the skeletal system health science i. bone facts makes up the framework of the body consists of 206...
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The Skeletal SystemHealth Science I
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Bone Facts
•Makes up the framework of the body
•Consists of 206 individual bones in the adult
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Functions of Skeletal System
• Support structure and provide shape• Protection• Allows for movement and anchorage of muscles• Provides mineral storage• Site of hemopoiesis• Blood cell formation in red marrow of long
bones
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STUCTURE OF BONES
• Osteocytes• Microscopic cells of bones• Mature bone cell (osteocyte)
• Bone is made up of
• 35% organic - is a protein called collagen• degree of flexibility
• 65% inorganic - mineral salts (calcium) and water• Give bone its hardness and durability
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Bone Formation
• Embryonic skeleton initially consists of collagenous protein fibers secreted by osteoblasts (primitive embryonic cells)• Later, cartilage is deposited between the
fibers• At 8 wks, ossification begins•Mineral matter begins to replace
cartilage, creating bone
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Formation
• Infant bones are very soft and pliable because of incomplete ossification at birth• For example: soft spot on a baby’s head:
fontanel• Ossification due to mineral deposits will
continue through childhood making the bone hard and more capable of bearing weight
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Structure of Long Bone
• A typical long bone contains a shaft: diaphysis• Hollow cylinder of hard, compact bone•Makes a long bone strong and hard yet
light enough for movement
• At each end is an epiphysis
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Structure long bone cont
• In the center of the shaft is the medullary canal.• Filled with yellow bone marrow, mostly made of fat
cells• Marrow contains many blood vessels and some cells
which form WBCs, called leukocytes• Yellow marrow functions as a fat storage center
• Endosteum: • lining of the marrow canal that keeps the cavity
intact
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Structure cont…
• Shaft is compact bone• ends of the shaft • are spongy bone (dissolved bone where less strength is
needed)
• Ends of the long bone contain the red marrow where some RBCs (erythrocytes) and some WBCs are made• Periosteum: tough fibrous tissue (outside covering of
bone) which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves• Necessary for bone growth, repair, and nutrition
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Last on Structure
•Covering the epiphysis is a thin layer of cartilage: articular cartilage•Acts as a shock absorber between 2 bones that meet to form a joint
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Growth
• A bone increases its circumference by the addition of more bone to the outer surface of the diaphysis by osteoblasts• bone cells that deposit new bone• As girth increases, bone material is being
dissolved from the center: medullary canal (gets larger as diameter increases)
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Growth
• Dissolution of bone from the medullary canal results from the action of cells called osteoclasts• Immense bone cells that secrete enzymes• Enzymes digest bony material, splitting the
bone minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and enabling them to be absorbed by the surrounding fluid
• Medullary canal eventually fills with yellow marrow
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Growth
•Avg growth in females: 18 years•Avg growth in males: 20-21 years
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Bone Types
• Four types:• 1. Long bones: found in upper and lower arms and
legs• 2. Flat bones: skull/head bones and ribs• 3. Irregular bones: bones of spinal column• 4. Short bones: wrist and ankle bones
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PARTS OF THE SKELETON
•Axial• Skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum
(breast bone), and hyoid (U-shaped bone in the neck – tongue attached to it)
•Appendicular• Shoulder girdle, arms, wrists, hands, hip
girdle (pelvis), legs, ankles, and feet
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Axial Skeleton
• Skull: cranium and facial bones• 22 bones total• Cranium houses and protects the brain• Facial bones guard and support the eyes, ears,
nose, and mouth• Some facial bones are made of bone and
cartilage for example the nose (which part is bone and which is cartilage?)
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Cranium
• Cranial bones are thin and slightly curved• During infancy they are held together by an
irregular band of connective tissue called a suture• As the child grows, the connective tissue
ossifies and turns into hard bone• The dome shape gives better protection
than a flat surface, deflecting blows directed toward the head
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8 Cranium Bones
• 1 frontal: forms the forehead• 2 parietal: form the roof and sides of the skull• 2 temporal: house the ears• 1 occipital: forms the base of the skull and contains
the foramen magnum (what is that?)• 1 ethmoid: (located b/t the eyes) forms part of the
nasal septum• 1 sphenoid: (resembles a bat) considered the key
bone of the skull; all other bones of the skull connect to it
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14 Facial Bones
• 5 nasal• 2 are bones that form the bridge of the nose• 1 is the vomer bone which forms the lower part, or midline, of the nasal
septum• 2 are inferior concha which make up the side walls of the nasal cavity
• 2 maxilla: make up the upper jaw• 2 lacrimal: (in the inner aspect of the eyes) contain the tear ducts• 2 zygomatic: form the prominence of the cheek• 2 palatine: form the hard palate of the mouth• 1 mandible: lower jaw and the only movable bone in the face
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Spinal Column/Vertebra
• Strong and flexible, supports the head, provides for attachment of the ribs, and encloses the spinal cord• Consists of small bones: vertebrae• Separated from each other by pads of cartilage tissue called
intervertebral disks• Cushions b/t the vertebrae and act as shock absorbers• During our lifetime they become thinner, accounting for
loss of height as we age
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5 Sections of Vertebral Column
1. Cervical vertebrae2. Thoracic vertebrae3. Lumbar vertebrae4. Sacrum5. Coccyx
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Cervical Vertebrae
• 7 total; located in the neck area• Atlas: the first cervical vertebra that
articulates, or is jointed, with the occipital bone; permits us to nod our heads• Axis: the 2nd vertebra; is the odontoid
process which forms a pivot on which the atlas rotates; permits us to turn our heads
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Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
• Thoracic: 12 total; located in the chest area•Articulate with the ribs
• Lumbar: 5 total; located in the back•Have large bodies that bear most of
the body’s weight
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Sacrum and Coccyx
• Sacrum: wedge-shaped bone formed by 5 fused bones• Forms the posterior pelvic girdle and serves as
an articulation point for the hips
• Coccyx: known as the tailbone• Formed by 4 fused bones
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Ribs and Sternum figure 6-7
• Thoracic area protected and supported by the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum• Sternum: (breastbone) is divided into 3 parts: • upper region (manubrium), the body, and a
lower cartilaginous part: the xiphoid process• Attached to each side of the upper region , by
means of ligaments, are the 2 clavicles(collar bones)
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continued
• Human body contains 12 pairs of ribs• 7 pairs of costal cartilages join 7 pairs of ribs
directly to the sternum• True ribs
• Next 3 pairs are attached to the 7th rib (instead of the sternum) by their costal cartilages• False ribs
• Last 2 pairs are not connected to costal cartilages or sternum• Floating ribs
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The Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Extremitiesshoulder girdlesarmswristhands
Lower Extremitieship girdlelegsanklesfeet
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Shoulder Girdle
• Also called pectoral girdle• Consists of 4 bones • 2 clavicles (collar bones)• 2 triangular scapulae (shoulder bones)
• Clavicles help to brace the shoulders and prevent excessive forward motion• Scapulae permit the attachment of muscles that
assist in arm movement and serve as a place of attachment for the arms
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Arm
• Consists of the humerus, radius, and ulna
• Humerus• Upper arm – 2nd largest in body• Upper end articulates with the scapulae
• Forearm• Radius on thumb side (RADIAL PULSE SITE)• Rotates around the ulna- good flexibility
• Ulna on pinky side• Limited movement• Olecranon process(FUNNY BONE) articulates with the humerus
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Hand• Has 27 bones • Carpals (wrist bone): consists of 8 small bones arranged in 2
rows
• Metacarpals (5)
• Phalanges (14) – each finger has 3, the thumb has 2
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Pelvic Girdle • 3 bones in youth• ilium, ischium, and pubis• Eventually fuse with the sacrum to form a
bowl-shaped structure (the pelvic girdle)• Eventually the 2 sets of bones form a joint with the bones in
the front: symphysis pubis and with the sacrum in the back: sacroiliac joint
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Male vs Female Pelvis• Female pelvis is
wider• Necessary for
childbirth
• Male pelvis is heavier
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Upper Leg
• Femur (thigh)• LONGEST and STRONGEST bone in body• Upper part of the femur has a smooth,
rounded head• Fits neatly into a cavity of the ilium
known as the acetebulum, forming a ball and socket joint
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Lower Leg
• Consists of 2 bones:• Tibia: largest of the 2• Fibula
• The patella (kneecap) is found in front of the knee joint; it is a flat, triangular, sesamoid bone• Formed in the tendons of the quadricep in front of the femur• 4 bursae surround the patella which serve to cushion the knee joint
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Sesamoid Bone
• Found where a tendon passes over a joint• Holds the tendon slightly
farther away from the center of the joint and thus increases its movement• Prevents the tendon from
flattening into the joint as tension increases
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Ankle
• 7 tarsal bones which provide a connection b/t the foot and leg bones• Largest ankle bone is the heel bone or calcaneus• Tibia and fibula articulate with a broad tarsal
bone called the talus• Movement is a sliding motion, allowing the foot
to extend and flex when walking
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Foot • Has 5 metatarsal bones • Arranged to form 2 distinct arches• One runs longitudinally from the calcaneus to the
head of the metatarsals: longitudinal arch• Other lies perpendicular to the longitudinal arch:
transverse arch• Arches strengthen the foot and provide flexibility and
springiness to the stride• Strong ligaments and leg muscle tendons help to
hold the foot bones in place
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Foot continued
• Arches can “fall” d/t weak foot ligaments and tendons• Downward pressure by weight of the body slowly
flattens them, causing fallen arches or flatfeet• Cause a good deal of stress and strain on the foot
muscles• Factors leading to it may be: fatigue, overweight,
poor posture, and improperly fitting shoes
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Foot…
• Toes are similar in composition to the fingers• There are 3 phalanges but the big toe has
2• Total of 14 phalanges in each foot
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Types of Motion
• Flexion: act of bringing 2 bones closer together which decreases the angle b/t the 2 bones• Extension: act of increasing the angle b/t 2 bones, which results
in a straightening motion• Abduction: movement of an extremity away from the midline• Adduction: movement toward the midline• Circumduction: includes flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction• Rotation: movement that allows a bone to move around 1 central
axis (for example: turning your head from side to side = pivot)• Pronation: the forearm turns the hand so the palm is downward
or backward• Supination: the palm is forward or upward