the snap task force...2017/11/16 · the research packet for the snap task force meeting of...

The Research Packet For

THE SNAP TASK FORCE

Meeting of November 16, 2017

Prepared by the staff of Benefits Access,

Food Bank For New York City

39 Broadway, 10th Fl.

New York NY 10006

Tel: 212.566.7855

Fax: 212.566.1463

www.foodbanknyc.org

http://www.foodbanknyc.org/

FOOD BANK FOR NEW YORK CITY

S N A P T a s k F o r c e M e e t i n g o f N o v e m b e r , 2 0 1 7 Contents of this document are the property of Food Bank For New York City and cannot be copied

in any way, shape or form without permission from its creator.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)…………………………………………………………

1. Examination of the Effect of SNAP Benefit and Eligibility Parameters on Low-Income

Households…………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retailer Eligibility – Treatment of Applicant Firm(s) Colocated With a Restaurant…………...

3. Press Releases……………………………………………………………………………………………...

USDA Increases Food Purchasing Power for Hurricane-Hit Virgin Islanders Through

D-SNAP……………………………………………………………………………………………..

New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance (OTDA)……………………………..

1. General Information System 17 TA/DC044: Home Energy Assistance Program Regular

Benefit Component Opening…………………………………………………………………………..

2. General Information System 17 TA/DC043: Excessive Replacement Card Notices to

Clients………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. New York State SNAP Participation and Benefit Value in August 2017………………………...

New York City Human Resources Administration (HRA)………………………………………………..

1. Policy Bulletins and Directives…………………………………………………………………………..

Policy Bulletin #17-94-OPE: Functions of Staff at Hurricane Relief Center………..……..

Policy Bulletin #17-95-SYS: Introduction of the New Express Site Queue in the

Paperless Office System (POS)…………………………………………………………………..

Policy Bulletin #17-96-OPE: Monthly Updates (FIA-1152F, FIA-1152G)……………………

Reports and Notable Items from Other Sources……………………………………….…………………

1. SNAP Helps Almost 1.5 Million Low-Income Veterans, Center on Budget and Policy

Priorities……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

2. The World is Off Track to End Hunger, So What’s the Solution, Brookings Institution…………

3. The Role of SCSEP in Workforce Training for Low-Income Older Workers – Urban Institute…

Hunger and Poverty in the Media…………………………………………………………………………...

1. Local News…………………………………………………………………………………......................

De Blasio’s Record on Poverty and Inequality, Gotham Gazette………………………..

Comptroller Wants Paying Rent on Time To Count Towards Credit Score, NY Times…

2. National News……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Food Access Advocates Walk the Long Walk…To the Nearest Grocery Store, NPR…

The Fastest-Growing Jobs in America Pay About $22,000 Per Year, Washington Post.

3. International News………………………………………………………………………………………….

AP Interview: UN Food Chief to End Hunger, End Conflict, Associated Press……………

What’s the Meaning of the World Bank’s New Poverty Lines? NPR……………………….

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Action Required After Submission (FIA-1200)………………………………………………

Appendix B: Application Interview Notice for the SNAP - Action is Required! (FIA-1152f)……......

Appendix C: Application Interview Appointment Notice for the SNAP (FIA-1152g)……………….

Appendix C: SNAP Benefits Compromise/Repayment Agreement Acknowledgment (LDSS-

4857)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Appendix D: Sample Letter for SNAP Households (PB #17-68-OPE)……………………………………

Appendix E: Confirmation of Contact With Your Center (FIA-1173)…………………………………...

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I. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

1. EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF SNAP BENEFIT AND ELIGIBILITY

PARAMETERS ON LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, OCTOBER 27, 2017 <https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/examination-effect-supplemental-nutrition-

assistance-program-snap-benefit-and-eligibility-parameters>

This study examines policies that determine SNAP benefit levels, particularly SNAP

deductions, and how they compare to spending patterns by low-income

households1 in 2013 and 2014. SNAP benefits are calculated under the assumption

that households spend about 30 percent of their net income on food. However,

USDA finds that when accounting for expenses, food costs actually represent 42

percent of net income spent by low-income households. Overall, shelter, food and

transportation accounted for nearly three-quarters of household spending over the

period analyzed.

The authors also found that while most SNAP deductions reflect actual expenditures

by qualifying households, households that are not covered may have large

expenses. For example, half of all households who do not qualify for the medical

deduction (non-elderly/disabled households) report medical expenses averaging

more than $224 per month. In addition, the cap on the excess shelter deduction

restricts SNAP benefits for 14 percent of households without elderly/disabled

members. Furthermore, SNAP does not account for common expenses such as

home repairs or maintenance, vehicle-related expenses, and finance, late charges,

or interest on student loans.

1 For the purposes of the study, USDA defined low-income households as those with reported income below 200% FPL

https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/examination-effect-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap-benefit-and-eligibility-parameters

https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/examination-effect-supplemental-nutrition-assistance-program-snap-benefit-and-eligibility-parameters




2. RETAILER ELIGIBILITY – TREATMENT OF APPLICANT FIRM(S) COLOCATED WITH

A RESTAURANT, OCTOBER 16, 2017 <https://www.fns.usda.gov/treatment-applicant-or-authorized-firms-colocated-

restaurant>

USDA FNS has begun implementing the final rule to enhance retailer standards in the

SNAP program. The rule specifies that when multiple retail food stores are

colocated, meaning that they operate at the same location and “meet certain

elements,” FNS will consider them a single firm when determining their eligibility for

SNAP authorization. This memo clarifies that multiple firms will be considered a single

“retail food store” if they meet all four of the following elements:

Operate under one roof

Share ownership

Sell similar foods

Share inventory

3. PRESS RELEASES

“USDA INCREASES FOOD PURCHASING POWER FOR HURRICANE-HIT

VIRGIN ISLANDERS THROUGH D-SNAP,” OCTOBER 31, 2017

<https://www.fns.usda.gov/pressrelease/2017/fns-014017>

USDA has announced a D-SNAP program for households in the U.S. Virgin Islands

recovering from Hurricanes Irma and Maria. Households who meet the eligibility

criteria, based on disaster income limits and expenses, may qualify for two

months of benefits. The amount of benefits will be equivalent to the maximum

available to their household size under normal SNAP rules. In addition, USDA is

issuing disaster supplements to current SNAP recipients to bring their October and

November benefits up to the maximum allotment for their household size.

Additional information about eligibility criteria and how to apply is available at:

https://www.fns.usda.gov/disaster/usda-disaster-food-assistance-help-us-virgin-

islands

https://www.fns.usda.gov/treatment-applicant-or-authorized-firms-colocated-restaurant

https://www.fns.usda.gov/treatment-applicant-or-authorized-firms-colocated-restaurant

https://www.fns.usda.gov/pressrelease/2017/fns-014017

https://www.fns.usda.gov/disaster/usda-disaster-food-assistance-help-us-virgin-islands

https://www.fns.usda.gov/disaster/usda-disaster-food-assistance-help-us-virgin-islands




II. NEW YORK STATE OFFICE OF TEMPORARY

AND DISABILITY ASSISTANCE

1. GENERAL INFORMATION SYSTEM 17 TA/DC044: HOME ENERGY ASSISTANCE

PROGRAM REGULAR BENEFIT COMPONENT OPENING, NOVEMBER 10, 2017

<https://otda.ny.gov/policy/gis/2017/17DC044.pdf>

The 2017-2017 Home Energy Assistance

Program (HEAP) regular benefit component

opened on November 13, 2017. Local

districts in New York State must begin

accepting applications for HEAP, and may

issue payments and guarantees to applicant

households. Eligibility and benefit levels are based on income, household

composition, and the household’s primary heating source.

The HEAP application is available for download at ACCESS HRA, and may be

submitted via mail or in-person at a local HEAP Center. For a list of New York City

HEAP Offices, visit: https://otda.ny.gov/programs/heap/contacts/. Applications

may be mailed to:

PO Box 1401

Church Street Station

New York, NY 10008

Phone: (212)331-3126

2. GENERAL INFORMATION SYSTEM 17 TA/DC043: EXCESSIVE REPLACEMENT

CARD NOTICES TO CLIENTS, NOVEMBER 6, 2017

<https://otda.ny.gov/policy/gis/2017/17DC043.pdf>

OTDA has produced a new client notice that will be issued to SNAP or CA/SNAP

households who exceed four or more replacement Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT)

card requests in a 12-month period. The notice is designed “to reduce unnecessary

benefit card production costs and enhance program integrity.” However, OTDA

emphasizes that the letter does not imply any unlawful activity. The agency

understands that many clients who request replacement cards need additional

information and/or other services. To read the full notice text, visit the link above.

The HEAP program provides a one-time

regular benefit towards home heating

costs. Additional information about HEAP, including benefit levels and the

emergency component, is available at

https://otda.ny.gov/programs/heap/

https://otda.ny.gov/policy/gis/2017/17DC044.pdf

https://otda.ny.gov/programs/heap/contacts/

https://otda.ny.gov/policy/gis/2017/17DC043.pdf

https://otda.ny.gov/programs/heap/




3. NEW YORK STATE SNAP PARTICIPATION AND BENEFIT VALUE IN AUGUST

2017

<https://otda.ny.gov/resources/caseload/2017/2017-08-stats.pdf>

According to the latest data from OTDA, SNAP participation across New York State

decreased slightly from July 2017 to August 2017. However, benefits issued to New

York households showed an increase of nearly one percentage point. As a result,

on average households received three dollars more in SNAP in August 2017

compared to the previous month. In New York City, 1,662,817 individuals received

$242,563,785 in SNAP benefits. The average SNAP benefit received by NYC

households was $257.

PERSONS HOUSEHOLDS BENEFITS

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New York State 2,880,757 2,869,135

-0.40% 1,597,548 1,593,384

-0.26% $391,382,170 $394,989,470

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0.92%

New York City 1,670,141 1,662,817

-0.44% 945,023 942,397

-0.28% $240,319,159 $242,563,785

0.93%

Rest of State 1,210,616 1,206,318

-0.36% 652,525 650,987

-0.24% $151,063,011 $152,425,685

0.90%

AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE AVERAGE BENEFITS PER HOUSEHOLD

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New York State 1.803 1.801 -0.13% $244.98 $247.89 1.19%

New York City 1.767 1.764 -0.14% $254.30 $257.39 1.22%

Rest of State 1.855 1.853 -0.10% $231.51 $234.15 1.14%

https://otda.ny.gov/resources/caseload/2017/2017-08-stats.pdf




III. NEW YORK CITY HUMAN RESOURCES ADMINISTRATION

1. POLICY BULLETINS AND DIRECTIVES

POLICY BULLETIN #17-94-OPE: FUNCTIONS OF STAFF AT THE HURRICANE RELIEF

CENTER, OCTOBER 27, 2017

This policy bulletin details the responsibilities of

HRA staff serving at the Hurricane Relief Center

(HRC), which opened on October 19th to serve

displaced individuals and families from Puerto

Rico, Texas, Florida, the U.S. Virgin Islands and

other Caribbean islands.

Anyone who reports to the HRC will be asked

several intake questions, and referred to the

appropriate table if services seem applicable.

In addition to a range of services such as food

assistance and mental health counseling, representatives from DSS/HRA can assist

with enrollment into SNAP, Cash Assistance, Medicaid and other health insurance

options.

NOTE: The HRC is not the exclusive location for evacuee households to apply for

SNAP or emergency assistance. Households still have the option to request

assistance at any SNAP/Job Center in the five boroughs.

HRA staff at the HRC can assist clients in submitting their application via ACCESS

HRA, as well as scanning supporting documentation. However, the HRC does not

conduct application interviews. Therefore, clients who apply for SNAP at the HRC

will either be scheduled for a phone interview, or instructed to report to a SNAP

Center if they opt for a face-to-face interview or lack a phone number. Before

leaving the HRC, a household will receive the FIA-1200 form (Appendix A), which

confirms that an interview was scheduled.

POLICY BULLETIN #17-95-SYS: INTRODUCTION OF THE NEW EXPRESS SITE QUEUE

IN THE PAPERLESS OFFICE SYSTEM (POS), OCTOBER 27, 2017

The HRA Express Service site opened on October 30th, 2017 at 404 Pine Street,

Brooklyn. Participants can visit the Express Site to return requested documents,

make requests for emergency assistance, and request case changes. Staff from the

Homelessness Diversion Unit are also available to assist participants with housing

emergencies. However, the Express Site will not handle processing for programs

and services. Instead, all SNAP requests made at the HRA Express Site will be

forwarded to the East New York SNAP Center (S28) seamlessly through POS.

The Hurricane Relief Center is

located at the following address:

Julia De Burgos Latino Cultural

Center

1680 Lexington Avenue

New York, NY 10029

The opening hours are as follows:

Monday-Friday: 9:00am-5:00pm

Saturday: 10:00am-4:00pm

Sunday: 1:00pm-4:00pm




POLICY BULLETIN #17-96-OPE: MONTHLY UPDATES (FIA-1152F, FIA-1152G),

OCTOBER 31, 2017

HRA has published two new forms in regards to the new On Demand SNAP process

for New Applications:

“Application Interview Notice for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance

Program (SNAP) Action is Required!” (FIA-1152f) – Appendix B

“Application Interview Appointment Notice for the Supplemental Nutrition

Assistance Program (SNAP)” (FIA-1152g) – Appendix C

A separate policy bulletin will be posted at a later date detailing the On Demand

process for new applications.

IV. Reports and Notable Items from Other Sources

1. SNAP HELPS ALMOST 1.5 MILLION LOW-INCOME VETERANS – CENTER ON

BUDGET AND POLICY PRIORITIES, SEPTEMBER 28, 2017

<https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/empowers-bill-opens-door-to-

radical-snap-changes-that-would-put-benefits>

An average of nearly 1.5 million veterans participated in SNAP each year between

2014 and 2016, according to the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities. This report

provides a snapshot of SNAP-participating veterans and the challenges they face

in accessing nutritious food for their families.

Thousands of low-income veterans in each state depend on SNAP to keep food on

the table. Florida and Texas have the highest number of veterans participating in

SNAP, at 124,000 and 103,000 respectively. New York State has an estimated 67,000

veterans who participate in SNAP each year. 20 percent of US households

accessing the emergency food network include a veteran, and disabled veterans

are about twice as likely to be food insecure compared to households without a

disabled member. Approximately 1.4 million veterans reported a disability

connected with their service. In addition, some veterans have barriers to

employment upon returning from service, particularly young veterans with limited

work experience.

https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/empowers-bill-opens-door-to-radical-snap-changes-that-would-put-benefits

https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/empowers-bill-opens-door-to-radical-snap-changes-that-would-put-benefits




2. THE WORLD IS OFF TRACK TO END HUNGER, SO WHAT’S THE SOLUTION? –

BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, OCTOBER 23, 2017 <https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2017/10/23/the-world-is-off-

track-to-end-hunger-so-whats-the-solution/>

Hunger is a universal problem, as more than 800 million people worldwide struggle

to access food, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. Despite

international goals to eliminate hunger and guarantee access to food by all

people by 2030, the estimated number of people experiencing hunger has

continued to rise, with no signs of improvement over the past decade. Even in

advanced economies, 10 percent of the population (100 million people) report

they are food insecure.

The authors argue that policies and resources to address hunger have failed to

improve global food security. They write that international organizations must be

more accountable in supplying timely, high quality data about hunger.

Furthermore, strategies to address global hunger must be implemented in a

systemic way that gradually works towards zero hunger targets set by the

international community. Finally, donor countries must do more to turn their pledges

to reduce hunger into action plans.

https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2017/10/23/the-world-is-off-track-to-end-hunger-so-whats-the-solution/

https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2017/10/23/the-world-is-off-track-to-end-hunger-so-whats-the-solution/




3. THE ROLE OF SCSEP IN WORKFORCE TRAINING FOR LOW-INCOME OLDER

WORKERS – URBAN INSTITUTE, OCTOBER 31, 2017 <https://www.urban.org/research/publication/role-scsep-workforce-training-low-

income-older-workers>

As life expectancy increases in the US, and a growing percentage of older workers

report they have no plans to retire in the next five years, demand for workforce

programs serving older workers is increasing. The Senior Community Service

Employment Program (SCSEP) is a $400 million federal workforce investment

program serving low-income unemployed older adults. It is the only program of its

kind to target older individuals, and is estimated to connect 67,000 individuals with

training and work experiences in Program Year 2017.

However, the FY 2018 federal budget proposes to eliminate all funding from SCSEP,

citing it as an ineffective program. This white paper by the Urban Institute defends

the SCSEP, and explores potential impacts if the program were to be cut. The

authors write that the program’s benefits to participants outweigh the cost. SCSEP

transitioned 51.3 percent of participants into unsubsidized employment, with

average annual wages in the first year of program exist at $15,866. This represents a

net gain of $2,873 on average per participant compared to program costs.

In addition, SCSEP serves a vulnerable population often overlooked by other

programs, such as those funded under the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity

Act of 2014 (WIOA). In many cases, individuals under age 65 who struggle to

reenter the labor force turn to SCSEP for help. As a result, the program can help

inform public/private efforts to engage older adults and address barriers to

employment, such as age discrimination, hearing or vision loss, and age-related

physical limitations.

https://www.urban.org/research/publication/role-scsep-workforce-training-low-income-older-workers

https://www.urban.org/research/publication/role-scsep-workforce-training-low-income-older-workers




V. Hunger and Poverty in the Media

1. LOCAL NEWS

“DE BLASIO’S RECORD ON POVERTY AND INEQUALITY,” GOTHAM

GAZETTE, NOVEMBER 1, 2017

<http://www.gothamgazette.com/city/7280-de-blasio-s-record-on-poverty-and-

inequality>

Mayor Bill de Blasio was reelected to a second term on November 7th. During his

first term in office, the de Blasio administration has focused on building equity

and addressing city poverty. The Mayor’s approach has shown signs of success:

City estimates show that poverty is the lowest it has been since the Great

Recession. The city’s universal pre-kindergarten program, championed by de

Blasio, serves nearly 70,000 children, saving families an estimated $1.4 billion in

child care costs. In addition, the city’s minimum wage increased to $11 and will

phase in to $15 minimum wage by 2018. Looking ahead to his second term, de

Blasio has said he will work towards building job opportunities and talent

pipelines in growing economic sectors, while working to address the city’s

affordability crisis.

“COMPTROLLER WANTS PAYING RENT ON TIME TO COUNT TOWARDS

CREDIT SCORE,” NEW YORK TIMES, OCTOBER 22, 2017

<https://citylimits.org/2017/10/11/food-program-for-poor-families-tries-to-boost-

breastfeeding-rates/>

NYC Comptroller Scott M. Stringer has announced a plan to encourage

landlords and property management companies to allow low-income tenants to

report their rent payments and improve their credit scores. Stringer argues that

the plan would particularly benefit tenants in rent-heavy or poorer

neighborhoods, as well as black and Hispanic renters. The comptroller’s office

reports that 76 percent of tenants paying less than $2,000 would see their credit

scores improve if their timely rent payments were counted. An additional 30

percent would have an average score of 700, well within the range of a good

credit score, enabling households to access better rates for insurance, vehicles,

utilities, and phone charges.

http://www.gothamgazette.com/city/7280-de-blasio-s-record-on-poverty-and-inequality

http://www.gothamgazette.com/city/7280-de-blasio-s-record-on-poverty-and-inequality

https://citylimits.org/2017/10/11/food-program-for-poor-families-tries-to-boost-breastfeeding-rates/

https://citylimits.org/2017/10/11/food-program-for-poor-families-tries-to-boost-breastfeeding-rates/




2. NATIONAL

“FOOD ACCESS ADVOCATES WALK THE LONG WALK ... TO THE NEAREST

GROCERY STORE,” NPR, NOVEMBER 1, 2017

<https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/11/01/560476160/food-access-

advocates-walk-the-long-walk-to-the-nearest-grocery-store>

Nearly 500 people gathered in Washington DC’s Anacostia neighborhood to

participate in a Grocery Walk, speaking out against food deserts in low-income

communities. Participants walked two miles – the same distance residents would

have to travel to visit their closest grocery store – and spoke out against the

grocery gap. While many areas in DC have an abundance of food retail

options, a recent study found that nearly 70 percent of supermarkets were

concentrated in the city’s wealthiest neighborhoods. Only three exist in poorer

communities, limiting access to healthy, affordable foods for local residents.

Advocates say they hope the walk will demonstrate the demand for new,

healthier grocery options, and help convince retailers to invest in poor

communities.

“THE FASTEST-GROWING JOBS IN AMERICA PAY ABOUT $22,000 PER

YEAR,” THE WASHINGTON POST, NOVEMBER 13, 2017

<https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/11/13/americas-

fastest-growing-jobs-are-also-the-worst-paying/?utm_term=.d080fcd71525>

New figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics show that job growth continues to

concentrate in positions with low wages and weak benefits. Analysts predict that

1.2 million jobs will open for home health and personal care aids over the next

ten years, more positions than projected growth in eight other rapidly growing

fields combined. The median annual wage for these jobs in 2017 is $22,600 and

$21,000 respectively. Many subsist on incomes below 200 percent of the federal

poverty line, and rely on public benefits like SNAP. In addition, nine in ten of these

workers are women, and nearly half identify as black or Hispanic.

3. INTERNATIONAL

“AP INTERVIEW: UN FOOD CHIEF SAYS TO END HUNGER, END

CONFLICT,” ASSOCIATED PRESS, NOVEMBER 11, 2017

<https://apnews.com/5aa636bd99b846c3840fae8b991d1e5e>

The head of the UN’s World Food Program says that extreme hunger by 2030 can

only be eliminated by addressing global man-made conflict. Approximately 815

million people faced extreme hunger in 2016, a number which has steadily

increased over the past few years due to conflict in 19 countries around the

world – such as Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, Yemen, Syria and

Somalia. As a result, efforts to provide food aid, build infrastructure, and promote

economic growth have been hindered. 80 percent of the Program’s funds are

going into these regions, but David Beasley says more international coordination

is required to address global conflict.

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/11/01/560476160/food-access-advocates-walk-the-long-walk-to-the-nearest-grocery-store

https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/11/01/560476160/food-access-advocates-walk-the-long-walk-to-the-nearest-grocery-store

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/11/13/americas-fastest-growing-jobs-are-also-the-worst-paying/?utm_term=.d080fcd71525

https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/11/13/americas-fastest-growing-jobs-are-also-the-worst-paying/?utm_term=.d080fcd71525

https://apnews.com/5aa636bd99b846c3840fae8b991d1e5e




“WHAT'S THE MEANING OF THE WORLD BANK'S NEW POVERTY LINES?,”

NPR, OCTOBER 25, 2017

<https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/25/558068646/whats-the-

meaning-of-the-world-banks-new-poverty-lines>

The World Bank has established new guidelines to determine who is living in

extreme poverty. Previously, those living on less than $1.90 a day were

considered to be in extreme poverty. However, millions of people living in

middle-income nations struggle to obtain basic subsistence even on more than

$1.90 a day. As a result, the World Bank has set two new poverty guidelines: $3.20

a day for lower middle income nations (e.g. Egypt, India, Philippines) and $5.50 a

day for nations like Brazil, Jamaica and South Africa. The goal is to better assess

and support those who experience malnutrition, no matter where they live.

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/25/558068646/whats-the-meaning-of-the-world-banks-new-poverty-lines

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/25/558068646/whats-the-meaning-of-the-world-banks-new-poverty-lines




APPENDIX A




APPENDIX B




APPENDIX C





2017

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