the spread of fire from adjoining vehicles to a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle japan automobile research...
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The Spread of Fire from Adjoining Vehicles to a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
Japan Automobile Research Institute
Yohsuke Tamura, Masaru Takabayashi,Masayuki Takeuchi and Mitsuishi Hiroyuki.
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Thermal PRDs are safety devices intended to avoid rupture of the vessels by releasing the fuel.
Fire phenomenon of HFCV is different from gasoline vehicle.
Hydrogen flame
In the process of HFCV widespread, HFCV will cause a fire with other fuel vehicles.
Example:Crash fire between HFCV and Gasoline vehicle
Hydrogen vessel for Vehicle
Type3× 2
Vent in the trunk room
Gasoline(15Liters)
Fire pan 0.78× 1× 0.1m
Type3× 2
Vent in the trunk room
Gasoline(15Liters)
Fire pan 0.78× 1× 0.1m
Type3× 2
Vent in the trunk room
Gasoline(15Liters)
Fire pan 0.78× 1× 0.1m
Type3× 2
Vent in the trunk room
Gasoline(15Liters)
Fire pan 0.78× 1× 0.1m
Type3× 2
Vent in the trunk room
Gasoline(15Liters)
Fire pan 0.78× 1× 0.1m
Type3× 2
Vent in the trunk room
Gasoline(15Liters)
Fire pan 0.78× 1× 0.1m
Just before TPRD activation 1second after TPRD activation
It is necessary to examine the spread of fire with adjoined vehicles including FCV for safety design against fire of parking, tunnels, ferries and car carriers.As the first step, we implemented two fire tests.
1) Fire test on juxtaposed gasoline vehicle and HFCV
2) Multiple-HFCV fire test assuming a car carrier
- Direct cause of fire spread from fire origin vehicle to adjacent vehicle
- Fire spread behaviour
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1) Fire test on juxtaposed gasoline vehicle and HFCV
2) Multiple-HFCV fire test assuming a car carrier
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Fire origin
PRD vent
Fuel cell
Vehicle
0.85m
Vent0 Vent1 Vent2 Vent5
5m 3m
2m 1m
Vent3
Gasoline
vehicle
Cylinder
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When the gasoline vehicle caught fire at 58 min., HFCV had already been burned down.
The adjoining gasoline vehicle was not ignited by the hydrogen flames generated through TPRD activation but by flames from the exterior and interior fittings of the fire origin vehicle.
Time= 0min.
Gasoline Vehicle FCV
Time= 30min. (PRD activited)
Time= 60min.
Time= 0min.
Gasoline Vehicle FCV
Time= 30min. (PRD activited)
Time= 60min.
Time= 45min. Time= 45min.
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.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80
Tem
pe
ratu
re [d
eg
.C]
Time [minute]
Vent0
Vent1
Vent2
Vent3
Vent5
Fire origin
PRD vent
Fuel cell
Vehicle
0.85m
Vent0 Vent1 Vent2 Vent5
5m 3m
2m 1m
Vent3
Gasoline
vehicle
Cylinder
PRD activation
The hydrogen flames curled up on both sides of the HFCV’s body.
1) Fire test on juxtaposed gasoline vehicle and HFCV
2) Multiple-HFCV fire test assuming a car carrier
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Fire scenarioFire scenarioThe transportation of vehicles in a car carrier ship is simulated with regard to vehicle placement and keeping all the vehicle windows shut. A fire accident occurs involving only the vehicles parked on one floor of a car carrier ship.
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FCV(B) 30cm
Taget pressure:70MPa
Volume:40Litter
FCV(A) Fire origin
PRD
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
FCV(C)
Clin
de
r
Clin
de
r FCV(B)
Clin
de
r
Clin
de
r
10cm
Clin
de
r
16
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The cause of fire spread from fire origin vehicle to adjacent vehicle is the flames spreading from the interior and exterior fittings of the fire origin vehicle – not the hydrogen flames from TPRD activation. However, after TPRD activation, the FCV’s fire spread rapidly.
B vehicle ignition C Vehicle ignition PRD activation 109min. 114min. 117min.
B A
C
The direct cause of fire spread from fire origin vehicle to adjacent vehicle is the flames spreading from the interior and exterior fittings of the fire origin vehicle – not the hydrogen flames from TPRD activation.However, hydrogen flame by TPRD of a HFCV, in turn may activate the TPRD of adjoining HFCV.
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1)Fire test on juxtaposed gasoline vehicle and HFCV 2) Multiple-HFCV fire test assuming a car carrier
To minimize damage by HFCV fire, therefore, it is important to realize early detection and extinguishing of fire before the TPRD activates
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20
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80
Tem
pera
ture
[deg
.C]
Time [minute]
U_0
U_1
U_2
U_3
U_4
PRD Activated
GasolineVehicle Ignition
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80
Tem
pera
ture
[deg
.C]
Time [minute]
L_0
L_1
L_2
L_3
L_4
PRD Activated
GasolineVehicle Ignition
500mm 500mm 500mm 500mm
400mm
500mm
L_0
L_1 L_2 L_3 L_4
U_0 U_1 U_2 U_3 U_4
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30cm
45°
30cm
45°
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Time(min:sec) Fire Spread Process0:00:00 Test start (HFCV-A’s rear bumper ignited by burner.)0:44:35 Explosion noise in HFCV-A (“A”) cabin; the rear bumper burning down.98:36 Flames visible in “A” cabin.99:31 “A” rear window begins to crack.99:49 Flames spout from “A” rear tire.102:10 “A” rear windows crack. RaginHFCV-B ignition g flames arise.105:24 “A” right rear window breaks.107:58 “A” left rear window breaks.109:09 “A” left center window breaks. “B” ignited at its right rear panel.111:56 Raging flames arise from “A” right rear window.112:36 Raging flames arise from “A” right rear tire.114:22 Explosion noise in “A” cabin. “C” ignited at its front bumper and engine hood.115:59 “B” left rear window breaks; right rear tire bursts.116:53 Raging flames arise from “B” rear window.
117:15“A” rear TPRD is activated; start of hydrogen gas release. Hydrogen flames reach “C” front body and “B” rear tire.
117:49 “B” right center window breaks.117:52 Explosion noise in “A” cabin.
118:46Hydrogen release from “A” ends. “B” body burns down. “C” front body burns; its front tire bursts.
119:42 “A” right rear tire bursts.119:47 “B” rear TPRD is activated (2 min. 32 sec. after activation of “A” rear TPRD).120:43 “B” front window breaks.
122:14“A” front TPRD is activated (4 min. 59 sec. after activation of “A” rear TPRD). Start of hydrogen gas release from “A” front TPRD.
124:14 Hydrogen gas release ends.
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Rear axis
Front tank
Rear tank
LeftRearTire
RightRearTire
TF_PRD
TF_LowC
TR_LowC
TR_PRD TR_END
TF_END
Fro
nt
Right
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Rear axis
Front tank
Rear tank
LeftRearTire
RightRearTire
TF_PRD
TF_LowC
TR_LowC
TR_PRD TR_END
TF_END
Fro
nt
Right
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122Te
mp
eret
ure
[℃]
Time [minute]
BTF_LowC
BTF_PRD
BTF_END
BTR_LowC
BTR_PRD
BTR_END
Rear PRD of "A" vehicle activated"B" vehicle ignition
Rear PRD of "B"vehicle activated
After the ignition of HFCV-B, temperature at its rear tank’s end plug (BTR_END) gradually increased.about 117 min. later the temperatures all over the rear tank climbed rapidly, following the activation of HFCV-A’s rear TPRD. About 3 min. after this temperature climb, the rear TPRD of HFCV-B activated; however, HFCV-B’s front tank was hardly affected by the TPRD activation in HFCV-A..
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Although temperatures on the front tank did not change for some time after HFCV-C’s ignition, the temperatures suddenly climbed after the activation of HFCV-A’s rear TPRD.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122Tem
pere
ture
[℃
]
Time [minute]
CTFLowC
CTFPRD
CTFEND
"C" vehicle ignitionRear PRD of "A" vehicle activated
Rear axis
Front tank
LeftRearTire
RightRearTire
TF_PRD
TF_LowC
TF_END
Fro
nt
Right