the social and economic dimension of the european neighbourhood policy prof. dr. zoltán cséfalvay...
TRANSCRIPT
The social and economic dimension of the The social and economic dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy European Neighbourhood Policy
Prof. Dr. Zoltán Cséfalvay Andrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität Budapest
The social and economic dimension of the The social and economic dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy European Neighbourhood Policy
Prof. Dr. Zoltán Cséfalvay Andrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität Budapest,
Stages of the regional economic integration
The long way from the first into the second
international division of labour
A mixture of development paths - the third
international division of labour
The European economic continental block is emerging
The stages of the regional economic integration (Béla Balassa)
Free Trade Zone: customs were abolished within the member-states of the zone, but every country has its own customs regime against the non-member-sates
Customs Union: customs were abolished within the member-states of the zone, and every country has the same customs regime against the non-member states
The stages of the regional economic integration (Béla Balassa)
Single (Common) Market: customs were abolished within the
member-states of the zone, and every country has the same
customs regime against the non-member states, and there is a
free move of production factors (e. g. labour, capital,
information) within the member-states of the zone
Economic Union: customs were abolished within the
member-states of the zone, and every country has the same
customs regime against the non-member states, and there is a
free move of production factors (e. g. labour, capital,
information) within the member-states of the zone, and the
member-states develop a common framework for
economic policy (e. g. agriculture policy, competition
policy)
The stages of the regional economic integration (Béla Balassa)
Regional economic integration
Free trade zone
Customs union
Single market
Economic union
Abolishing customs within the member-states of the zone
Common customs regime against the non-member states
Free move of production factors within the member-states of the zone (labour, capital, etc.)
Common framework for economic policy
1994: NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement),
member-states are Mexico, USA, Canada, works as a free
trade zone.
1991: MERCOSUR (Mercado Commun del Sur), member-
states are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia,
works as a customs union.
1990: ANCOM (Andean Common Market), member-states are
Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, works as a
customs union.
Organisations for regional economic integration in America
1993: AFTA (ASEAN /Association of South East Asian Nations/
Free Trade Agreement), member states are Brunei, the
Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, works as
a free trade zone.
1989: APEC ( Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), member-
states are Australia, Brunei, Chile, South Korea, USA, the
Philippines, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Canada, China,
Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, Papua New-Guinea, Peru, New-
Zeeland, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, after 2010 will
work as a free trade zone
APEC: A Perfect Excuse to Chat?
Organisations for regional economic integration in Asia
1951: Montanunion (European Coal and Steel Community,
ECSC): member-states are France, Germany, Italy, Belgium,
the Netherlands, Luxemburg,
1957 (Treaty of Rome): European Economic Community
(EEC)
1958 – works as a free trade zone
1968 – works as a customs union
1991 (Treaty of Maastricht): European Union – works as a
single market
1999 works as an economic union (e. g. the euro will have
become the common currency)
Organisations for regional economic integration in Europe
Effects of free trade – mutual gains resulting by abolishing the
trade barriers
Effects of single market – mutual gains resulting by producing
for a large market (economy of scale)
Effects of free mobility – mutual gains resulting by mobility of
the production factors (capital, labour, etc.)
Effects of solidarity – mutual gains resulting by financial
support the less developed countries.
Benefits joining the regional economic integration in Europe
The social and economic dimension of the The social and economic dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy European Neighbourhood Policy
Prof. Dr. Zoltán Cséfalvay Andrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität Budapest,
Stages of the regional economic integration
The long way from the first into the second
international division of labour
A mixture of development paths - the third
international division of labour
The European economic continental block is emerging
First international division of labour Time: 1800-1970
inter-industry division of labour
Countries had specialised on products and braches with comparative advantages (David Ricardo)
EnglandIndustriegüter(z.B. Textil)
PortugalAgraprdukte(z.B. Wein)
Fertigprodukte
entwickelte LänderZentrum
Entwicklungsländer(Semi)Peripherie
Second international division of labour Time: 1975-1995
Driving forces: Lowering transaction cots via new transport and communication technologies
Widening the organisational structure of the companies on world-wide scale:
Centre - the highest level of the organisation: long-term planning, strategic management, overall control,
Semi-Periphery - the middle level of the organisation: highly automatic steeps of productions with high skilled workers
Periphery - the lowest level of organisation: standardised mass production with low skilled workers (assembly line production)
Second international division of labour
Time:1975-1995
intra-industry (intra-firm)
division of labour,
Driving forces: trans-national companies (TNCs)
How does it work? Shifting low value-added mass production in the peripheral regions of the world economy
Consequences: newly industrialized countries (NIC), emerging markets
entwickelteLänder
Zentrum
Entwick-lungsländer(Semi)Peri-
pherie
trans-natio-nale
Unter-neh-men
TechnologieKapital, Design
arbeitskosten-intensiveFertigung
Indonesien
USA
NIKE
Unternehmens-zentrale
Näherei
Fundamental change of the economic policy in the developing countries
Import-Substitution Industrialisation (ISI)
Raúl Prebisch (President of the National Bank in Argentina) in
the 1930th
Objective: Fostering home-grown industries which products
earlier were imported
Tools: exchange rates, customs for import, support of „enfant
industries“ with multiplication effects
Results: development of a home-grown industrial base, but
weak international competitiveness of the companies because
of the missing international competition.
Export-Led Growth (ELG):
New trends after 1980: Fostering the foreign direct
investments, especially those, which produce for export
Theoretical background: Washington Consensus (John
Williamson)
Results: export, GDP, and employment grow, but
modernisation remains regionally very restricted (missing
multiplication effects)
Fundamental change of the economic policy in the developing countries
Regional hierarchy of the world economy – Immanuel Wallerstein
Uneven - but regionally very differentiated - global expansion of market system since the 15th century
Stage in the economic development (and welfare), and Stage in the regional hierarchy and the structure of dependence
Zentrum
Semi-Peripherie
Peripherie
Außenarena
Brutto-inlands-produkt
pro Kopf
Abhängigkeit
The regional structure of the world economy 1800
Quelle: P. L. KNOX Quelle: P. L. KNOX u. S. A. MARSTON, u. S. A. MARSTON, 2001, S. 672001, S. 67
Quelle: P. L. KNOX Quelle: P. L. KNOX u. S. A. MARSTON, u. S. A. MARSTON, 2001, S. 672001, S. 67
The regional structure of the world economy 1900
TRITRIADAD
Quelle: P. L. KNOX Quelle: P. L. KNOX u. S. A. MARSTON, u. S. A. MARSTON, 2001, S. 672001, S. 67
The regional structure of the world economy 2000
Jack Welsh’s Paradigm
“The winners in these global games will be those
who can put together the world’s best in design, manufacturing, research, execution, and
marketing on the largest scale.
Rarely are all of these elements found in one country or on one continent.”
Welch, Jack F. Jr. (1987) Evolving Industrial Alliances.
The Bridge, 17(4), S. 10.
Nordamerika Westeuropa
Hinterland:Latein-
Amerika
Japan
Hinterland:Ostmittel-europa,
Mediterra-neum
HinterlandSüdost-asien
T R I A D E
The power of the triad – Kenichi Ohmae
Hanoi(Vietnam)
Rayong/Samutprakarn (Thailand)
KualaLumpur
(Malaysia)Manila
(Philippinen)
Jakarta(Indonesien)
Chiba(Japan)
ASIEN
Toluca(Mexiko)
Curitiba(Brasilien)
LATEINAMERIKA
Kairo(Egypt)
Rosslyn(Süd-Afrika)
AFRIKA
Spartanburg(Virginia)
Palo AltoOxnard
Newbury Park(Kalifornien)
OxfordGoodwoodHams Hall(England)
Berlin
BerlinLepzig
Eisenach
BAYERN
OST-DEUTSCH-
LAND
EUROPA
USA
München
München, DingolfingRegensburg, Wackersdorf
Landshut, Steyr
FORSCHUNG-ENTWICKLUNG
KOMPLEXEPRODUKTION
MONTAGE-ARBEIT
MITNIEDRI-
GEMMEHR-WERT
Technologie
Produktteile
Nordamerika Westeuropa
Hinterland:Latein-
Amerika
Japan
Hinterland:Ostmittel-europa,
Mediterra-neum
HinterlandSüdost-asien
T R I A D E
ESRC (2003) ’Globalizing’ Regional Development: A Global Production Network Perspecticve. GNP Working Paper 3, May, ESRC Research Project R000238535: Making the Connections: Global Production Networks in Europe and East Asia. http://www.art.man.ac.uk/Geog/gpn/pdfs/gpnwp3.pdf
The social and economic dimension of the The social and economic dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy European Neighbourhood Policy
Prof. Dr. Zoltán Cséfalvay Andrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität Budapest,
Stages of the regional economic integration
The long way from the first into the second
international division of labour
A mixture of development paths - the third
international division of labour
The European economic continental block is emerging
The role of a given country in the international division of labour
will be determined by the mode of transition from fordist-
type mass production into post-fordist type flexible
production and regulation.
Countries are integrated in continental blocks according their
mode of transition
Regionally the continental blocks organised in a centre-
periphery pattern
Third international division of labour
FLEXIBILITY
in the production (intern flexibility)
in the economic policy (extern flexibility)
Flexibility in the production: better use of time and space,
such as lean production, just in time, total quality control, total
quality management, CAD/CAM, etc.)
Flexibility in the economic policy: privatisation, deregulation,
liberalisation
außer den Betrieben
in den Betrieben
Keynesianismus Neoliberalismus
Taylorismus schlanke ProduktionFLEXIBEL
INFLEXIBEL
post-fordistische
Entwicklungs-pfade
(Kombinationen)
Mode of transition from fordist-type mass production into post-fordist type flexible production and regulation – ALAIN LIPIETZ
Kalmarism = low flexibility in economic policy (welfare state by regulation of wages via mass corporations) + high flexibility in production
German model = low flexibility in economic policy (welfare state by regulation of wages via industries) + high flexibility in production
Toyotism = low flexibility in economic policy (welfare state by regulation of wages via companies) + high flexibility in production
Neotaylorism = high flexibility in economic policy (liberalisation) +low flexibility in production (taylorism)
Flexibilität in den Betrieben
Fle
xibi
litä
t au
ßer
den
Bet
rieb
en
Neo
libe
rali
smu
s
K
eyn
esia
nis
mu
s
FO
RD
ISM
US
Verhandlungen zwischen Arbeitgebern und Arbeitsnehmern Individuum Unternehmen Branche Gesellschaft
Kalmarismus(z.B. Schweden)
deutsches Modell(z.B. Deutschland
Toyotismus(z.B. Japan)
Neotaylorismus(z.B. USA,
Großbritannien)
TAYLORISMUS
Mode of transition from fordist-type mass production into post-fordist type flexible production and regulation in the developed countries
primitive (‘bloody’) Taylorism: low flexibility in production (taylorism) + high flexibility in
economic policy the lowest level of organisation - standardised mass
production with low skilled workers (assembly line production)
peripheral Fordism low flexibility in production (taylorism) + high flexibility in
economic policy the lowest level of organisation - standardised mass
production with low skilled workers (assembly line production)
the middle level of the organisation: highly automatic steeps of productions with high skilled workers
Mode of transition from fordist-type mass production into post-fordist
type flexible production and regulation in the developing countries
Flexibilität in den Betrieben
Fle
xib
ilit
ät a
uß
er d
en B
etri
eben
N
eoli
bera
lism
us
Key
ensi
anis
mu
s
FO
RD
ISM
US
Verhandlungen zwischen Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern Individuum Unternehmen Branche Gesellschaft
Kalmarismus(z.B. Schweden)
deutsches Modell(z.B. Deutschland)
Toyotismus(z.B. Japan)
Neotaylorismus(z.B. USA,
Groß-Britannien)
TAYLORISMUS
peripherer Fordismus(z.B. Mexiko, Portugal)
primitiver Taylorismus(z.B. Malaysia, Ungarn)
ZENTRUM: Oberste, mittlere, und unterste Ebene der tayloristischen Arbeitsorganisation
SEMIPERIPHERIE Mittlere und unterste Ebene der tayloristischen Arbeitsorganisation
(SEMI)PERIPHERIE unterste Ebene der tayloristischen Arbeitsorganisation
Kalmarism = welfare state by regulation of wages via mass corporations + flexibility in production
German model = welfare state by regulation of wages via industries + flexibility in production
Toyotism = welfare state by regulation of wages via companies + flexibility in production
Neotaylorism = high flexibility in economic policy (liberalisation) + low flexibility in production (taylorism)
Peripheral Fordism: high flexibility in economic policy (liberalisation) + low flexibility in production (taylorism) + highly automatic steps of productions with high skilled workers and standardised mass production with low skilled workers
Primitve (bloody) taylorism: high flexibility in economic policy (liberalisation) + low flexibility in production (taylorism) + standardised mass production with low skilled workers
International division of labour
First international
division of labour
(Industrialisation)
Second international
division of labour(Fordism)
Third international division of labour
(Post-Fordism, Globalisation)
Main question
What does the country produce?
What does the country do in the process of production?
What model does the country use in the transition to produce?
Type of division of labour
inter-industry division of labour
intra-industry (intra-firm) division of labour
Organised within the continental blocs
International trade
Between countries
Between countries but organised by transnational companies
Between continental blocs
The social and economic dimension of the The social and economic dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy European Neighbourhood Policy
Prof. Dr. Zoltán Cséfalvay Andrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität Budapest,
Stages of the regional economic integration
The long way from the first into the second
international division of labour
A mixture of development paths - the third
international division of labour
The European economic continental block is
emerging
entwickelteLänderZentrum
Entwicklungs-länder(Semi)Peripherie
trans-natio-nale
Unter-neh-men
Technologie,Kapital, Design
arbeitsintesiveFertigung
Schweden(Kalmarismus)
Deutschland(deutsches Modell)
Groß-Britannien(Neotaylorismus)
Portugal(peripherer Fordismus)
Ungarn(peripherer Fordismus?)
Spanien(Neotaylorismus)
Bulgarien(primitiver Taylorismus)
Slowakei(primitiver Taylorismus)
KONTINENTALES BLOCK
Technologie- und Kapitalfluß
The role of a given country in the international division of labour will be determined by the mode of transition from fordist-type mass production into post-fordist type flexible production and regulation.
Countries are integrated in continental blocks according their mode of transition
Regionally the continental blocks organised in a centre-periphery pattern
Third international division of labour
European economic continental block
Zones Countries according their mode of transition from fordist-type
mass production into post-fordist type flexible production and
regulation
Centre Kalmarism and German model (Germany, Austria, France, North Italy, Sweden, Denmark): low flexibility in economic policy (welfare state by regulation of wages via mass corporations or industries) + high flexibility in production (high stock of human capital)
First
zone
Neotaylorism (Great-Britain, Ireland, Spain): high flexibility in economic policy (liberalisation) + low flexibility in production (taylorism)
Second
zone
On the way from primitve taylorism to peripheral fordism (Portugal, Greece, South Italy): high flexibility in economic policy (liberalisation) + low flexibility in production (taylorism) + mostly standardised mass production with low skilled workers, but also some highly automatic steps of productions with high skilled workers
European economic continental blockZones Countries according their mode of transition from fordist-type
mass production into post-fordist type flexible production and
regulation
Third zone
Primitive (bloody) talyorism (Central and Eastern European accession countries 2004): high flexibility in economic policy (liberalisation) + low flexibility in production (taylorism) + standardised mass production with low skilled workers
Fourth zone
On the way into a primitive (bloody) taylorism (Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Ukraine): high flexibility in economic policy (liberalisation) + low flexibility in production (taylorism) + standardised mass production with low skilled workers
Fifth zone
On the way into a primitive (bloody) taylorism and row material production (Maghreb-states, states involved in European Neighbourhood Policy): low flexibility in economic policy (and strong influence of state) + high reservoir of low skilled workers for standardised mass production + row material production
The social and economic dimension of the The social and economic dimension of the European Neighbourhood Policy European Neighbourhood Policy
Prof. Dr. Zoltán Cséfalvay Andrássy Gyula Deutschsprachige Universität Budapest
TTHANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND HANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!ATTENTION!