the spanish inquisition-english ii

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Spanish Spanish Inquisitio Inquisitio n n 1478-1834 1478-1834

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Page 1: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

The The Spanish Spanish

InquisitionInquisition1478-18341478-1834

Page 2: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Inquisition DefinitionInquisition Definition

•The act of inquiring into a The act of inquiring into a matter; an investigationmatter; an investigation

•A rigorous, harsh A rigorous, harsh investigationinvestigation

•An investigation that violates An investigation that violates the rights of individualsthe rights of individuals

Page 3: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

What WAS What WAS the Spanish the Spanish INQUISITIONINQUISITION??

•The Spanish Inquisition – a The Spanish Inquisition – a tribunal formerly held in the tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church Roman Catholic Church directed at the suppression of directed at the suppression of heresyheresy (A controversial or (A controversial or unorthodox opinion or unorthodox opinion or doctrine, as in religion, doctrine, as in religion, politics, philosophy, or politics, philosophy, or science, ie. “Wrong Thinking”)science, ie. “Wrong Thinking”)

Page 4: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Examples of Heresy During the Examples of Heresy During the Spanish InquisitionSpanish Inquisition

•Not Eating PorkNot Eating Pork

•Reading Prohibited Reading Prohibited Books (usually of a Books (usually of a religious nature)religious nature)

•Practicing Judaism or Practicing Judaism or IslamIslam

Page 5: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Factors Leading to the Factors Leading to the Spanish InquisitionSpanish Inquisition

• 711: The Islamic Invasion of Spain and 711: The Islamic Invasion of Spain and Portugal (Then known as the Iberian Portugal (Then known as the Iberian Peninsula)Peninsula)

• The Reconquest of Spain Bringing Spain back The Reconquest of Spain Bringing Spain back under Christian Spaniard Controlunder Christian Spaniard Control

• Spanish Civil War (Isabella vs. Juana) 1474-Spanish Civil War (Isabella vs. Juana) 1474-14791479

• Isabella (Castille) marries the Prince of Isabella (Castille) marries the Prince of Aragon, Ferdinand VAragon, Ferdinand V

• Castille and Aragon are now united and Castille and Aragon are now united and Spain is unifiedSpain is unified

• Ferdinand and Isabella Attempt to Further Ferdinand and Isabella Attempt to Further Unify Spain in the 15Unify Spain in the 15thth Century under Century under Catholic Control.Catholic Control.

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the Purpose of the Spanish the Purpose of the Spanish InquisitionInquisition

• The Spanish Inquisition occurred The Spanish Inquisition occurred because Catholic rulers Isabella and because Catholic rulers Isabella and Ferdinand were determined to rid Spain Ferdinand were determined to rid Spain of any of any heretics or non-Catholicsheretics or non-Catholics. .

• In previous years, other Inquisitions had In previous years, other Inquisitions had occurred in Spain. As a result, many occurred in Spain. As a result, many Jews and Muslims, rather than leave Jews and Muslims, rather than leave their homes, decided to convert to their homes, decided to convert to Catholicism to escape persecution. Catholicism to escape persecution.

• The main goal of the Inquisition was to The main goal of the Inquisition was to inspect the genuineness of those that inspect the genuineness of those that converted to Catholicism in the previous converted to Catholicism in the previous years.years.

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Motives for Instituting the Motives for Instituting the InquisitionInquisition

• To establish political and religious To establish political and religious unityunity

• To weaken political opponents of To weaken political opponents of Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella

• Out of fear of other religious groups.Out of fear of other religious groups.

• To do away with power of minoritiesTo do away with power of minorities

• Profit – the property of convicted Profit – the property of convicted people was takenpeople was taken

Page 8: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Islamic Conquest of the Islamic Conquest of the Christian Visigoth KingdomChristian Visigoth Kingdom

• 711 – Moors (people from northwest 711 – Moors (people from northwest Africa: Arabs and natives, known as Africa: Arabs and natives, known as Berbers) led by the Arabic governor Berbers) led by the Arabic governor of Tangiers, Tariq ibn-Ziyad invade of Tangiers, Tariq ibn-Ziyad invade the Iberian Peninsula (aka Spain and the Iberian Peninsula (aka Spain and Portugal) with a force of 12, 000Portugal) with a force of 12, 000

• Tariq returned to Morocco, but the Tariq returned to Morocco, but the next year (712) Musa ibn Nusair, the next year (712) Musa ibn Nusair, the Muslim governor in North Africa, led Muslim governor in North Africa, led the best of his Arab troops to Spain the best of his Arab troops to Spain with the intention of staying. In with the intention of staying. In three years he had subdued all but three years he had subdued all but the mountainous region in the the mountainous region in the extreme north and had initiated extreme north and had initiated forays into France, which were forays into France, which were stemmed at Poitiers in 732stemmed at Poitiers in 732

• 718 Moorish Isalmic rule is at its 718 Moorish Isalmic rule is at its widest extentwidest extent

Page 9: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Islamic Conquest of the Christian Islamic Conquest of the Christian Visigoth Kingdom Continued…Visigoth Kingdom Continued…

• Al AndalusAl Andalus, as Islamic , as Islamic Spain was called, was Spain was called, was organized under the organized under the civil and religious civil and religious leadership of the caliph leadership of the caliph of Damascus. of Damascus. Governors in Spain Governors in Spain were generally Syrians, were generally Syrians, whose political frame whose political frame of reference was of reference was deeply influenced by deeply influenced by Byzantine practices.Byzantine practices.

• 722 The Battle of 722 The Battle of Covadonga in the Covadonga in the north-west of Iberia; north-west of Iberia; the Christian the Christian Reconquestia Reconquestia begins.begins.

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The Reconquest (The Reconquest (Reconquista)Reconquista) Begins in SpainBegins in Spain

• 732 AD Battle of Tours732 AD Battle of Tours

• 739: Moorish garrison driven out of 739: Moorish garrison driven out of Galicia by Asturian-Galician forces.Galicia by Asturian-Galician forces.

• 800: The Franks complete the 800: The Franks complete the reconquest of all of today's southern reconquest of all of today's southern French territory and the Pyrenees French territory and the Pyrenees

• 801: Franks reconquer Barcelona801: Franks reconquer Barcelona

• 914:Completion of reconquest in the 914:Completion of reconquest in the north-west. Muslims briefly retake north-west. Muslims briefly retake BarcelonaBarcelona

• 1085: Toledo reconquered by 1085: Toledo reconquered by Castillian forcesCastillian forces

• 1236: Half of Iberia reconquered by 1236: Half of Iberia reconquered by Christian forcesChristian forces

• 1239: the Emirate of Granda remains 1239: the Emirate of Granda remains the only Muslim state in Iberiathe only Muslim state in Iberia

• 1300s-1400s: Marinid Muslims seize 1300s-1400s: Marinid Muslims seize control of some towns on the control of some towns on the southern coast but are soon driven southern coast but are soon driven outout

Page 11: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Pogroms of 1391 and Pogroms of 1391 and Following YearsFollowing Years

• MaMajor anti-Jewish sentiment in the Iberian jor anti-Jewish sentiment in the Iberian peninsulapeninsula

• James II of Aragon, under pressure from the James II of Aragon, under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church, passes a law that Jews Roman Catholic Church, passes a law that Jews would no longer be abided in the Iberian would no longer be abided in the Iberian peninsulapeninsula

• Mass Conversions to Christianity (20,000 Jews) Mass Conversions to Christianity (20,000 Jews) because the choices were conversion, death, because the choices were conversion, death, or emigrationor emigration

• Synagogues burned to the groundSynagogues burned to the ground

• Attempts to expel Jews from Iberian peninsulaAttempts to expel Jews from Iberian peninsula

Page 12: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Process of The Inner Workings Process of The Inner Workings of the inquisitionof the inquisition

• Edict of Grace “Edicto de Gracia" Edict of Grace “Edicto de Gracia" - basic - basic procedure that started after Sunday's mass, the procedure that started after Sunday's mass, the inhabitants were asked to denounce a inhabitants were asked to denounce a blasphemer. This method proved to be inefficient blasphemer. This method proved to be inefficient as false information, for the sake of killing one's as false information, for the sake of killing one's enemy, was very common. Unfortunately, enemy, was very common. Unfortunately, inquisitors used the Edict of Grace for the inquisitors used the Edict of Grace for the following 350 years. following 350 years.

• DenunciationDenunciation - to - to pronounce especially publicly pronounce especially publicly someone be blameworthy or evil; Once someone was someone be blameworthy or evil; Once someone was denounced, he was incarcerated until his case was denounced, he was incarcerated until his case was reviewed by the calificadores (a type of jury). The reviewed by the calificadores (a type of jury). The time of incarceration varied from a few days to two time of incarceration varied from a few days to two years. The victim was never notified of the charges years. The victim was never notified of the charges against him while being in prison causing much against him while being in prison causing much confusion to the victim. confusion to the victim. Many died ignorant of their crime.Many died ignorant of their crime.

• Reconciliation Reconciliation – to show penance through confession– to show penance through confession

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ConversionsConversions

•A Jew that converts A Jew that converts to Christianity was to Christianity was known as a known as a ConversoConverso

•A Moor who converts A Moor who converts to Christianity was to Christianity was known as a known as a MoriscoMorisco

Page 14: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Relation/Interaction of Jews, Relation/Interaction of Jews, Muslims (moors) & ChristiansMuslims (moors) & Christians

• Jews protected by kingJews protected by king

--- Tax Farmers--- Tax Farmers

--- Loans--- Loans

• Moriscos live away from Christians Moriscos live away from Christians (Mainly in the South in Grenada)(Mainly in the South in Grenada)

• Christians dominate Spain (laws)Christians dominate Spain (laws)

• Convivencia Convivencia – the somewhat “idyllic – the somewhat “idyllic (charmingly simple) “mythical” situation (charmingly simple) “mythical” situation of the coexistence of Jews, Muslims, and of the coexistence of Jews, Muslims, and Christians in Spain from 711-1492Christians in Spain from 711-1492

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Limpieza de Sangre (Blood Purity Limpieza de Sangre (Blood Purity and Blood Libel of the Mid 1400sand Blood Libel of the Mid 1400s

• Before the Pogroms of 1391, Jew is part of a Before the Pogroms of 1391, Jew is part of a religionreligion

• Conversions mean they are Christians and equalConversions mean they are Christians and equal

• Major conflict between Old vs. New ChristiansMajor conflict between Old vs. New Christians

• Blood Libel is negative propaganda against JewsBlood Libel is negative propaganda against Jews

• Stories told of Jews stealing Christian babies Stories told of Jews stealing Christian babies and sacrificing them at nightand sacrificing them at night

• Negative propaganda is very effective (Fear Negative propaganda is very effective (Fear travels through all Christians)travels through all Christians)

• La Guardia Trial of 1491- the alleged victim of La Guardia Trial of 1491- the alleged victim of the crime was a child said to be ritualistically the crime was a child said to be ritualistically murdered by Jews. There was an auto-da-fé murdered by Jews. There was an auto-da-fé followed by public executions of the alleged followed by public executions of the alleged murderers; however, no body was ever found.murderers; however, no body was ever found.

Page 16: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Makeup of the Makeup of the InquisitionInquisition

•Suprema (1488) – 6 members Suprema (1488) – 6 members that rule over the Inquisitionthat rule over the Inquisition

•Tribunals – makeshift Tribunals – makeshift courtroomscourtrooms

•Familiars – SpiesFamiliars – Spies

•Finances – confiscations, fines, Finances – confiscations, fines, penances, dispensation. penances, dispensation.

Page 17: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Tribunal of the Holy Office of Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Spainthe Inquisition in Spain

Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in SpainInquisition in Spain

Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la InquisiciónSpanish InquisitionInquisiciónSpanish Inquisition

Example of a Makeshift Example of a Makeshift Courtroom or Tribunal.Courtroom or Tribunal.

Page 18: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Inquisition factsInquisition facts

• Used for religious, political, and financial reasonsUsed for religious, political, and financial reasons

• Spain had many different belief systems at the time of Spain had many different belief systems at the time of the Inquisition (Catholicism, Islam, Protestantism, and the Inquisition (Catholicism, Islam, Protestantism, and Judaism)Judaism)

• Following the Crusades, the leaders of Spain, Following the Crusades, the leaders of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, wanted to unify the nation, Ferdinand and Isabella, wanted to unify the nation, and they chose Catholicism to do this, making the and they chose Catholicism to do this, making the Inquisition under the direct control of the Spanish Inquisition under the direct control of the Spanish monarchymonarchy

• Pope Sixtus IV signs the Papal Bull in 1478, granting Pope Sixtus IV signs the Papal Bull in 1478, granting permission for the Inquisition to begin, and they permission for the Inquisition to begin, and they began driving out Jews, Protestants, and other non-began driving out Jews, Protestants, and other non-believers.believers.

• 1478-1531 – Most active period of the Inquisition1478-1531 – Most active period of the Inquisition

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Tomás de TorquemadaTomás de Torquemada

• 1483 becomes Grand 1483 becomes Grand Inquisitor of both Inquisitor of both Castile and Aragon Castile and Aragon (This is the only (This is the only organization that organization that Castile and Aragon Castile and Aragon have in common.)have in common.)

• Very powerful, Very powerful, austere stern man austere stern man and very Anti-Semitic and very Anti-Semitic

• Helps to push the Helps to push the expulsion of the Jewsexpulsion of the Jews

• Childhood confessor Childhood confessor to Isabellato Isabella

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Tomás de Torquemada Tomás de Torquemada Continued…Continued…

• He is inquisitor-general until 1498.He is inquisitor-general until 1498.

• He established the rules of the Inquisition.He established the rules of the Inquisition.

• Responsible for executing around 2,000 SpaniardsResponsible for executing around 2,000 Spaniards

• Established local tribunals to judge the accused Established local tribunals to judge the accused hereticsheretics

• Accused heretics were encouraged to indict and Accused heretics were encouraged to indict and accuse other heretics, thus beginning a vicious, accuse other heretics, thus beginning a vicious, cruel cycle of accusationscruel cycle of accusations

• If accused heretics confessed, they were released If accused heretics confessed, they were released or received a prison sentenceor received a prison sentence

• The penalty for not confessing to heresy or The penalty for not confessing to heresy or refusing to accuse others of heresy would result in refusing to accuse others of heresy would result in torturous, public death or life in prison.torturous, public death or life in prison.

Page 21: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Privileges of Members of Privileges of Members of the Inquisitionthe Inquisition

• InspectionInspection

•Censor Literature – Index of Censor Literature – Index of Prohibited Prohibited Books Books

• Immunity from other Immunity from other Jurisdictions Jurisdictions

•Tax ExemptionTax Exemption

• No Quartering of TroopsNo Quartering of Troops

Page 22: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Reasons for Censorship Reasons for Censorship during the inquisition during the inquisition

• Trying to stop the Trying to stop the spread of ideas the spread of ideas the Catholic Church Catholic Church deemed hereticaldeemed heretical

• ““Indexes” – Lists of Indexes” – Lists of heretical books heretical books (published in 1551, (published in 1551, 1559, 1583, 1612, 1559, 1583, 1612, 1632, and 1640)1632, and 1640)

• List of banned books of List of banned books of all kinds, but focused all kinds, but focused on religious texts and on religious texts and vernacular translations vernacular translations of the Bibleof the Bible

• Prohibitions of the Prohibitions of the texts actually hindered texts actually hindered the spread of Spanish the spread of Spanish culture throughout culture throughout EuropeEurope

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The TrialsThe Trials

•Lawyers – Defense lawyers Lawyers – Defense lawyers emergeemerge

•Witnesses – could testifyWitnesses – could testify

•Enemies – Name your enemies Enemies – Name your enemies

Page 24: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Torture of the Torture of the inquisitioninquisition

Aselli:Aselli:Water TormentWater Torment

Burning Heretics Burning Heretics at the Stakeat the Stake

Page 25: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Torture of the Torture of the inquisitioninquisition

Garrucha:Garrucha:Hanging from the Hanging from the

CeilingCeiling

The Heretics ForkThe Heretics Fork

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Methods Used to Force Confessions and Methods Used to Force Confessions and Evaluate Validity of Conversions: Evaluate Validity of Conversions:

ContinuedContinued

Strappado: PulleyStrappado: Pulley Potro: The RackPotro: The Rack

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Torture ContinuedTorture Continued

• Torture was used to get a confession Torture was used to get a confession not to punishnot to punish

• There were a multitude of methods of There were a multitude of methods of torture used during the Inquisitiontorture used during the Inquisition

• Starvation or forcing mass quantities Starvation or forcing mass quantities of water or other fluidsof water or other fluids

• Heated metal pincers, thumbscrews, Heated metal pincers, thumbscrews, boots, and other devices designed to boots, and other devices designed to burn, pinch, or otherwise mutilateburn, pinch, or otherwise mutilate

Page 28: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Torture StatisticsTorture Statistics

“ “ The historian Hernando del The historian Hernando del Pulgar, contemporary of Pulgar, contemporary of Ferdinand and Isabella, Ferdinand and Isabella, estimated that the Inquisition estimated that the Inquisition had burned at the stake 2,000 had burned at the stake 2,000 people and reconciled another people and reconciled another 15,000 by 1490 (just one 15,000 by 1490 (just one decade after the Inquisition decade after the Inquisition began). ”began). ”

Page 29: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

Auto-da-FéAuto-da-Fé• Means “Act of Faith”Means “Act of Faith”

• the ritual of public the ritual of public execution of people tried execution of people tried by the Inquisition, by the Inquisition, carried out by the civil carried out by the civil authoritiesauthorities

• Major social event and Major social event and civic occasioncivic occasion

• Sanbenito – an Sanbenito – an ornamented (yellow with ornamented (yellow with a red cross)garment a red cross)garment worn by a condemned worn by a condemned heretic at an auto-da-Féheretic at an auto-da-Fé

• Usually the heretics Usually the heretics were publicly burned at were publicly burned at the stake the stake

Page 30: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

auto-da-Fé auto-da-Fé Continued…Continued…

• Took place in the public Took place in the public squaresquare

• Religious and civil Religious and civil authorities were in authorities were in attendanceattendance

• Involved a Catholic Involved a Catholic MassMass

• Lasted several hoursLasted several hours

• The defendant at the The defendant at the trial did not know what trial did not know what witnesses would be witnesses would be called against him.called against him.

• The defendant might The defendant might not even know the not even know the specific crime accused specific crime accused ofof

Page 31: The Spanish Inquisition-English II

14921492• Invasion of Granada Invasion of Granada

(the last Muslim (the last Muslim stronghold in the stronghold in the region)region)

• Treaty of Granada Treaty of Granada completes the completes the ReconquistaReconquista

• Spain is completely Spain is completely unifiedunified

• The Edict of Expulsion: The Edict of Expulsion: gave Jews 3 months to gave Jews 3 months to either convert to either convert to Christianity or leave Christianity or leave the Kingdom of the Kingdom of Castille and theCrown Castille and theCrown of Aragonof Aragon

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The End of the The End of the InquisitionInquisition

• The French Revolution of 1789 The French Revolution of 1789 would cause the Inquisition to would cause the Inquisition to disband.disband.

• After the Revolution, a new After the Revolution, a new government arose in Spain “Cortes government arose in Spain “Cortes de Cadiz” and they chose not to de Cadiz” and they chose not to include the Inquisition in the new include the Inquisition in the new constitution.constitution.