slide 5 20a
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
• Divided into three parts•Skull
•Vertebral column
•Bony thorax
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The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Slide 5 20b
Figure 5.6
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The SkullThe Skull
Slide 5 21a
• Two sets of bones
•Cranium
•Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
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The SkullThe Skull
Slide 5 21b
Figure 5.7
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Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
Slide 5.22
Figure 5.11
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Human Skull, Superior ViewHuman Skull, Superior View
Slide 5.23
Figure 5.8
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Human Skull, Inferior ViewHuman Skull, Inferior View
Slide 5.24
Figure 5.9
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ParanasalParanasal SinusesSinuses
Slide 5 25a
• Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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ParanasalParanasal SinusesSinuses
Slide 5 25b
• Functions of paranasal sinuses• Lighten the skull•Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
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The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26
• The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
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The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
Slide 5 27a
• The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
Figure 5.13
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The Fetal SkullThe Fetal Skull
Slide 5 27b
• Fontanelles –fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
•Allow the brain to grow
•Convert to bone within 24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
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The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28
• Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
• The spine has a normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14
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Structure of a Typical VertebraeStructure of a Typical Vertebrae
Slide 5.29
Figure 5.16
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The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
Slide 5 31a
• Forms a cage to protect major organs
Figure 5.19a
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The Bony ThoraxThe Bony Thorax
Slide 5 31b
• Made-up of three parts
•Sternum
•Ribs
•Thoracic vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
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The The AppendicularAppendicular SkeletonSkeleton
Slide 5 32a
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
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The The AppendicularAppendicular SkeletonSkeleton
Slide 5 32b
Figure 5.6c
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33
• Composed of two bones
•Clavicle – collarbone
•Scapula – shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
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Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide 5 34a
Figure 5.20a, b
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Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5 35a
• The arm is formed by a single bone
•Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
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Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5 35b
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36
• The hand
•Carpals – wrist
•Metacarpals –palm
•Phalanges –fingers
Figure 5.22
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Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37
• Hip bones• Composed of three pair of fused bones
• Ilium• Ischium• Pubic bone
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• Protects several organs• Reproductive organs• Urinary bladder• Part of the large intestine
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The PelvisThe Pelvis
Slide 5 38a
Figure 5.23a
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Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39
Figure 5.23c
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Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5 40a
• The thigh has one bone
•Femur – thigh bone
Figure 5.35a, b
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Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5 40b
• The leg has two bones
•Tibia
•Fibula
Figure 5.35c
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Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.41
• The foot
•Tarsus – ankle
•Metatarsals –sole
•Phalanges –toes
Figure 5.25
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JointsJoints
Slide 5.43
• Articulations of bones
• Functions of joints
•Hold bones together
•Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified
•Functionally
•Structurally
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Functional Classification of JointsFunctional Classification of Joints
Slide 5.44
• Synarthroses – immovable joints
• Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
• Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
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Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45
• Fibrous joints
•Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints
• Immovable or slightly moveable
• Synovial joints
•Freely moveable
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Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints
Slide 5.46
• Bones united by fibrous tissue –synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Figure 5.27d, e
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Cartilaginous Joints Cartilaginous Joints –– mostly mostly amphiarthrosisamphiarthrosis
Slide 5.47
• Bones connected by cartilage
• Examples
•Pubic symphysis
• Intervertebraljoints
Figure 5.27b, c
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Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
Slide 5.48
• Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
• Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
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Features of Synovial JointsFeatures of Synovial Joints--DiarthrosesDiarthroses
Slide 5.49
• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint
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Structures Associated with the Structures Associated with the Synovial JointSynovial Joint
Slide 5.50
• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs•Lined with synovial membranes
•Filled with synovial fluid
•Not actually part of the joint
• Tendon sheath•Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
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The Synovial JointThe Synovial Joint
Slide 5.51
Figure 5.28
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape
Slide 5 52a
Figure 5.29a–c
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape
Slide 5 52b
Figure 5.29d–f
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Inflammatory Conditions Inflammatory Conditions Associated with JointsAssociated with Joints
Slide 5.53
• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints•Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
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Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide 5 54a
• Osteoarthritis•Most common chronic arthritis
•Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis•An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints
•Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
•Often leads to deformities
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Clinical Forms of ArthritisClinical Forms of Arthritis
Slide 5 54b
• Gouty Arthritis
• Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood
•Can usually be controlled with diet
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