the solar system chapter 8
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The Solar System Chapter 8. Section 8-1 Planet Motion. Gravitational forces formed the solar system and cause the planets to orbit the Sun Objectives: Compare and contrast geocentric and heliocentric models Describe each planets position - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Solar SystemChapter 8
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Section 8-1Planet Motion
Gravitational forces formed the solar system and cause the planets to orbit the Sun
Objectives:• Compare and contrast geocentric and heliocentric
models• Describe each planets position• Classify the planets based on location and
characteristics
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Models of the Solar System• Early scientists believed that the Earth
was the center of the Universe because of their limited knowledge
• Hierarchy: Sun/Star, Planets, Solar system, Galaxies, Universe
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Geocentric Model• The Earth was considered the center of
everything• The Greek Scholar Ptolemy believed
that the Earth was surrounded by a series of spheres that contained planets and stars
• Planet comes from the Latin word “planasthai” meaning “to wander”
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Geocentric Model
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Heliocentric Model• 1543 the Polish astronomer, Nicholas
Copernicus proposed a new model “Sun-Centered”
• He stated that the moon revolves around the Earth and the Earth around the Sun
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Heliocentric Model• In 1625, using a primitive telescope, the
Italian astronomer, Galileo Galilei reinforced the ideas of Copernicus
• Observed the phases of the planet Venus and the moons of Jupiter
• Confirmed that the Sun was the center of the solar system
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Galileo Galilei
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Understanding the Solar System
• In the 1626, the astronomer Johannes Kepler concluded that the planets move around the Sun in an elliptical orbit instead of spherical/circular
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Understanding the Solar System
• Kepler also discovered that the planets move at different speeds around the Sun, the closer the planet is to the Sun the faster it moves/revolves
• One revolution/year on Mercury is 88 days and it takes Neptune 164 years to complete one revolution
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Classifying PlanetsThe Planets can be classified in three ways
depending upon the information that you are looking to obtain:
1. Size2. Characteristics3. Location
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Classifying Planets• Characteristics (Terrestrial and Jovian)• Location (Inner Planets and Outer
Planets separated by the asteroid belt)• Size (Jupiter to Mercury)
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Origin of the Solar System• The latest evidence suggests that our solar
system formed with a group of stars 4.6 billion years ago
• The force of gravity pulled and condensed a collection of dust and gas “cosmic garbage” together that was probably the result of an exploded star
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Origin of the Solar System• As this collection of gas and dust began
to condense and spin it took shape.
• Temperatures inside the cloud increased allowing the hydrogen in the cloud to fuse into our Sun…and the rest is history!
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Origin of the Solar System• Why do we think this? With the
improvements in satellite technology we can actually see it happening elsewhere in the galaxy/universe
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Other Solar Systems• Remember that our Sun is just one of
trillions of stars in our galaxy…it is a very common type of star.
• Each star is a sun…not all have planets revolving around them…but we have discovered 200 so far that do.
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Andromeda Galaxy
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Section 8-2The Inner Planets
Objectives:• Compare and contrast the other inner
planets with Earth• Describe the important characteristics
for each inner planet• Evaluate the success of various missions
to Mars
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Planets Near the SunThe planets near the sun are made of solid
material/rock “terrestrial” because the pull of the Suns gravity attracted the heavier elements
close to it as the solar system formed
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Size Comparisons
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Mercury• The smallest and closest planet to the
Sun• Mariner 10 passed by from 1974-1975
and photographed 45% of the surface• The core is suspected to be iron based
upon the magnetic field surrounding the planet
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Mercury
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Mercury’s Surface• Mercury’s core condensed and shark
faster that the outer layers resulting in a surface the is covered with high cliffs and mountains
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Mercury’s Atmosphere?
• Mariner 10 did pick up traces of gas surrounding the planet, but due to the low gravitational pull of the planet the gases are thought the be remnants of solar wind
• Temperature varies from 427 C (800 F) to -170 C (-274 F)
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Venus• Same size as Earth• Venus has a dense atmosphere that is mostly
carbon dioxide• The atmosphere contains sulfuric acid • 2% of the suns light actually hits the planets
surface due to thick clouds• Temp is a constant 450 to 475 C (1000 F)
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Venus
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Satellites to Venus• 1970’s Russia/Soviet Union sent the
Venera probes that photographed and mapped the surface
• In 1995 the United States probe Magellan also mapped the surface in more detail
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Earth• Third planet from the Sun with a
temperature range that allows water to be in all three states (solid, liquid, and gas)
• Meteors tend to burn up in the atmosphere
• Ozone layer protects life from harmful solar radiation
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Earth
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Mars• Fourth planet from the Sun• “Red Planet” due to iron oxide “rust” in the
surface rock• Tilted 25 on its axis causing seasons• Frozen carbon dioxide and (water?) at the
north and south poles• Dust storms as seasons change make the
planet appear to change color
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Mars
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Mars Atmosphere• The Martian atmosphere is much thinner
that that of the Earth and does not filter out the harmful rays of the Sun
• Temperature ranges from 37 C (95 F) to -123 C (-300 F)
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Martian Moons• Mars has two heavily cratered moons,
Phobos and Deimos.• Phobos is slowly falling toward Mars
and will eventually impact (50 million years from now) the surface of Mars
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Was Mars Once Covered with Water?
• This is still in dispute, the current temperatures do not allow for liquid or gaseous water to exist on the surface
• There are indications in the land that look like the result of running water, but are more likely the result of the seasonal dust/wind storms
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NASA on Mars• NASA began sending meaningful missions to
Mars in 1971 (Mariner 9)
• The satellites photographed a large valley in the surface that may have been carved out by water. (it would stretch from California to New York) Valles Marineris
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Vallis Marineris
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Satellites and Mars Missions• Mariner 9• Viking• Mars Global Surveyor• Mars Pathfinder• Odyssey• Mars Exploration Rover Mission (Spirit and
Opportunity)
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Viking Probes (1976)The two probes, Viking I and Viking II
photographed the surface and landed taking rock samples and looking for signs of life
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Global Surveyor, Pathfinder, and Odyssey
• These three missions photographed the walls of the Valles Marineris and found it to be layered. Does that indicate sedimentary rock (water) or is it volcanic in nature?
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Mars Exploration Rover Mission (2003)
These “rovers” found deposits of hematite that are usually the result of crystallization in
standing water.
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Martian Meteorites• Meteorites have also been found on Earth
that are believed to have come from the surface of Mars as the result of impact.
• A meteorite from Mars (ALH84001) was found in 1996 in Antarctica and appeared to show fossilized microorganisms.
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Section 8-3The Outer Planets
Objectives:• Compare and contrast the outer planets• Describe the important characteristics for
each outer planet• Evaluate the success of NASA missions
Galileo and Cassini
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Size Comparisons
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Why are the Outer Planets so Different?
• Compared to the inner planets, the outer planets contain large amounts of hydrogen, helium, methane and ammonia
• The outer planets had more material to work with because of their distance from the Sun and its gravitational pull
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Jupiter• The fifth planet from the Sun• The largest planet, contains double all of the
other planets combined• 90% hydrogen, 9 % helium, 1% ammonia,
methane and water vapor• If the planet has a core, we do not know its
composition or size
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Jupiter
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Jupiter• The atmosphere contains clouds of
white, red, tan and brown swirling in high pressure gas
• The Giant Red Spot is a continuous storm that has been raging for at least 300 years
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Space Probes to Jupiter• 1979 Voyager I and Voyager II• 1995 Galileo• Made observations about the
atmosphere and the moons of Jupiter
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Jupiter’s Moons• More than 60 moons orbit the planet• Most of them are captured asteroids, but
four of them are large enough to be considered planets
• Ganymede, Callisto, Io, Europa
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Saturn• The sixth planet from the Sun• Nine times larger than Earth• Largest and most complicated ring
system of any planet• 60 known moons revolve around it• Similar composition to that of Jupiter
with an unknown core
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Saturn
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Saturn’s Rings• Saturn's rings are made up of billions of ice
and rock particles• The particles are the result of asteroid
collisions and the pull of Saturn's gravity and each of its moons
• There are actually made up of thousands of individual ringlets
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Uranus• The seventh planet from the Sun• Four times the size of Earth• Voyager II flew by it in 1986• At least 27 moons• Smaller ring system than Saturn• The clouds around the planet give it blue-
green color
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Neptune• The Eighth planet from the Sun• Voyager II passed by in 1988• Internal planetary heat causes high
winds• At least 13 moons, Triton is the largest• Faint ring system• Methane gas gives it a true blue color
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Neptune
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Dwarf Planets• Pluto, discovered in 1930, orbits once every
248 years• Eris, discovered in 2005, orbits once every
557 years• Ceres, discovered in 1801, orbits once every
4.6 years. Located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter
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Comets and Other Objects• Comet (rock, dust, ammonia, and water) that
begins to melt and form a coma (head) and tail as it approaches the Sun.
• Asteroid (rock similar to that of the terrestrial planets)
• Meteorite (smaller asteroid)
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Section 8-4Life in the Solar System
Objectives:• Evaluate other planets in the solar system
and the possibility of them containing life• Examine life forms that exist in exotic
locations on Earth• Discuss locations in which life might exist on
other planets
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Life As We Know It• We often think that we are the only form of
life in the Universe, but that is life as we understand it.
• Life on this planet is carbon based and needs liquid water
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Exotic Life on Earth• Life has been found on Earth in places that
we never thought to look or never could look before technology
• Extreme heat, extreme cold, extreme pressure
• This opens up the possibility of life existing in places we never thought possible
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Can Life Exist on Other Worlds?
As we investigated the other seven planets we have seen no real evidence that life as we know it could exist anywhere else in our solar system
as we know it.
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Life on Mars?During most of the Earth’s history, life was
mostly made up of one-celled organisms, could those organisms have also existed on Mars if there was indeed liquid water there at one
time?
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Face on Mars…
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Europa (Moon of Jupiter)• The Galileo space probe showed us that
Europa has ice covered oceans• On Earth we have found life in extremely cold
water, could it exist on Europa as well?
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Titan (Moon of Saturn)• Titan appears to have an atmosphere of
nitrogen, water, and hydrocarbons• Could these be the recipe for life as we know it
on Titan?