the soybean aphid in illinois before 2003 2000―surprised like everyone else 2001―economic...
TRANSCRIPT
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The soybean aphid in Illinois before 2003
2000―Surprised like everyone else
2001―Economic infestations occurred, but they were not widespread. Populations within fields tended to “crash” quickly.
2002―Where did they go?
2003 . . .
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Evolution of the soybean aphid problem in Illinois in 2003
The problem in 2003 began in 2002(some early indications of a potential problem)
Low-level densities of soybean aphid occurred in 2002―nothing economic
Very low numbers of the multicolored Asian lady beetle in 2002
Noteworthy flight of winged aphids in the fall of 2002
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Suction traps to capture flying aphids
9 locations
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Date DeKalb Monmouth Urbana Perry
Sep 20 0 17 0 2
Sep 27 2 80 71 284
Oct 4 38 62 13 133
Oct 11 7 3 4 9
Data from suction traps, Fall 2002
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Evolution of the soybean aphid problem in Illinois in 2003
Conditions in 2003 were favorable for the growth and development of soybean aphids.
Very few predators allowed densities of aphids to build early in the summer.
Cooler-than-usual temperatures favored development of soybean aphid populations (<85°F most of the time).
As many as 18 generations per season are possible.
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Evolution of the soybean aphid problem in Illinois in 2003
First winged soybean aphids found on April 23(Dr. Dave Voegtlin, Champaign County)
First soybean aphids found in soybeans on May 29 (Jeff Wessel, Joliet Junior College, Will County)
Populations in northern IL through July, early Aug.
Populations in central IL, early to mid-Aug.
Populations in southern IL, mid- to late Aug.
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7/4 7/11 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/7 8/15 8/22
Free-
port0 21 176 112 787 1,912 1,810 1,347
De-
Kalb0 1 131 940 6,755 4,890 286 264
Mon-
Mouth0 0 1 59 71 569 1,403 ---
Eureka 0 0 2 142 401 4,920 1,090 921
Urbana 0 0 0 2 9 163 602 1,131
Perry 0 0 0 4 8 232 1,560 ---
Brns-
Town0 0 0 3 1 18 1,535 ---
Dixon
Sprngs0 0 0 1 0 0 31 2
Captures of soybean aphids in suction traps, Illinois, 2003
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The Soybean Aphid OutbreakIllinois, 2003
Primarily in northern and central Illinois
Some economic infestations in southern Illinois
750,000 to 1 million acres treated
$9 to $12 million in treatment costs
~$45 million in yield loss
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Guidelines and treatment thresholds for soybean aphids in July 2003
Scout at least twice during late V early R stages
Apply an insecticide if . . .
Density of aphids is 25 or more per leaflet Density of aphids increases from 1st to 2nd
sample Percentage of alatoid nymphs is <50% Soybean growth stage is R1 or R2
But what if the soybean growth stage was past R2?
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Treated
2351 g
12.7%
64.6 cm
17.7
14.6
11.3
0.136 g
Untreated
1414 g
12.0%
54.2 cm
14.0
11.6
10.7
0.131 g
Measure
yield
% moisture
plant height
avg# pods/plant
avg# pods/main stem
nodes/main stem
weight per bean
Yield difference primarily due to pod number
Bean weight & # of beans not significantly different.
Before 2003, thresholds were based on some research conducted atMichigan State University in 2001.
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A review of soybean growth stages
R1 Beginning bloom (open flower at any node)
R2 Full bloom(open flower at one of two uppermost nodes onmain stem)
R3 Beginning pod (pod 3/16 inch long)
R4 Full pod (pod 3/4 inch long)
R5 Beginning seed (seed 1/8 inch long)
R6 Full seed (green seed that fills pod cavity)
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Treatment thresholds forsoybean aphids were adjusted in August
25 or more aphids per leaflet
250 aphids per plant at R1–R2
1,000 aphids per plant at R3
1,500 aphids per plant at R4–R5
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Insecticides labeled for controlof soybean aphids
Asana XL Chlorpyrifos
(Lorsban, Nufos) Furadan Mustang Max Penncap-M Warrior
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Not treated
How did soybean aphid infestations affect yield?
Insecticide applied
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McLean Countysoybean field
Not treated
120 feetcheck strip
Sprayed withWarriorat stage R21,000 to 2,000aphids per plant
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+ 10.75 bu/A
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Summary UnknownBefore Aug 1
1st Week Aug
2nd Week Aug
3rd Week Aug
After Aug 24
Yield (Treated) Range 39–48 40–50 28–56 42–48 42–49
Average 43.5 45.2 49.2 44.6 45.3 61.6
Yield(Not treated) Range 29–39 38–41 21–40 29–37 34–43
Average 34.1 39.5 34.2 31.6 38.2 30.9
Difference in Yield Range 9–10 7–9 7–26 7–18 5–11
Average 9.4 7.8 14.9 13.2 7 30.7
Soybean yields from people who reportedFields treated for control of soybean aphids, 2003
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Information provided by Kevin Black, Growmark, Inc., Bloomington, IL 23 yield comparisons―Treated for aphid
control vs. not treated Avg. treated yield
43.0 bu/A (range 27 to 59 bu/A) Avg. untreated yield
34.6 bu/A (range 16.9 to 55 bu/A) Avg. difference in yield, treated vs. not treated
8.4 bu/A (range -0.5 to 20.6 bu/A)
Products used―Mustang Max, Warrior, Furadan 4F, Lorsban 4E, Ambush 2E
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Less-than-expected soybean yields 2003
Soybean aphid infestations undoubtedly had an impact, but . . .
Weather conditions were not ideal for optimum soybean yields, and
Soybean diseases also caused yield reductions Charcoal rot Root rots
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Forecast for soybean aphids in 2004?
Plenty of multicolored Asian lady beetles present this fall . . .
As well as numerous other predators this summer . . .
No significant aphid captures in suction traps this fall . . .
Weather next year?
Soybean aphids may be at low levels in 2004.
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Research on the soybean aphid in Illinois Biology, overwintering strategies, movement,
other hosts, biological control―David Voegtlin
Population dynamics, sampling―David Onstad
Resistant soybean cultivars―Glen Hartman
Management―Kevin Steffey
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Sampling for soybean aphids(D. Onstad)
Two counties, one township per county Kendall County, Kendall Township Champaign County, St. Joseph Township
14 soybean fields randomly selected per township 7 fields in norhtern half of township 7 fields in southern half of township
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Sampling for soybean aphids(D. Onstad)
Fields sampled every 3 weeks from late June or early July to early September
Almost all fields sampled 4 times each year Exceptions
St. Joseph Township―low numbers in 2002 Kendall Township―hail damage or insecticide
applications in 2003
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Sampling for soybean aphids(D. Onstad)
Two 50-m transects, at least 10 m apartSamples every 2 m = 25 samples per transect
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Field or Township
July 5, 2001
July 1, 2002
June 23, 2003
July 25, 2001
July 22, 2002
July 14, 2003
Aug 17, 2001
Aug 18, 2002
Aug 4, 2003
Sep 6, 2001
No observation
Aug 25, 2003
2001 A 5.50 91.94 4.84 3.50
2001 B 0 0.82 0.94 5.28
St. Joseph 0.39 7.60 1.06 1.95
2002 A 0 0 0.19 ---
2002 B 0 3.02 2.74 ---
St. Joseph 0 0.23 0.33 ---
2003 A 0 0.12 13.40 923.10
2003 B 0 0.02 26.04 6,064.00
St. Joseph 0 0.02 33.33 1,829.03
(from D. Onstad)
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Field or Township
July 5, 2001
July 2, 2002
June 24, 2003
July 26, 2001
July 23, 2002
July 16, 2003
Aug 15, 2001
Aug 12, 2002
Aug 5, 2003
Sep 4, 2001
Sep 6, 2002
Aug 29, 2003
2001 A 0.02 12.68 14.76 12.64
2001 B 16.24 57.26 14.56 2.22
Kendall 0.39 7.60 1.06 1.95
2002 A 0 1.66 15.84 78.38
2002 B 0.58 3.76 40.82 7.14
Kendall 0.19 5.09 34.37 20.94
2003 A 6.86 326.42 2,235.80 14.16
2003 B 9.30 109.70 191.06 3.38
Kendall 3.44 268.73 843.02 20.92
(from D. Onstad)
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0.41.6
7.6
16.5
1.1
19.8
2
6.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
St. Joseph Kendall
1st2nd3rd4th
Mea
n no
. ap
hids
per
pla
nt
Data from 2001
(from D. Onstad)
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0 0.190.2
5.1
0.3
34.4
20.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
St. Joseph Kendall
1st2nd3rd4th
Data from 2002M
ean
no.
aphi
ds p
er p
lant
(from D. Onstad)
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0 3.40.02
269
33
843
1,829
210
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
St. Joseph Kendall
1st2nd3rd4th
Data from 2003M
ean
no.
aphi
ds p
er p
lant
(from D. Onstad)
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0.4 0 07.6 0.2 0.021.1 0.3 33.32
1,829
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2001 2002 2003
1st2nd3rd4th
Data from St. Joseph TownshipM
ean
no.
aphi
ds p
er p
lant
(from D. Onstad)
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0.4 0.2 3.41.6 5.1
268.7
16.5 34.4
843
6 20.9 21
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2001 2002 2003
1st2nd3rd4th
Data from Kendall Township
Mea
n no
. ap
hids
per
pla
nt
(from D. Onstad)
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Sampling for soybean aphidsOther findings (D. Onstad)
Significant variability in densities of aphids among fields
No apparent effect of row spacing on aphid densities Probability of finding an infested field by mid-July
when mean density in the township is <2 aphids per plant 50% in Kendall County, 11% in Champaign County
Must sample at least 2 fields (Kendall Co.) or 14 fields (Champaign Co.) for 75% chance of finding aphids in 1 field
No relationship between aphid density and distance from the field edge
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Soybean aphid efficacy trial Kendall County, IL, 2003
ProductRate of
application
Aphids per trif.
21 DATAphids per trif.
14 DATAphids per trif.
7 DAT
Nufos 4E 2 pt 0.32 d 2.53 c 0.46 d
Nufos 4E 1 pt 4.62 c 10.48 b 0.75 d
Asana XL 8 oz 17.30 b 26.60 a 10.45 bc
Asana XL 6 oz 20.67 b 22.37 a 9.67 bc
Asana XL 7 oz 24.95 b 48.09 a 8.96 bc
Warrior 0.025 lb a.i. 31.17 b 38.93 a 7.26 c
Untreated --- 99.35 a 60.42 a 44.39 a
Lannate SP 0.45 lb a.i. 104.58 a 43.03 a 15.97 ab
Average of 48 aphids per trifoliate when treatments applied on July 23.
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0.34.6
20.725
31.2
99.4104.6
17.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Soybean aphids per trifoliate, 21 DAT, Kendall Co., IL, 2003
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Soybean aphid efficacy trial Pope County, IL, 2003
ProductRate of
application 14 DAT 7 DAT
Lorsban 4E 2 pt 22.6 de 28.8 d
Asana XL 9.6 oz 47.6 cd 52.9 de
Warrior 3.84 oz 76.4 bc 57.5 cde
Mustang Max 4 oz 91.0 b 97.4 bc
Untreated --- 142.4 a 159.1 a
Trial established on R5 soybeans by Ron Hines, Senior Research Specialist, DSAC
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Soybean aphid efficacy trial Pope County, IL, 2003
ProductRate of
application Yield(bu/A)--NS
Test Wt(lb/bu)
Lorsban 4E 2 pt 56.5 51.5 b
Asana XL 9.6 oz 54.3 51.9 ab
Warrior 3.84 oz 55.3 52.0 ab
Mustang Max 4 oz 53.8 52.1 a
Untreated --- 56.8 51.8 ab
Trial established on R5 soybeans by Ron Hines, Senior Research Specialist, DSAC