the special senses peter reonisto, md moorpark college
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE SPECIAL SENSES
PETER REONISTO, MD
MOORPARK COLLEGE
![Page 2: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
TRADITIONAL SENSES
1) Smell
2) Taste
3) Sight
4) Hearing
5) Equilibrium
![Page 3: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SPECIAL SENSES RECEPTORS
• Localized and confined to the head region
• Not free nerve endings of sensory neurons
• Distinct receptor cells
• Receptor cells – neuron-like epithelial cells that transfer sensory information to other neurons in afferent pathways to the brain
• Sensory receptor cells are housed in complex sensory organs (eye or ear) or in distinctive epithelial structures (taste buds or olfactory epithelium)
• Sensory information travels via cranial nerves
![Page 4: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CHEMICAL SENSES
TASTE (Gustation)Taste receptors- located
on1) tongue surface 2) posterior palate3) Inner surface of
cheek4) Posterior pharyngeal
wall5) epiglottis
SMELL (Olfaction)
Smell receptors- called olfactory epithelium; located on
1) Superior nasal concha
2) Superior nasal septum
![Page 5: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Taste• 10,000 taste buds
in your mouth
• Sweet and salty are least sensitive
• Bitter ones are most sensitive
Your tongue picks up four types of
taste: sweet, sour, bitter, and
salty.
![Page 6: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
TASTETongue mucosa (papillae):
1) Fungiform papillae- scattered over the entire surface of the tongue.
2) (Circum)vallate papillae- inverted V near the back of the tongue
![Page 8: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Taste Buds10,000 taste
buds in the tongue
![Page 9: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Tastebuds closeup Molecules of food
stimulate the taste cells to send
messages to your brain. The sweet and salty buds are the least sensitive and the
bitter ones are the most
sensitive.
![Page 11: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Posterior 1/3,pharynx
Anterior 2/3VAGUS NERVE
Lower pharynx, epiglottis
![Page 12: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
THALAMIC NUCLEI
CN VII,IX, XTaste
Buds
Solitary Nucleus
(Medulla Oblongata)
![Page 13: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SMELLOdor particles
drift into your nose and cause your smell
receptors to send
messages to your brain.
![Page 14: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
OLFACTORY BULB (SMELL)
• Olfactory epithelium- pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Olfactory receptor cell- bipolar neurons
The smell part of the brain is in the limbic
region, and is
connected to feeling
and memory.
Olfactory epitheliumOlfactory receptor cell
Olfactory bulb (CN I)
Limbic Lobe
![Page 15: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vision Your eyes gather visual
information, which is
sent to your brain to be processed
and understood.
![Page 16: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ANATOMY OF THE EYE1) SCLERA
Cornea
2) CHOROID Ciliary Body
Iris
3) RETINA CONJUNCTIVA
![Page 18: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Vision (retina)Vision: Retina
• Rods sense brightness
• Cones sense color The retina, in the back
of your eye, has cells that are sensitive to light. They connect directly to your brain.
![Page 21: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
VISUAL PATHWAY
![Page 22: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Light/Image
AqeousHumor Vitreous
HumorOptic Nerve
Rods or Cones(Photoreceptors)
![Page 23: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
RETINAL/GANGLION CELLS
OPTIC NERVE
OPTIC CHIASM
OPTIC TRACT
LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
OPTIC RADIATION
VISUAL CORTEX
![Page 26: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS
![Page 27: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Hearing Sound waves make your eardrum vibrate.
Then, the small bones in your ear vibrate, and
the vibrations go through the snail-
like cochlea, which turns them into
nerve impulses to your brain.
![Page 28: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
THE EAR: HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM
• Regions:
1) Outer (External) Ear
2) Middle Ear
3) Inner (Internal) Ear
![Page 29: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
EXTERNAL EAR Components:
a) Auricle (Pinna)
b) External Acoustic (Auditory) canal
c) Hair, sebaceous gland, modified apocrine sweat gland (ceruminous gland)
d) Tympanic membrane
![Page 30: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
1/3 Elastic cartilage
2/3 Temporal bone
![Page 31: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
MIDDLE EARBoundaries: Petrous part of temporal bonea) Medial boundary (1) superior oval window (vestibular) (2) inferior round window (cochlear)b) Lateral boundary (1) Tympanic membranec) Superior boundary (1) Petrous boned) Posterior wall (1) Mastoid antrum- leadsto the mastoid air cells e) Anterior wall (1) Pharyngotympanic tube- leads to the pharynxf) Inferior boundary (1) thin bony floor where the internal jugular vein lies
![Page 32: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
MIDDLE EAR
Components:
a) Ossicles
(1) Malleus (hammer)
(2) Incus (anvil)
(3) Stapes (stirrup)
b) Skeletal muscle
(1) Tensor tympani
(2) Stapedius
![Page 35: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Origin: cartilage part of Pharyngotympanic tube.Insertion: malleus
Origin: Posterior wallMiddle ear
Insertion: Stapes
![Page 36: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
INNER EAR (LABYRINTH)Bony labyrinth: (petrous
bone cavity); filled with perilymph
1) Semicircular canals
2) Vestibule
3) cochlea
Membranous labyrinth- membrane-walled sacs and ducts); filled with endolymph
1) Semicircular ducts2) Utricle and saccule3) Cochlear duct
![Page 37: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
COCHLEA
• Spiraling chamber• Coils for about 2 ½ turns around a pillar
called modiolus• Consist of coiled part of the membranous
labyrinth called cochlear duct (scala media) which contains the receptors for hearing
• Cochlear nerve runs through the core of the modiolus
![Page 38: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
AUDITORY PATHWAY
Ends with the vestibule
Ends at the roundwindow
Cochlear duct
![Page 40: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Reissner’smembrane
Scalamedia
Scalavestibuli
Scalatympani
Outerhair cell
Inner hair cell
Basilarmembrane
Auditorynerve
Tectorial membrane
SpiralOrgan of
Corti
1 row of inner hair cells
3 rows of outer hair cells
![Page 41: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
AUDITORY PATHWAY
Cochlear division CN VIII
Hair cells (Organ of corti)
Spiral ganglion
Cochlear nuclei (medulla)
Nuclei of lateral lemniscus
Lateral Lemniscus
Inferior colliculi (midbrain)
Brachium of inferior colliculi
Medial geniculate body
Acoustic area (temporal lobe cortex)
![Page 42: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
SEMICIRCULAR CANAL AND VESTIBULE
Handles EQUILIBRIUM PATHWAY:
1) Cupula (semicircular canals)
2) Macula (Vestibule)
Cupula and Macula
Vestibular nerve
VestibularNuclei in medulla
VestibularNuclei in
cerebellum
Reflex centers
![Page 43: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: THE SPECIAL SENSES PETER REONISTO, MD MOORPARK COLLEGE](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e8f5503460f94b93548/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
END