the space radiation envoronment as it relates to …counts/cm 2 /s/ster/mev nt proton fluxes –...
TRANSCRIPT
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 1
The Space Radiation Environment as It Relates to Electronic System
Performance:Or Why Not to Fly Consumer Electronics
Components in SpaceJanet L. Barth, Michael A. Xapsos,
Kenneth A. LaBel, NASA/[email protected]
Co-Manager, NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) ProgramGroup Leader, Radiation Effects and Analysis Group (REAG), NASA/GSFC
Project Technologist, Living With a Star (LWS) Space Environment Testbeds (SET)
Christian Poivey, SGT Corp* (now with MEI)
This presentation is supported by the NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 2
Outline
• The Space Radiation Environment Overview
• The Environment in Action– Solar Event from 2003
• Real Estate– Location and Timing
• Engineering Models• Final Remark
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 3
The NATURAL Space Radiation Environment
STARFISH detonation –Nuclear attacks are not considered in this presentation
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 4
Space Environments and Related Effects
Plasma
Charging ImpactsDrag SurfaceErosion
Ultraviolet & X-ray
Neutralgas particles
Particleradiation
Micro-meteoroids & orbital debris
Ionizing &Non-Ionizing
Dose
•Degradation of micro-
•electronics•Degradation
of optical components•Degradation of solar cells
SingleEvent
Effects
•Data corruption•Noise on
Images•System
shutdowns•Circuit damage
•Degradation of thermal, electrical,
optical properties
•Degradation of structural
integrity
•Biasing of instrument readings•Pulsing•Power drains
•Physical damage
•Torques•Orbital decay
•Structural damage
•Decompression
Space Radiation Effectsafter Barth
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 5
What is the Space Radiation Environment Hazard?
• Energetic particles– Protons. Electrons, Heavy ions (ex., charged Fe ion)
• Particles can come from the Sun– Ex., Solar events
• Particles can be “trapped”– Located within a magnetic field
• Ex., Van Allen Belts• Particles can come from somewhere else in the galaxy
– Ex., Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) – Heavy Ions of “unknown” origin
• Sun (solar cycle) acts as modulator for environment
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 6
Near-Earth Space Radiation Environment
Trapped ParticlesProtons, Electrons, Heavy Ions
afterNikkei Science, Inc.
of Japan, by K. Endo
Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs)
Solar Protons&
Heavier Ions
Deep-space missions may also see: neutrons from planetarybackground, nuclear source or other trapped particle belts
Atmosphere and terrestrial may see GCR and secondary particles
Earth
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 7
Solar Particle Events
• Cyclical (Solar Max, Solar Min)– 11-year AVERAGE (9 to 13)– Solar Max is more active time period
• Two types of events– Gradual (Coronal Mass Ejections –
CMEs)• Proton rich
– Impulsive (Solar Flares)• Heavy ion rich
• Abundances Dependent on Radial Distance from Sun
• Particles are Partially Ionized– Greater Ability to Penetrate
Magnetosphere than GCRs• Also generates neutrons in the
atmosphere
Holloman AFB/SOON
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 8
Sunspot Cycle:An Indicator of the Solar Cycle
Length Varies from 9 - 13 Years7 Years Solar Maximum, 4 Years Solar Minimum
1947 1997Years0
50
150
200
250
100
300
Suns
pot N
umbe
rs
Cycle 18
Cycle 22Cycle 21Cycle 20Cycle 19
after Lund Observatory
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 9
Solar Proton Event - October 1989
1 0 -4
1 0 -3
1 0 -2
1 0 -1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 0 2
1 0 3
1 0 4
1 0 5
1 51 6
1 71 8
1 92 0
2 12 2
2 32 4
2 52 6
2 72 8
2 93 0
3 11
23
45
67
89
1 01 1
1 21 3
1 41 5
-2 0 00
2 0 0
O c to b e r N o ve m b e r
Cou
nts/
cm2 /s
/ste
r/MeV
nTProton Fluxes – “99% Worst Case Event”
GOES Space Environment Monitor
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 10
Free-Space Particles: Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) or Heavy
Ions• Definition
– A GCR ion is a charged particle (H, He, Fe, etc)
– Typically found in free space (galactic cosmic rays or GCRs)
• Energies range from MeV to GeVs for particles of concern for SEE
• Origin is unknown– Important attribute for impact
on electronics is how much energy is deposited by this particle as it passes through a semiconductor material. This is known as Linear Energy Transfer or LET (dE/dX).
10-1 100 101 10210-810-710-610-510-410-310-210-1100101102103104
GEOGTOMEOEOSLEO
Z = 2 - 92
LET
Flue
nce
(#/c
m2 /d
ay)
LET (MeV-cm2/mg)
CREME 96, Solar Minimum, 100 mils (2.54 mm) Al
Commercial Technology SensitivityTime
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 11
Trapped Particles in the Earth’s Magnetic Field: Proton & Electron Populations
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101234
L-Shell
AP-8 Proton Model AE-8 Electron Model
Ep > 10 MeV Ee > 1 MeV
#/cm2/sec #/cm2/sec
A dip in the earth’s dipole moment causes an asymmetry in the picture above:The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA)
Geomagnetic cutoff implies some shielding protection from GCR and solar particles
Earth
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 12
SAA and Trapped Protons:SRAM Upset Rates by Altitude Slices on CRUX/APEX
-1 8 0 -1 5 0 -1 2 0 -9 0 -6 0 -3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 8 0
L o n g itu d e
-9 0
-7 5
-6 0
-4 5
-3 0
-1 5
0
1 5
3 0
4 5
6 0
7 5
9 0
Latit
ude
H ita c h i 1 M :A lt itu d e :1 2 5 0 k m - 1 3 5 0 k m
1 .0 E -7 to 5 .0 E -75 .0 E -7 to 1 .0 E -61 .0 E -6 to 5 .0 E -65 .0 E -6 to 1 .0 E -51 .0 E -5 to 5 .0 E -55 .0 E -5 to 1 .0 E -41 .0 E -4 to 5 .0 E -45 .0 E -4 to 1 .0 E -31 .0 E -3 to 5 .0 E -3
U p s e ts /B it /D a y
-1 8 0 -1 5 0 -1 2 0 -9 0 -6 0 -3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 8 0
L o n g itu d e
-9 0
-7 5
-6 0
-4 5
-3 0
-1 5
0
1 5
3 0
4 5
6 0
7 5
9 0
Latit
ude
H ita ch i 1 M :A ltitu d e :6 5 0 k m - 7 5 0 km
1 .0 E -7 to 5 .0 E -75 .0 E -7 to 1 .0 E -61 .0 E -6 to 5 .0 E -65 .0 E -6 to 1 .0 E -51 .0 E -5 to 5 .0 E -55 .0 E -5 to 1 .0 E -41 .0 E -4 to 5 .0 E -45 .0 E -4 to 1 .0 E -31 .0 E -3 to 5 .0 E -3
U p se ts /B it/D a y
-1 8 0 -1 5 0 -1 2 0 -9 0 -6 0 -3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 8 0
L o n g itu d e
-9 0
-7 5
-6 0
-4 5
-3 0
-1 5
0
1 5
3 0
4 5
6 0
7 5
9 0
Latit
ude
H ita c h i 1 M :A lt i tu d e :1 7 5 0 k m - 1 8 5 0 k m
1 .0 E -7 to 5 .0 E -75 .0 E -7 to 1 .0 E -61 .0 E -6 to 5 .0 E -65 .0 E -6 to 1 .0 E -51 .0 E -5 to 5 .0 E -55 .0 E -5 to 1 .0 E -41 .0 E -4 to 5 .0 E -45 .0 E -4 to 1 .0 E -31 .0 E -3 to 5 .0 E -3
U p s e ts /B it /D a y
-1 8 0 -1 5 0 -1 2 0 -9 0 -6 0 -3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 8 0
L o n g itu d e
-9 0
-7 5
-6 0
-4 5
-3 0
-1 5
0
1 5
3 0
4 5
6 0
7 5
9 0
Latit
ude
H ita c h i 1 M :A lt i tu d e :2 4 5 0 k m - 2 5 5 0 k m
1 .0 E -7 to 5 .0 E -75 .0 E -7 to 1 .0 E -61 .0 E -6 to 5 .0 E -65 .0 E -6 to 1 .0 E -51 .0 E -5 to 5 .0 E -55 .0 E -5 to 1 .0 E -41 .0 E -4 to 5 .0 E -45 .0 E -4 to 1 .0 E -31 .0 E -3 to 5 .0 E -3
U p s e ts /B it /D a y
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 13
Solar Cycle Effects:Modulator and Source
• Solar Maximum– Trapped Proton Levels Lower,
Electrons Higher– GCR Levels Lower– Neutron Levels in the Atmosphere
Are Lower– Solar Events More Frequent &
Greater Intensity– Magnetic Storms More Frequent --
> Can Increase Particle Levels in Belts
• Solar Minimum– Trapped Protons Higher, Electrons
Lower– GCR Levels Higher– Neutron Levels in the Atmosphere
Are Higher– Solar Events Are Rare
Light bulb shaped CMEcourtesy of SOHO/LASCO C3 Instrument
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 14
The Environment in Action
“There’s a little black spot on the sun today”
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 15
Recent Solar Events –A Few Notes and Implications
• In Oct-Nov of 2003, a series of X-class (X-45!) solar events took place– High particle fluxes were noted– Many spacecraft performed safing maneuvers– Many systems experienced higher than normal (but correctable) data error rates– Several spacecraft had anomalies causing spacecraft safing– Increased noise seen in many instruments– Drag and heating issues noted– Instrument FAILURES occurred– Two known spacecraft FAILURES occurred
• Power grid systems affected, communication systems affected…
Proton fluxes during“Halloween Event”
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 16
SOHO LASCO C2 of the Halloween Solar Event of 2003
To run this video see http://radhome.gsfc.nasa.gov/radhome/papers/c2_SOHO.mpg
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 17
GOES SXI View of the Halloween Event
To run this video see http://radhome.gsfc.nasa.gov/radhome/papers/GOES_SXI_SPEC.mpeg
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 18
Solar Event Effect - Solar Array Power Output Degradation on CLUSTER Spacecraft
Many other spacecraft tonoted similar degradation
as well.
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 19
Selected Other Consequences
• Orbits affected on several spacecraft
• Power system failure– Malmo, Sweden
• High Current in power transmission lines– Wisconsin and New York
• Communication noise increase• FAA issued a radiation dose
alert for planes flying over 25,000 ft
A NASA-builtradiation monitor
that can aidanomaly resolution,lifetime degradation,protection alerts, etc.
Important note:Effects propagated to
terrestrial levels
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 20
Real Estate: Location and Timing Drive Radiation Exposure
• Location– Where you fly and the route you take to get there impacts the
levels of radiation exposure• GEO, LEO, Lunar, Mars, Jovian all have vastly different exposure
levels– Where your system is within a spacecraft affects the hazard
• Shielding plays a role in reducing some radiation exposure (but not a panacea!)
• Timing– Two issues impact exposure levels
• When you fly– Activity level of environment
• How long you fly– Cumulative exposure levels and activity level
• Two examples to follow– LEO (Hubble), Lunar
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 21
LEO Radiation EnvironmentLow Inclination
• Pros– Fly below the earth’s
magnetic belts– Limited direct exposure to
GCR and solar particles– Relatively low levels of
particles for longer-term damage
• Assumes location inside the spacecraft
• Cons– Exposure to trapped particles
in SAA• Protons can induce noise or
upsets in commercial and non-radiation hardened devices
• Optics systems must also be concerned with trapped electrons
– Some GCR and solar particles may penetrate
• Secondaries
Sample particle interaction ofa 100 MeV proton in a 5um Si
block using the GEANT4 toolkit.
after Weller, 2004
p
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 22
Lunar Environment
• Pros– No trapped particles
• Low “quiet” day particle levels
– Low level, low energy neutrons
• Created from GCR interaction with the lunar atmosphere/surface
• Cons– Full exposure to GCR
• Can be destructive to commercial electronics
– Full exposure to solar particles
• Long-term and transient effects issues
Lunar footprintCourtesy of
NASA archives
LunarscapeCourtesy of
JPL Photojournal Archive
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 23
Radiation Environment Models• Trapped particles (Earth)
– NASA standard is AP-8 (proton) and AE-8 (electron)• One model for Solar Max, one for Solar Min• These are static averages of old data
– Updates being worked based on newer data, statistics, etc• Boeing TPM (Trapped Proton Model)-1 based on NOAA/TIROS and
CRRES data• ONERA-LANL POLE model for GEO electrons
• Trapped Particles (Jovian)– Original model from the 1980’s: Divine model (proton and
electrons)• Update based on Galileo data: Galileo Interim Radiation Electron
(GIRE) Model • Solar Particles
– NASA PSYCHIC model for solar protons and heavy ions• GCR
– NRL CREME96 model– NASA Badhwar and O’Neill model
AAS GNC Conference in Breckenridge, CO – Space Radiation Environment presented by Kenneth A. LaBel– Feb 8, 2005 24
Final Remark• Beyond the “standard” concerns of space radiation
environment for electronics/optics, solar magnetic storms impact needs to be considered
– Presentation available NLT 2-14-05 at http:/radhome.gsfc.nasa.gov
To run this video see http://radhome.gsfc.nasa.gov/radhome/papers/storm.avi