the spanish conquest and the colonization of the philippines

Spanish Conquest and Colonization of the Philippines

Josephine C. Liban, Instructor III ISU ANGADANAN

The Spanish Conquest and Colonization of the Philippines

Prepared by: JOSEPHINE C. LIBAN

Instructor III


AIMS OF SPANISH COLONIZATION

3 G’s• GOD- The conversion of the natives to

Christianity• GOLD- Accumulation of wealth

by finding a new trade route , look for spices, desire for greater profit

• GLORY- become the most powerful country in the wold.


1300-1500- last century of the Middle Ages• The Europeans were able to establish

commerce with the Orient through trade routes• Spices such as pepper, ginger, nutmeg, onions

and garlic were the most important items of trade from the East.

Why?• owing to the desire of the Europeans to

enhance the taste of food • to preserve meat during winter time.


SPICES

Do you know that Spices, which today are inexpensive and widely available, were once very tightly guarded and generated immense wealth for those who controlled them. The taste for and coveting of spices goes back to the ancient world; the word “spice” is derived from the Latin species, which initially conveyed something special.


• The conquests of Alexander the Great got the Greeks especially interested in spices of the East.

Importance:– to enhance or mask food tastes– cure medical problems– provide antidotes to poison– used in making fragrances– part of magic and religion

• Under the Romans, they became sought after to provide emperors unusual food recipes.


SPICES that were highly valued Ginger, Sesame, Turmeric, Pepper, Cinnamon and Cloves


The spice trade began in the Middle East over 4,000 years ago. Arabic spice merchants would create a sense of mystery by withholding the origins of their products. The spice trade was the world’s biggest industry: it established and destroyed empires, led to the discovery of new continents, and in many ways helped lay the foundation for the modern world.


Initially, the spice trade was conducted mostly by camel caravans over land routes. The Silk Road was an important route connecting Asia with the Mediterranean world, including North Africa and Europe. Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the great civilizations of China, India, Egypt, Persia, Arabia, and Rome.


The Silk Route

The overland Silk Road & ancient routes cross the Asian continent, from China in Asia, to Turkey and the Mediterranean, where the routes extend by sea to Europe, Arabia, and North Africa.


• 1453- The Fall of Constantinople and the emergence of the Ottoman Turks closed the former trade routes to the East.

• Causing the monarchs and navigators of Europe to find new trade routes across the seas.

• The Portuguese were a few years ahead of the Spaniards in the discovery of new trade routes

• The Portuguese were inspired by Prince Henry the Navigator


PORTUGUESE EXPLORATIONS


Bartolomeu DiasMarch 12, 1488

he led the first European expedition to round the Cape of Good Hope, opening the sea route to Asia via the Atlantic and Indian oceans. He is usually considered to be the greatest of the Portuguese pioneers who explored the Atlantic during the 15th century.


IMPORTANCE

The discovery of the passage around southern Africa was significant because, for the first time, Europeans realized they could trade directly with India and the other parts of Asia, bypassing the overland route through the Middle East, with its expensive middlemen.


Bartolomeu Dias (Video)


VASCO DE GAMA (1460-1524)

1497- The Portuguese nobleman Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon on a mission to reach India and open a sea route from Europe to the East. He sailed down the western coast of Africa and rounding the Cape of Good Hope. His expedition made numerous stops in Africa.

May 1498- he reached the trading post of Calicut, India. Da Gama received a hero’s welcome back in Portugal .


1502- he was sent on a second expedition to India, during which he brutally clashed with Muslim traders in the region. Two decades later, da Gama again returned to India, this time as Portuguese viceroy.

December 24, 1524- he died at India of an illness.

1539- his body was taken back to Portugal for burial.


VASCO DE GAMA ( Video)


RECONQUEST OF SPAIN• January 2, 1492- The kingdom of Granada falls

to the Christian forces of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I. King Boabdil surrendered Granada to the Spanish forces. The Moors lose their last foothold in Spain.

• Importance- it paved the way of great voyages including the discovery of Columbus of the New World ( America) for Spain.

• After these remarkable voyages, Portugal and Spain became keen rivals in colonizing new lands Josephine C. Liban, Instructor III

ISU ANGADANAN

The Magellan Expedition


• Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480, in Sabrosa, Portugal to Rui de Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita. His family had ties to the royal family, this allowed him the opportunity to become educated and learn about the various Portuguese exploration expeditions.

• Magellan proposed to the king of Portugal, King Manuel his plan to travel a westward route to the Moluccas.

• The king refused and even cancelled his promotion because of charges of financial irregularities while he was in Morocco.


• Disgusted by the king’s response, he renounced his Portuguese citizenship. He went to Spain in 1517 and offered his services to King Charles I.

• Encourage by the competition to win against Portugal in obtaining high priced spices, Spain commissioned Magellan to find a route to Moluccas by sailing west.

• Such passage would be beneficial to Spain for Portugal controlled the eastward route to the East Indies around Africa's Cape of Good Hope.


Preparation: The FleetSeptember 20, 1519 - a royal commission was sent,

allowing Magellan to head the expedition.The Spanish Armada de Molucca consisted of five

ships with 237 men: • Santiago under Juan Rodriguez Serrano. • San Antonio under Juan de Cartageña; • Concepcion under Gaspar de Quesada; • Trinidad (flagship) under Ferdinand Magellan

Captain General• Victoria under Louis de Mendoza;


The Crew

• The crew of about 237 included men from several nations: including Portuguese, Spanish, Italians, Germans, Flemish, Greeks, English and French.

• It included about 40 Portuguese, among them Magellan's brother-in-law Duarte Barbosa, João Serrão, a relative of Francisco Serrão, Estêvão Gomes and also Magellan's indentured servant Enrique of Malacca.


• Juan Sebastián del Cano, a Spanish merchant ship captain settled at Seville, embarked seeking the king's pardon for previous misdeeds

• Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian scholar and traveller, had asked to be on the voyage accepting the title of "supernumerary" and a modest salary, becoming a strict assistant of Magellan and keeping an accurate journal.

• Father Pedro de Valderrama, fleet Chaplain.


• September 20, 1519- Departure from Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain.

• March 17, 1521- Magellan and his fleet landed at Homonhon Island.

• March 28, 1521-the fleet landed at Limasawa (an island at Southern Leyte). It was ruled by Rajah Kolambu. He was Fascinated by the suit of armor of the Spaniards. They could help them win their battles against their enemies.


• March 29, 1521- Rajah Kolambu decided to seal their new friendship and performed the “kasi-kasi” or blood compact ceremony with Ferdinand Magellan.

• March 31, 1521- the first Catholic Mass was held at Limasawa with Rev. Father Pedro De Valderama, officiating.

• On April 7, 1521- Magellan together with Rajah Kolambu, the Spanish and native fleets landed on Sugbu (now Cebu).


• On the same day, Humabon made a blood compact with Magellan after the later had won his trust and friendship.

• April 14, 1521- a mass on the shore of Cebu was held with Rajah Humabon and his people attending the ceremony. After the mass, Magellan planted a huge wooden cross and gave an image of the Child Jesus as a gift to the wife of Rajah Humabon (renamed Queen Juana after baptism taken from the name of the mother of King Charles I of Spain).


• There were about 800 Filipinos who participated in the mass and underwent ritual baptism. As for Humabon (renamed Carlos), Magellan made him the king's representative in Cebu and promised to unite the local chieftains under his authority. Magellan likewise tried to impose Christianity and Spanish sovereignty on local chieftains.

• The mass and baptism was officiated by Fr. Pedro de Valderama.


Magellan’s Cross (Cebu City)


LAPU LAPUStatue of Lapu Lapu at Mactan Island, Cebu

Bronze Statue of Lapu Lapu at Rizal Park, Manila


Lapu Lapu, another chieftain of Mactan. He refused to accept the new political system and pay tribute to the Spaniards. Humabon and Lapu Lapu were enemies and he wanted Magellan to kill Lapu-Lapu while Magellan wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu into Christianity


APRIL 27, 1521 -THE BATTLE OF MACTAN

Written documents from Pigafetta and Ginés de Mafra

"When morning came, forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two cross-bow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, the natives had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred people.


When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries. The Spaniards were in full body armor. Nevertheless a rain of arrows and javelins poured down on them from the shore. Realizing he had misjudged the fighting skill of Lapulapu and his men, he called for a retreat but it was too late. Our large pieces of artillery which were in the ships could not help us, because they were firing at too long range, so that we continued to retreat for more than a good crossbow flight from the shore, still fighting, and in water up to our knees.


And they followed us, hurling poisoned arrows four or six times; while, recognizing the captain, they turned toward him inasmuch they hurled arrows very close to his head. So many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice. When the natives saw that, they pounce on him and killed him. The rest of us made it to the boats and we went back to Cebu.


THE BATTLE OF MACTAN (VIDEO)


• May 1, 1521- the natives of Cebu carried out the plan to massacre them. While the Europeans were attending a banquet prepared for them by Rajah Humabon, the warriors attacked them. Twenty-nine Spaniards were killed. The remaining members of the expedition were forced to flee the islands before the Cebuanos could kill them all. They burned the ship Concepcion for lack of men to operate the vessel. With two ships left - Trinidad and Victoria they continued their voyage to Moluccas.


November 8, 1521- they landed in Tidore an island in Moluccas. They were able to secure a rich cargo of spices. The survivors decided that the Trinidad, led by Gomez de Espinosa, would sail back to Spain by crossing the Pacific to Panama, while the Victoria, under Juan Sebastian del Cano's command would sail via Cape of Good Hope, but on lower latitude to avoid the Portuguese. The Victoria crossed the Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope.


• September 6, 1522- the Victoria reached San Lucar, Spain with only 18 survivors. The voyage around the world lasted 2 years, 11 months, and 16 days.

• The cargo of cloves sold for such a high price that it was more than sufficient to pay for the expenses of Magellan's expedition.


The Magellan’s Voyage


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-en.svg

Significance of the Magellan Expedition• Magellan’s voyage vastly increased the geographical

knowledge of mankind and proved once and for all that the earth is round.

• It showed that it was possible to sail around the world, and left a record of how to do it.

• Magellan´s voyage can be considered as the greatest single trip ever undertaken.

• The route he took to reach the Philippines was entirely new, and the Venetian monopoly of the trade route to the east was thus broken.


• Spain became the supreme power in the building of a colonial empire

• His discovery of the Philippines brought the archipelago into the awareness of Europe.

• Finally, the voyage paved the way to Spanish colonization and Christianization of the Philippines. The later voyages of Fernando de Villalobos and Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, to a certain extent, owed their success to Magellan’s voyage to the Far East.


Spain Sends Other Expeditions

• Five subsequent expeditions were sent to the Islands. These were led by:– Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525)– Sebastian Cabot (1526)– Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)– Rudy Lopez de Villalobos (1542)– Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564)


Spain Sends Other Expeditions

• Only the last two actually reached the Philippines; and

• Only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the Islands.


The Villalobos Expedition

• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542.

• He followed the route taken by Magellan and reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543.

• He established a colony in Sarangani but could not stay long because of insufficient food supply.


• His fleet left the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the Portuguese.

• Villalobos is remembered for naming our country “Islas Filipinas,” in honor of King Charles’ son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain.


The Legazpi Expedition

• Since none of the expedition after Magellan from Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over the Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands.

• However, when Philip II succeeded his father to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition.


MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI

• The King appointed Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi as the head of the expedition.

• With four ships and about 380 men, Legazpi sailed from the Mexican port of Natividad on 21 November 1564.

• Father Andres de Urdaneta was the fleet chaplain.


• One of the ship got lost on its way but was found later and ordered to head back to Mexico after reaching Mindanao.

• The expedition reached Cebu in February 1565. Later, Legazpi sailed to Cibabao (Leyte) then to Samar. He concluded a blood compact with some of the chieftains, one of whom was Bankaw, datu of Limasawa.

• Early in March, he sailed to Camiguin Island, then to Butuan in Mindanao, and then to Bohol where he entered into a blood compact with Datu Si Katuna and Si Gala. They went back to Cebu due to scarcity of food in Bohol.


• Legazpi and his men entered Cebu harbor on April 27.

• The Cebuanos were hostile to him probably because in the past, some white men who looked like Spaniards maltreated them.

• Legazpi explained to the Cebuanos that the white men who maltreated them were not Spaniards but Portuguese. He also told them that he wanted the Filipinos and the Spaniards to be friends.

• The Cebuano chieftain, Tupas, did not believe him and the Cebuanos and the Spaniards found themselves in skirmishes.


• Legazpi appeared to be victorious.• He applied a policy of attraction- inviting

Cebuanos to come down from the mountains and promising not to harm any of them.

• Tupas and his men returned to the lowland and entered into an agreement with Legazpi with the help of Tupas’ brothers, Si Makayo and Si Katapan.


The Agreement provided that:• (1) the Filipinos promised to be loyal to the

King of Spain and to the Spaniards; (2) the Filipinos promised to help the Spaniards in any battle against an enemy; and vice versa; (3) a Filipino who had committed a crime against a Spaniard should be turned over to the Spanish authorities, while a Spaniard who committed a crime against a Filipino should be turned over to the Filipino chieftain;


• (4) goods to be sold should be moderately priced; and (5) an armed Filipino would not be allowed to enter the Spanish settlement.

• With the conclusion of the agreement, peace reigned in Cebu.

• A land, donated by Tupas and other Cebuano chieftains, was used as Spanish settlement. This was in the form of a triangle on one side of which faced the land and the other sides faced the sea.

• A fort was constructed and the Spaniards called it For San Pedro. Initially, the Spanish settlement was called San Miguel.

• But Legazpi remembered the unharmed image of the Infant Jesus and renamed the settlement, “City of Most Holy Name of Jesus.”


• A land, donated by Tupas and other Cebuano chieftains, was used as Spanish settlement. This was in the form of a triangle on one side of which faced the land and the other sides faced the sea.

• A fort was constructed and the Spaniards called it For San Pedro. Initially, the Spanish settlement was called San Miguel.

• But Legazpi remembered the unharmed image of the Infant Jesus and renamed the settlement, “City of Most Holy Name of Jesus.”


Settlement in Panay• Legazpi was beset with many problems in Cebu. • Some of his people robbed the graves of Filipinos.

He acted justly and punished all those who refused to cooperate with him.

• There was also a conspiracy among the Spanish soldiers to seize the ship San Pablo. The captain of boat informed the Master of the Camp, Mateo del Saz, about it and the conspirators were arrested. The leader was beheaded and the rest were pardoned.


• Legazpi also faced the hostility of the Portuguese as the latter realized that the Philippines lay on their side of the demarcation line.

• The Portuguese captain, Gonzalo de Pereira, harassed Legazpi by blockading Cebu in order to starve the Spaniards. With the help of Cebuanos, Legazpi succeded in forcing Pereira to leave the Philippines.

• Faced with these problems, Legazpi decided to move to Panay.

• Upon hearing that there was plenty of food there, he and some of his men sailed for Panay in 1569.


• On the banks of the Panay river, Legazpi founded the second Spanish settlement in the Philippines.

• He won over the people of Panay by convincing them of his peaceful intentions. The Spanish missionaries, the Augustinian friars, converted some natives to Christianity.

• With Panay as his home base, Legazpi decided to spread Spanish rule to other islands in the archipelago. He sent small expeditions to the other islands of the Visayas.

• Masbate, Burias, and Ticao were claimed to be in the name of the King of Spain. The same expedition, headed by Captain Enrique de Guzman, sailed for Southern Luzon and reached Albay.


• At almost the same time, Juan de Salcedo, Legazpi’s younger grandson, led a small expedition to the north. With a few Spanish soldiers and about 500 visayans, Salcedo sailed to Talim island and claimed it for Spain.

• Then he continued his voyage until he reached Lubang Island, near Mindoro, and fought the Filipinos who refused to recognize him.

• Defeating the people of Lubang, Salcedo returned to Panay after reaching the outer rim of Manila Bay. He reported to Legazpi that Manila was a prosperous Muslim kingdom.


• Legazpi then decided to send an expedition to Manila that left Panay for Mindoro on 8 May 1570.

• The Spanish forces were divided into two: one was headed by Martin de Goiti as new master of camp, and the other was commanded by Salcedo.

• When they reached Batangas, Salcedo explored the Bonbon river (Taal), while Goiti explored Balayan. In Taal, Salcedo had an armed encounter with some Filipinos and won the skirmish in the end.

• Then Salcedo rejoined Goiti and the two proceeded to Manila by sea.


• At that time, Manila or Maynila, was a thriving Muslim kingdom ruled by Rajah Sulayman. The kingdom was south of Pasig river (Fort Santiago).

• Goiti demanded that Sulayman paid him tribute, but the rule of Manila refused.

• On May 24, Goiti fired a cannon shot to recall a boat he had sent on an errand. Sulayman and his men thought that it was a sign of Spanish hostility, and so they answered with shots from their native cannons called lantaka.


• The superior fire power of the Spaniards led the Filipinos to burn down their houses and left Manila in the hands of the enemy.

• But Goiti did not stay in Manila, He returned to Panay to report to Legazpi what happened.


The Founding of Manila• Legazpi was happy to hear from Goiti. He

informed his men that the King of Spain appointed him as governor and captain-general of the islands, which was equivalent to governor-general. He was, therefore, the first governor-general of the Philippines.

• At this time, however, food became scarce in Panay. Father Diego de Herrera, an Augustinian friar, suggested that they settle in Luzon instead. So Legazpi decided to leave for Luzon on April 20, with Manila as the object of his expedition.


• In Manila, Rajah Sulayman, upon realizing the fire power of the enemy, ordered his people to burn their houses and to retreat to the interior.

• At the same time, he gathered a force of fierce warriors from the barangays of Pampanga and Bulacana, and fought the enemy in the Battle of Bangkusay in Tondo. He and the warriors were defeated.

• The Filipinos were defeated and Legazpi took over Manila in 1571.


• Legazpi began laying the foundation of a new city. Manila was in ruins so he ordered his men to build new houses. A church was also constructed for the missionaries, while a big house was built as the governor’s official residence.

• On 24 June, 1571, Legazpi made Manila the capital of the Philippines. King Philip II later called Manila, “Distinguished and Every Loyal City.”

• On that same day, a city government or ayuntamiento was organized. He appointed two alcaldes or magistrates, an alguacil mayor or chief constable, twelve regidores or legislative council members, and one escribano or court clerk.


• With the founding of Manila as the capital of the Philippines, the foundation of the Spanish colonial empire in Asia had been laid.

• With Sulayman defeated and his uncle, Lakan Dula, cooperating with the Spaniards, Legazpi thought of sending expeditions to other parts of Luzon.

• He sent his grandson to town on the south of Manila, while he sent Goiti to explore Central Luzon, as far as Pangasinan.

• Salcedo conquered Taytay, Cainta and other towns of what is now Rizal province. Then in 1572, he went to Northern Luzon and defeated the Filipinos in Zambales, Pangasinan and, the Ilocos region.


• From the Ilocos, Salcedo proceeded to the northeastern coast of Luzon, marched along the Pacific coast of what is now Quezon province, sailed to Polilo island, back to the shore of Luzon, and from there returned to Manila over trails, hills, and mountains.

• Tragedy greeted him in Manila, for he was informed that his grandfather, Legazpi, had died on 20 August, 1572.


Why the Philippines was Easily Conquered?

• The natives lacked unity and a centralized

form of government.

Although the barangays already functioned as units of governance, each one existed independently of the other, and the powers that each Datu enjoyed were confined only to his own barangay.


• No higher institution united the barangays, and the Spaniards took advantage of this situation.

• They used the barangays that were friendly to them in order to subdue the barangays that were not.

• The Spaniards have superior fire power and knowledge in combat/war.


REFERENCES:

• The Roots of the Filipino Nation, Vol. 1; Onofre D. Corpuz

• The Philippines: A Past Revisited, Vol. 1; Renato Constantino

• Teodoro Agoncillo’s History of the Filipino People(2010)

• All images were sourced from Google Images.• All video clips were taken from You tube.


the spanish conquest and the colonization of the philippines

Education

isu angadananjosephine

liban instructor iiijosephine

isu angadananinitially

isu angadanan1300

isu angadananspicesdo

isu angadananthe spice

trade routesspices

new trade route