The Spanish and French Build EmpiresChapter 2 Section 1

Conquistador Chart Read pgs. 50-53

Conquistador People/Lands Conquered

Hernan Cortes

New Spain

•All the lands acquired by conquistadors in Central America and the United States

Spanish Settle the Southwest

•Failure to find gold in SW United States slowed settlement in this region▫Juan de Onate migrated north of Rio

Grande Gave thanks reaching Rio Grand

•New Mexico▫Territory north of New Spain

Built forts called presidios, for protection Few Spaniards migrated to NM

Spanish Settle the Southwest

•Driving force for colonizing in the Southwest was the Catholic Church▫Priest built missions to spread the Catholic

faith among Navajo and Pueblo people in NM

•Junipero Serra took missionaries to California▫Established a chain of missions from San

Diego to San Francisco El Camino Real=Royal Highway

Spanish Settle the Southwest

•California▫Priests and missionaries forced natives to

live close to the missions•New Mexico

▫Priest adapted to the lifestyle of the Pueblo Built churches near the Pueblo

▫Tried to end traditional Pueblo religious practices Pope ,Pueblo religious leader, organized an

uprising 17,000 warriors destroyed most of the missions

in NM

Spanish American Society• Society in the New Spain was a product of Spanish

conquest▫ Society reflected goals of conquistadors=wealth and

prestige• Encomienda System

▫ Read Encomienda System on pg. 54.• Society Based on Class

▫ Peninsulares-people born in Spain, usually appointed to highest positions

▫ Criollos (Creoles)-those born in colonies to Spanish parents, were wealthy but couldn’t obtain high colonial positions

▫ Mestizos- mixed Spanish and Native American , middle class to poor

Spanish American Society▫Mulatto- mixed African and Spanish

ancestry▫African▫Native Americans

Last 3 groups provided most of the labor New Spain's farms, ranches, and mines

•Council of Indies- advised the king and watched over all colonial activities

Mining and Ranching

•Established mines to extract minerals from the ground▫Wanted gold, instead found huge deposits

of silver in N. Mexico•Established ranches to feed the miners

▫Land was to dry to grow large amounts of food Created large ranches called haciendas,

herded sheep and cattle Were worked by vaqueros

French Empire in America

•King Francis I of France sent Giovanni Verranzo to map North America’s coast line▫Wanted to find the Northwest Passage-

northern route through N.A. to the Pacific Ocean

▫Paved the way for French explorers to explore N.A.

French Explorer

Discovery (land, lakes, rivers)

Jacques Cartier

Samuel de Champlain

Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette

Rene-Robert Cavelier de

La Salle

New France

•Colony established by the French in North America

•Life in New France▫Colony grew slowly=didn’t want to settle

Were interested in making $=fur trade coureurs de bois-runners of the woods

▫lived among Native Americans=traded fur▫Jesuit missionaries also lived among N.A.s

New France Expands

•In 1663, King Louis XIV made New France a royal colony▫Shipped 4000 immigrants

900 women=wives for single men Women married between 16 & 20=given a

royal wedding Families with more than 10

children=received financial bonuses•By 1670, population grew to 7,000 and by

1760 over 60,000

Settling Louisiana

•Count Frontenac=governor of New France▫Wanted to ship fur down Mississippi River

to Gulf of Mexico to France Unable to b/c of there were no good harbors

Heat=spoiled food Swamps=mosquitoes=malaria

•In 1698, Lord d’Iberville founded Biloxi▫Followed by Mobile and New Orleans▫Built forts up the Miss. River

Settling Louisiana

•French settlers grew several crops in S. L.A. to survive▫Sugar, rice, tobacco, and Indigo

Required hard manual labor=settlers wouldn’t work unless paid well Led to slaves being used=By 1721, 1,800

enslaved Africans

Rivalry With Spain

•French and Spanish empires bordered each other▫There was no serious threat=settling in

different areas Spain=SW U.S. French=along the Miss. River