the slack bus - nrel · the slack bus sairaj dhople associate professor, electrical & computer...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Slack Bus - NREL · The Slack Bus Sairaj Dhople Associate Professor, Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Minnesota sdhople@umn.edu sairajdhople.umn.edu](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022090611/607b8b1a09f25816c86cf04a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Slack Bus
Sairaj DhopleAssociate Professor, Electrical & Computer Engineering
University of Minnesota
[email protected] sairajdhople.umn.edu
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The Slack BusWhat it (really) means and Why it (really) matters
for Autonomous Energy Grids
![Page 3: The Slack Bus - NREL · The Slack Bus Sairaj Dhople Associate Professor, Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Minnesota sdhople@umn.edu sairajdhople.umn.edu](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022090611/607b8b1a09f25816c86cf04a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Slack Bus
objective subjective
What it (really) means and Why it (really) matters for Autonomous Energy Grids
80% 20%
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The Slack BusWhat it (really) means and Why it (really) matters
for Autonomous Energy Grids
![Page 5: The Slack Bus - NREL · The Slack Bus Sairaj Dhople Associate Professor, Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Minnesota sdhople@umn.edu sairajdhople.umn.edu](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022090611/607b8b1a09f25816c86cf04a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Slack BusWhat it (really) isn’t for Autonomous Energy
Grids▪ “Largest” generator
▪ Representative of “rest of system”
▪ Angle reference
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The Slack BusWhat it (really) means and Why it (really) matters
for Autonomous Energy Grids
![Page 7: The Slack Bus - NREL · The Slack Bus Sairaj Dhople Associate Professor, Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Minnesota sdhople@umn.edu sairajdhople.umn.edu](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022090611/607b8b1a09f25816c86cf04a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Grid architecture: time
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Grid architecture: space
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Power-flow formulation
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Slack bus
▪Network losses are unknown
▪ Cannot specify the power at all generator buses
▪ Power at one generator is left unspecified
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Distributed slack formulation
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A brief history
1956 19711940s
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A brief history
1940s
▪ Worked for 48 years with L&N
▪ US NAE (1969); IEEE Edison Medal (1982)
▪ Introduced net-interchange tie-line bias control
▪ United Pool: Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri
Cohn
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A brief history
[...] relatively little control theory. Simulation as
practiced in recent years was not available for
control experimentation. It was not, however,
especially missed...Experimentation on the best of
all simulators, power systems themselves, was
feasible, and was practiced.
1940s
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A brief history
Limited attempts at and examples of interconnected operation across the US
<1940s
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A brief history
Multiple generators began to regulate frequency across balancing areas …
>1940s
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A brief history
1956
Ward & Hale
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A brief history
1956
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A brief history
1956
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A brief history
1956
The slack machine is the regulating
generator which controls frequency or
tie-line loading, and which cannot be
scheduled in megawatt output until the
difference between total generation and
total load plus loss is calculated, or
measured by telemeters,
or balanced by a frequency controller.
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A brief history
>1940s
Multiple generators were regulating frequency across balancing areas …
1956
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A brief history
1956
Formulations aligned with control schemes where a single generator provides frequency regulation!
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A brief history
1971
Schweppe
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A brief history
1971
Schweppe
New Methods for Load Flow Calculation
Without any Swing Bus
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A brief history
1956
Formulations aligned with control schemes where a single generator provides frequency regulation
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A brief history
1971
Updated power flow with distributed slack bus …
but never formalized …
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A brief history
1971
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Distributed slack formulation
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Recent effort
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Recall system architecture
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Recall system architecture
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“Correct” formulation
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When is this valid?
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Steady state
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Synchronous steady state
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Tertiary control
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Secondary control
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Architecture
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Extensions & corollaries
▪ Subset of generators participate in AGC
• participation factors for the remainder set to zero
▪Only primary control (no AGC)
• participation factors are based on governor droop slopes
• slack variable is system wide and not area specific
▪ DC power flow
• similar form as conventional setup
• additionally yields net-load imbalance as a solution
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Simulation setup
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Ground truthPSAT simulation of system DAE model
detailed generator
model
lossy lines
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CompareDistributed slack power flow
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To Single slack power flow
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Some results
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Box & whisker plots
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Box & whisker plots
Median
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Box & whisker plots
Max
Min
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Box & whisker plots
1st & 3rd quartiles
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Cases
Distributed slack [Case: 0]
Single slack [Cases: 1-21 (3 x 7)]
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Axes
Dis
trib
uted s
lack
Sin
gle
sla
ck
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Phase angles
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Active-power flows
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DC Power flow
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Back to the future
▪ Julie Cohn
▪ Historian at University of Houston
▪ (Nathan Cohn’s daughter)
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The Slack BusWhat it (really) means and Why it (really) matters
for Autonomous Energy Grids
![Page 56: The Slack Bus - NREL · The Slack Bus Sairaj Dhople Associate Professor, Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Minnesota sdhople@umn.edu sairajdhople.umn.edu](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022090611/607b8b1a09f25816c86cf04a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The Slack Bus
objective
What it (really) means and Why it (really) matters for Autonomous Energy Grids
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Future-proof Power Flow
▪Mix of generators and inverters
• grid forming, grid following, PV, energy storage
▪ Participation in primary, secondary, tertiary control
▪ Time scales are fundamentally different
▪Notion of synchronous operation will be redefined
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Future Grids
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Control + Optimization
▪ [R1]-[R2] dictate inverter outputs in steady state
▪ Important to reflect [R1]-[R2] in analysis
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Scalability
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Control areas
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Power flow for Autonomous Energy Grids
▪ Situational awareness
▪ Dynamic simulations
▪ Control design
▪Optimization algorithms
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Power flow for Autonomous Energy Grids
▪ Situational awareness
▪ Dynamic simulations
▪ Control design
▪Optimization algorithms
power (primary, secondary,
tertiary, architecture, time)
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Q & A