the state of the environment in central asia:

1

The State of the Environment in Central Asia:

2015

ТуркменистанTurkmenistan

КыргызстанKyrgyzstan

Kazakhstan

ТаджикистанTajikistan

Illustrations of Selected Environmental

Themes and Indicators

УзбекистанUzbekistan

2

© FLERMONECA, 2015.© Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia, Environmental Agency of Austria, Zoї Environment Network, 2015.

Disclaimer: the designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its au-thorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. We regret any errors or omissions that may unwittingly have been made. The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed herein lies entirely with the authors.

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowl-edgement of the source is made. Partners of the FLERMONECA project – GIZ, Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia and Environmental Agency of Austria – would appreciate receiving a copy of any material that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in written form from the copyright holders.

The State of the Environment in Central Asia: Illustrations of Selected Environmental Themes and Indicators

Concept and visuals: Viktor Novikov Regional and national maps: Vladislav SibagatulinCity maps and cartogrammes: Mathias Beilstein Regional data collection and quality control: Firuza Illarionova Contributors and reviewers: Nickolai Denisov, Talaibek Makeyev, Johannes Mayer, Olga Suvorova, Abzal Dzhusupov, Zauresh Abdieva, Akbayan Zhandylina, Shodibek Kurbonov, Gulbahor Saidova, Karimjon Abdualimov, Ubaidulo Akramov, Marina Plotsen, Bakhodyr Rakhmonov, Ivan Belikov, Ludmila Nyshanbayeva, Natalia Baidakova, Victoria Akopova, Oleg Guchgeldiev, Djumamurad Saparmuradov REC CA coordinators: Simon Charre, Saniya Kartayeva, Saltanat Zhakenova, Shynar Toilybayeva, Irana Bagirova, Abdulhamid Kayumov, Atabek Umirbekov, Amangul Ovezberdyyeva, Meder SeitkasymovEnglish version editor: Geoff Hughes Layout and design: Yaroslav TartykovPhotos: Nailya Mustaeva, Vlad Ushakov, Viktor Novikov, Alexei Koshkin, A. Viesov, Simon Charre, Natalia Beshko, Vlad Yakushkin, Lawrence Hislop, Martin Mergili, Oleg Shipin

ISBN 978-9967-27-847-9

Financed by

European Union

This publication has been developed based on the results of the FLERMONECA project, MONECA component. Funding was provided by the European Union.

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SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES......................................................................................4

AIR QUALITY................................................................................................................................................................6AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES...........................................................................................................................8

WATER QUALITY......................................................................................................................................................12

PROTECTED AREAS................................................................................................................................................18

ENDANGERED AND RARE SPECIES....................................................................................................................28

FOREST RESOURCES..............................................................................................................................................38

MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS....................................................................................................................................40

DESERTIFICATION AND LAND DEGRADATION.............................................................................................42

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND PROGRESS TOWARDS SEIS ..........................................................44

SOURCES OF INFORMATION..............................................................................................................................51

Contents

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The population of Central Asia continues to grow, and the total for the region in 2015 is estimated at 65 million. The proportion of the population living in rural areas varies from 45 per cent in

Kazakhstan to 73 per cent in Tajikistan. The two largest and most pop-ulous countries – Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan – also have the most diverse resources and industries, and are the economic leaders in the region. Turkmenistan has the lowest population but its rapidly grow-ing oil and gas sector boosts its economy, especially the construction sector. Both Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan have seen their poverty rates drop over the past 10-15 years from 75-80 per cent to below 35-40 per cent due to economic growth and labour migration.

Deserts, semi-deserts and steppes cover much of Central Asia but each of the countries has moun-tains that occupy from 5 per cent in Turkmenistan

up to 90-93 per cent in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The mountain ecosystems in Kyrgyzstan (Tien Shan) and Tajikistan (Pamir) are the water towers for the region and support globally significant biodiversity. Mountains are particularly vulnerable to climate change, and what-ever happens in the mountains eventually affects the lowlands.

Forest cover in the countries of Central Asia ranges from 3 per cent in Tajikistan to 9 per cent in Turk-menistan. Lowland desert forests, such as saxaul

forests, are sparse, while mountain nut-and-fruit and coniferous forests are dense. Forests are the most important habitats for wild flora and fauna species and perform other functions such as the protection of soil and the regulation of climate. The majority of mountain and flood plain forests are protected, and timber harvesting is prohibited.

Socioeconomic and environmental features

1

Kazakhstan

TurkmenistanTajikistan

KyrgyzstanUzbekistan

Population

1 million Urban Rural

Source: World Bank (www.worldbank.org)Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, June 2015

10%

90%

93%

5%20%

Tajikistan

Kyrgyzstan

Uzbekistan

Proportion of mountain area by countryMountain coverage in percent of total areaTotal area

Turkmenistan

Kazakhstan

Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, June 2015

4.6%

6.2%

3.0%

8.8% 6.2% Tajikistan

Forest coverage

Source: FAO FRA 2010, State of the Environment reports

Forest coverage in percent of total areaTotal area

Turkmenistan

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan


5

During the economic decline of the 1990s and the transition to a market economy, a reduction in energy consumption resulted in declining greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Central Asia.

Economic recovery in the region has favoured less heavy industrial development, and emissions in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan – countries with a high share of hydropower – have remained well below the world average of 5.5 tonnes per person, and are the lowest in the region. Uzbekistan’s emissions have been stable for a long time and are slightly below the world average. Growth in industry and energy consumption has caused the greenhouse gas emissions of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to rise. About half of Tajikistan’s GHG emissions come from the agriculture sector. In all the other Central Asian countries, the energy sector accounts for most of the greenhouse gas emissions.

Central Asia is among the regions with the highest rate of warming in Eurasia, with warming more pronounced in the lowlands and less in the highlands. The increases vary from 0.2°C to 0.4°C

per decade over the last 35 years. The interior parts of Central Asia, such as the semi-desert lowlands of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, as well as around the former Aral Sea, have seen a small decrease in precipitation. Some increase in precipitation has occurred in mountain areas of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Ice cover in the mountains has declined and the smallest glaciers at lower elevations are most vulnerable.

Astana

Bishkek

Dushanbe

Tashkent

TA J I K ISTANT U R K M E N I STAN

U Z B E K ISTAN

Temperature and precipitation

0.4 0.6 +0.8 °C Minus more than 10%Plus more than 10%

Temperature change 1976 - 2012 Precipitation change 1976 - 2012 0.2


Ashgabat

KYRGYZSTAN

K A Z A H S T A N

Kazakhstan

Turkmenistan Tajikistan

Kyrgyzstan

Uzbekistan

14.5

10.0

3.51.0

0.5

249.5 mio

6.5 mio

3 mio105.5 mio53 mio

Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions per capita (t/year)

Total greenhouse gas emissions (million t/year)

Source: World Bank (www.worldbank.org)Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, June 2015

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Industrial air pollution

In 1990 stationary industrial sources accounted for the highest share of the region’s air pollution. Following independence heavy industries went through a period of restructuring, decline and plant closures, and a transition to new technologies and types of products. As a result of these two trends, industrial pollution levels declined. In recent years, estimates of emissions from stationary sources in Central Asia range from 3.0 million tonnes to 3.5 million tonnes per year; Kazakhstan accounts for 2.2 million tonnes per year of this estimate.

Coal’s role in the energy mix and manufacturing

Kazakhstan has abundant coal reserves and an energy and industrial system based on coal. This has resulted in higher GHG emissions and levels of air pollution, especially from energy and metallurgical enterprises. In light of rapid economic growth and the forecasts for energy use, the role of coal is likely to remain significant, as are the levels of emissions.

In the two lowest emitters of the region – Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan – the role of coal used to be negligible, but growing energy deficits and the absence of affordable alternative sources has resulted in a switch to coal as the fuel for the countries’ growing industrial and power production.

Growth in transportation

Industrial air pollution has declined, but the rapid growth in the numbers of cars on the roads has resulted in increased congestion and pollution in the large cities. In the numerous cities with deteriorating public transport systems, a personal car has become a more reliable means of transportation and in areas with high levels of development, personal transport has become a sign of status.

The contribution of mobile sources, primarily cars, to total air emissions varies from below 50 per cent in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, to 70 per cent in Uzbekistan and nearly 90 per cent in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan strive to maintain environmental and fuel standards within advanced levels.

High fuel prices in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan – where local petroleum production is insignificant – have prompted conversion of fuel systems in the cars from gasoline to natural gas. In Uzbekistan, the share of cars using liquefied natural gas is also growing.

Heavy metals

The exploitation of the region’s rich mineral resources has included the mining of lead and mercury, two heavy metals with well-known human health and environmental impacts. In the Soviet era, production levels and hence air emissions of these heavy metals were substantial. Nowadays, emissions from heavy metal production are not so significant, but still continue. Lead and mercury emissions from secondary sources – industrial activities and burning of fossil fuels – are lower, but the problem of their control and minimization remains relevant.

Dust and salt storms around the former Aral Sea

Sand, dust and various salts now cover a vast area that was once the bottom or the coast of the Aral Sea. The wind whips these deposits into dust and sand aerosols that travel hundreds of kilometres, depending on wind speed and direction. These dust storms affect human health in densely populated areas near the former sea, damage vulnerable infrastructure and diminish air quality in Nukus and the Amu Darya delta.

0

140

120

Emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air

Kg per person

100

80

60

40

20

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

STATIONARY SOURCES

Air quality2

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Temirtau

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Navoi

Turkmenabad

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Caspian Sea

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0 150 30075Km

R U S S I A

A F G H A N I S T A N

C H I N A

I R A N

K A Z A K H S T A N

U Z B E K I S T A NK Y R G YZ S TA N

T U R K M E N I S T A NTA J I K IS TA N

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network

Stationary sources

Mobile sources

1 square represents 40 000 tons of emissions

Air quality and emissions

8

Air quality in major cities

Investments in modernization of the capital city of Turkmenistan in the years since independence have completely transformed Ashgabat (population: about 750 000) from a town with low buildings to a vi-

brant showplace of modern white high-rise buildings with fountains and green areas. Most industries are located outside the city proper, and air quality is considered good according to the five monitoring stations. City transport is efficient and the number of personal cars is rising but the transport fleet is quite young, with lower emission and fuel consumption levels. Prevailing high temperatures and occasional dust storms and in-versions combined with transport emissions are the key factors affecting the air quality in the capital.

The fastest growing city in Central Asia is Astana (population: about 850 000), the capital city of Kazakhstan since 1997. Its location in the steppes means that it has strong winds that keep air pollution

at the average level, but excessive air pollution levels are becoming more frequent. The city is seeing active development along with growing environmental pressure. The majority of Astana’s seven air monitoring stations are automated, and their data are publically available in real time. The authorities are working to regulate traffic in the city and want Astana to be a clean city that sets a good example for the country.

0 5 km

Air quality monitoring stations

Map produced by Zoï Environment Network, July 2015

Astana0 5 km


Air quality monitoring stations Ashgabat

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The ancient city of Tashkent (population: 2.3 million) is the biggest metropolitan area of Central Asia and the capital of Uzbekistan. The Uzbek Hydrometeorological service at the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of

Uzbekistan has a long history of air and climate monitoring in Tashkent. Currently it operates an extensive system of more than 20 air quality monitoring stations. Air quality in Tashkent varies from a moderate to a low level of pollution. The emissions from industries and transport in Tashkent are monitored closely. A clean air campaign is conducted twice a year. The number of cars is growing, but a modern transport fleet, better fuel quality along with emissions control help to reduce air quality impacts.

As the former capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty (population: about 1.6 million; if metropolitan area is included: about 2 million) is the largest city in the country and remains the financial and business hub. Air quality in the city is measured at five

standard and 11 automated stations, and varies from moderate to very poor. Commuting within the Almaty suburban areas is significant, and people prefer to drive larger cars with correspondingly higher emissions. Industrial sites are located across the city. The city microclimate has limited air exchanges, and inversions frequently trap pollution in the air above the city. The local authorities are looking for solutions such as increased use of public transport, especially metro, broadening the network of pedestrian and bicycle lines, and the promotion of natural gas as a fuel.

0 5 km


Tashkent

0 5 km


Air quality monitoring stations Almaty

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Prior to independence, Bishkek, formerly Frunze (population: about 1 million), the capital of Kyrgyzstan, had industrial sites across the city and even in the city centre, and emitted more pollutants than the capitals of the other republics. Currently, many

of its industrial sites are dormant, and industrial air pollution has declined significantly. Bishkek has seven air monitoring stations, and urban air quality varies from moderate to poor. A power station is the main contributor to air emissions from stationary sources. Traffic jams and car emissions are growing along with the increase in the number of cars, and poorly regulated neighbourhood development and the poor conditions at waste sites intensify the city’s environmental stress.

The relatively young city of Dushanbe (population: 800 000) is the capital of Tajikistan and its largest city. Only one out of the city’s seven air monitoring stations operates, so the environmental picture of the

city is incomplete. According to the latest available data, urban air quality in Dushanbe is good, but occasional dust storms and inversions may lead to elevated levels of pollutants. Vehicular traffic is growing and so are congestion and emissions. The public transport system has been neglected and does not meet the demands of the city. Historically, industrial sites were located on the outskirts of the city. Many of these operations went dormant after the split of the Soviet Union, but some of them are now restarting and new sites are located in the city proper. As a result, industrial emissions and air pollution levels are growing.

0 5 km

Air quality monitoring stationsNot operational sites


Dushanbe

0 5 km

Air quality monitoring stations


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11

0

0.300

0.250

0.200

0.150

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Urban air quality: Annual average concentration of SO in Central Asia cities23 3mg/m (x 1 000 μg/m )

AshgabatAngren

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KAZ TKM KAZ KAZ UZB TKM UZB KAZ KAZ KAZ KYRUZB

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Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports (2010-2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015), Kazhydromet. Data are for the most recent available year: 2011-2013

Population, thousand persons

Low

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* Integrated air pollution index

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(Oskemen)

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Agricultural run-off and discharges from densely populated areas

With its high temperatures and low rainfall, Central Asia has long depended on irrigated agriculture for much of its food and fibre production. Wasteful water use practices and overuse of pesticides and mineral fertilizers – legacies of the Soviet era – continue to cause problems today. Irrigation water and drainage run-off either evaporate in the deserts or return to the rivers, thus increasing the mineralization content and decreasing water quality. Water quality in the large rivers of Central Asia is mainly determined by agricultural run-off from irrigated lands and densely populated valleys. In the upper reaches of the rivers the water quality is normally quite good, while in the lower reaches it gets worse with higher mineralization. The downstream communities and several river deltas do not receive the necessary, and quite often even the minimal recommended flow. An inadequate flow poses a problem for both ecosystems and human health.

Wastewater treatment and biological pollution

Low maintenance, ageing and inadequately sized sewage treatment facilities in many cities undermine the overall efficiency of wastewater management. The growth of population in both urban and rural areas creates additional pressure on water resources. Quite often the quality of surface water downstream of cities is unsatisfactory, especially in terms of biological pollution. In smaller cities and rural areas with poorly organized sewage and wastewater treatment systems, heavy rains and flash floods may flush biogenic pollutants into the rivers and canals, and increase the spread of waterborne diseases. Between 10 per cent and 30 per cent of Central Asia residents – mainly in smaller cities and provincial areas – lack access to safe water sources.

Industrial water pollution

The closing of many industries after the break-up of the Soviet Union lowered the industrial pollution of surface waters. Industrial and mining waste and obsolete pesticide dumps in some areas, however, lack controls and supervision, and the situation has become unpredictable. Flash floods, mud slides and heavy rains can wash the pollutants into surface waters, and significantly affect water quality. Groundwater pollution by industries, even where the production was stopped, also deserve attention.

Water quality3

Salt content in the Amu Darya River

mg/l

Termez

0 0.2 0.4 0.6

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0.8

Sources: FLERMONECA project reports (2015), Uzhydromet. Data for the years 2010-2011.

1.0 1.2 1.4

Water quality: Chu River, Kyrgyzstan

mg/l

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Sources: FLERMONECA project reports (2015), Kyrgyzhydromet. Data for 2013.

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Water quality in Kazakhstan

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Water Pollution Index (WPI)

Source: Kazhydromet (http://www.kazhydromet.kz). Data for 2014.

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WPI categories:

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Water quality: Chu and Talas Rivers

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Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

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Water pollution

LowModerateHigh

Sources: Environmental bulletins of Kazakhstan and State of the Environment reports (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

C H I N AIli Kapchagai res.

Balkhash

Almaty

Ili


0 150 km

Water quality: Amu Darya RiverAral

river delta


U Z B E K I S T A N

T U R K M E N I S T A N

Amu Darya

Panj

Zarafshan

Karakum canal

Water pollution

K Y R G Y S T A N

Nukus

upstream

Navoy

DushanbeAshgabat

T A J I K I S T A N


Water quality: Syr Darya River

Syr DaryaK Y R G Y Z S T A N

KyzylordaAral Sea

U Z B E K I S T A N

K A Z A K H S T A N

0 150 km

Tashkent

Osh

Naryn

former

LowModerateHigh

Water pollution

Low

Moderate

High


Chu

Shu

Talas

BishkekTokmokTaraz

Shu

K A Z A K H S T A N

K Y R G Y Z S T A N

K A Z A K H S T A N

0 100 km

downstream

upstream

Kara-balta

Water pollution

Low

Moderate

High



K A Z A K H S T A N

0 100 km

downstream

upstream

Water pollution

LowModerateHigh



Balkhash

Almaty

Ili


0 150 km


river delta


U Z B E K I S T A N


Amu Darya

Panj

Zarafshan

Karakum canal

Water pollution

K Y R G Y S T A N

Nukus

upstream

Navoy

DushanbeAshgabat

T A J I K I S T A N




KyzylordaAral Sea

U Z B E K I S T A N

K A Z A K H S T A N

0 150 km

Tashkent

Osh

Naryn

former

LowModerateHigh

Water pollution

Low

Moderate

High

15

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Taraz

Shymkent

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Turkestan

Arys

Zhanatas

Karatau

Shu

Tokmok

Talgar

Kapchagay

Kara-BaltaCholpon-Ata

Korday

Issyk-KulLake

Lake Balkhash

Ili

Chu

Syrdarya

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K A Z A K H S T A N

KYR GY ZS TAN

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Ili

Bishkek

Almaty

UshtobeTaldykorgan

Tekeli

Zharkent

Shu

Tokmok

Talgar

Kapchagay

Kara-Balta

Cholpon-AtaKorday

Lake Issyk-Kul

Lake Balkhash 0 50 10025

Km

C H I N A

K A Z A K H S A N

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

!

Kulja

Chary

n

Te ke

s


Chu

Shu

Talas

BishkekTokmokTaraz

Shu

K A Z A K H S T A N

K Y R G Y Z S T A N

K A Z A K H S T A N

0 100 km

downstream

upstream

Kara-balta

Water pollution

Low

Moderate

High



K A Z A K H S T A N

0 100 km

downstream

upstream

Water pollution

LowModerateHigh



Balkhash

Almaty

Ili


0 150 km


river delta


U Z B E K I S T A N


Amu Darya

Panj

Zarafshan

Karakum canal

Water pollution

K Y R G Y S T A N

Nukus

upstream

Navoy

DushanbeAshgabat

T A J I K I S T A N




KyzylordaAral Sea

U Z B E K I S T A N

K A Z A K H S T A N

0 150 km

Tashkent

Osh

Naryn

former

LowModerateHigh

Water pollution

Low

Moderate

High


Chu

Shu

Talas

BishkekTokmokTaraz

Shu

K A Z A K H S T A N

K Y R G Y Z S T A N

K A Z A K H S T A N

0 100 km

downstream

upstream

Kara-balta

Water pollution

Low

Moderate

High



K A Z A K H S T A N

0 100 km

downstream

upstream

Water pollution

LowModerateHigh



Balkhash

Almaty

Ili


0 150 km


river delta


U Z B E K I S T A N


Amu Darya

Panj

Zarafshan

Karakum canal

Water pollution

K Y R G Y S T A N

Nukus

upstream

Navoy

DushanbeAshgabat

T A J I K I S T A N




KyzylordaAral Sea

U Z B E K I S T A N

K A Z A K H S T A N

0 150 km

Tashkent

Osh

Naryn

former

LowModerateHigh

Water pollution

Low

Moderate

High

16

Alaudin Lakes, Fann Mountains, Tajikistan

17

The Amu Darya River at Nukus, Uzbekistan

18

Each of the countries in the region makes a significant effort to conserve wild nature, and each has its own network of protected areas. In addition, the countries

cooperate in the monitoring and protection of populations of migrating species of birds and animals, and work together on transboundary issues.

Protected areas of Kazakhstan cover 8.8 per cent of the country and consist of nearly 100 sites, including 10 strict nature reserves, 12 national parks, 5 special nature protection zones and numerous other sites with sustainable natural resources management or species conservation status. Kazakhstan’s biodiversity conservation plans call for a further increase in the number and coverage of nature reserves and parks and for improved efficiency.

The existing network of protected areas in Kyrgyzstan includes 10 strict nature reserves, 10 national parks and more than 50 species management areas and nature monuments, covering 6 per cent of the land area. In 1998 Kyrgyzstan designated the entire Issyk-Kul province, including the famous mountain lake, as a biosphere territory. If the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Territory is included, the area under nature conservation status in Kyrgyzstan comes to one quarter of the country’s total area. In addition, nearly all the Kyrgyz forests are considered as high-value ecosystems for which monitoring, control and conservation measures have been established.

Tajikistan’s protected areas system includes four strict nature reserves, one national park that covers nearly half of the Tajik Pamir, the Shirkent and Saryhosor natural-historical parks, several Ramsar sites and 13 species management areas. Overall, protected areas occupy almost 22 per cent of the country – the biggest share among Central Asian countries.

Turkmenistan’s nine strict nature reserves cover 925 000 hectares with a wide range of ecosystems. Additionally, there are a number of species management areas. Management plans and expansion of the whole network of protected areas, including establishment of a national park have been developed. Turkmenistan is actively working on the greening of areas around settlements and near the Aral Sea. Such green plantations, along with natural forests, are protected by the state.

Uzbekistan has a wide network of protected areas – eight strict nature reserves, three natural parks, 12 species management areas, one biosphere reserve and several centres for captive breeding of rare birds and animals. Together these areas cover almost 2.4 million hectares or around 5 per cent of the country’s territory. In addition, there are 25 water protection zones. The development programme for protected areas anticipates expansion of up to 8.1 million hectares.

Protected areas4

0

250 000

200 000

40 000

Protected areas in Central Asia2Area, km

35 000

30 000

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Source: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

Kazakhstan

National parks (IUCN II)

Nature reserves (IUCN I)

Other types of protected areas

21.7%

8.8%

5%

Per cent of country’s area5%

4.4%

*Kyrgyzstan’s other types of protected areas include the Issyk-Kul biosphere territory

6.1%

Other types of protected areas in Kyrgyzstan include the

Issyk-Kul Biosphere Territory

19

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Baku

Kabul

Bishkek

Tashkent

Astana

DushanbeAshgabat

Ufa

Samara

Saratov

Zhezkazgan

Barnaul

Semnan

Aktau

Mary

MashhadKonduz

Urumqi

Osh

Aktobe

Almaty

Pavlodar

Oral

Taraz

Kyzyl Orda

Atyrau

Shymkent

Karaghandy

Oskemen

Navoi

Turkmenabad

Samarkand

Urgench

Karshi

Petropavlovsk

KhorogKulyab

Turkmenbashy

Zara fshan

Kunes

Ili

Naryn

Nura

S arys

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Panj

Ishim

Irtysh

Ural

Volga

Shu

Syr Darya

AmuD

arya

Ob

BalkhashLake

Kara-Bogaz-Gol

Caspian Sea

Issyk-KulLake

AralSea

National borderUndefined border

Protected areas

Strict nature reserve (IUCN I)National park (IUCN II)Iarea (IUCN I, IV, VI) ntegrated protected

Species management area (IUCN IV)

Protected area with sustainable useof natural resources (IUCN VI)Other type

0 150 30075Km

R U S S I A

K A Z A K H S T A N


U Z B E K I S T A N

C H I N A

K Y R G Y Z S TA N


TA J I K I S TA N

I R A N


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Bishkek

Tashkent

Astana

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Р А Н

!

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AksuZhabagly

SairamUgam

IrsuDaubaby

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IleAlatau

Kolsay kolderi

Алматы

Zadara

Timur

ArysKaraktau

ZhambylAkdaly

1 2 3

Zhusandaly

NorthernCaspian Sea

SouthernKazakhstan

Karatau

Kyzyltau

Ustyurt

Aktau-Buzachi

Kenderli-Kayasan

Barsakelmes

Kargaly

Torangylsay

TounsorSarykopa

Zharsor-Urkash

Belagash

Kogashik

Karkaraly

Beldeutas

Bektauata

Ulytau

KarakunuzBerikkara

Andasai

Tarbagatai

KaratalSandsKuludzha

Nizhni-Turgusun

West-Altai

Markakol

Katon-Karagay

Charyn

Kukan

LepsinskToktinsky

Karoy

Balkhash Upper-Koksu

Turgay

VostochnyBulandy

Korgalzhy

Kokshetau Burabai

Arys-Karaktau

Southern Kazakhstan

Bayanaul

Irtysh ormany

Irtysh floodplain

Karak-Karakol

Altyn Dala

Naurzum

Mikhailovsky

Kyzylarai

Kuv

Karaagash

Ontustik Altai

Semeiormany

AkzhayikNovinsky

Altyn-Emel

Zhongar-Alatau

Alakol

Irgiz-Turgai

Atbasar

Buiratau

Ili

Naryn

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Panj

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Volga

Ufa

Samara

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Aktau

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Aktobe

Almaty

Pavlodar

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Kyzyl Orda

Atyrau

Karaghandy

Oskemen

Samarkand

Urgench

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KhorogKulyab

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National border

Protected areas

Strict nature reserveNational parkIntegrated protected areaSpecies management areaProtected area with sustainableuse of natural resources

UNESCO World Heritage Site

0 200 400100Km

R U S S I A

K A Z A K H S T A N

U Z B E K I S T A N

C H I N A

K Y R G YZ S TA N


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Lake Karakul

Kairakkumskoe Res.

Toktogulskoe Res.

Lake Song-Kol

Lake Issyk-Kul

Kashi

Jalalabat

Osh

Almaty

Fergana

Talas

Taraz

Namangan

Andijan

Shymkent

Khudzand

Naryn

Akhangaran

Kokand

Isfara

Tash-Kumyr

Kyzyl-Kiya

JirgitalGarm

Zhanatas

Lenger

Karatau

Shu

Tokmok

Talgar

Kapchagay

Bishkek

Tashkent

Sary-Chelek

Besh-AralPadysha-Ata

Karabuura

Kulun-Ata

Karatal-Japaryk

Naryn

Sarychat-Ertash

Issyk-KulAla-Archa

Karakol

Kyrgyz-Ata

Kara-Shoro

Salkyn-TorSaimaluu-Tash

Besh-Tash

SurmatashSarkent

Besh-Aral

Chon-Kemin

Chirandy

Yasinky

Jilgyndy

Ak-Bura

GulchoBel-Uli

Chychkan

Batrakhansky

Uzunakamatsky

Miskin-Saisky Kuru-

Kolsky

Chatkal

Razan-Say

Jel-Tiybes Kan-Achuu

Jarly-Kaindy

Talas

Suusamyr

Yablonevaya Shel

Ak-Suu Teplokluchenka

Jargylchak

Jety-Oguz

Tup

Ken-Suu

MalayaAk-Suu

KochkorOttuk

Dashmansky

Kyrgyz-Gava

Min-Kush

Chon-ArykMaimak

Kara-Archa

Sary-Mogol BolshoyOi-Kaiyn

Janchakty

Kosh-Tektir

Chanach

Naryn

Panj

Chu

Shu

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National borderProtected areas

Strict nature reserveNational parkFlora species management areaSpecies management areaForest reserveFauna species management area

Biosphere Reserve Issyk Kul

0 40 8020Km

K A Z A K H S T A N

K Y R G Y Z S T A N

T A J I K I S T A N

C H I N A

U Z B E K I S T A N


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Namangan

Andijan

Gulistan

Djizzak

Tashkent

Lake Karakul

Lake Sarez

Nurek Res.

Kayrakkum Res.

TajikNational Park

Zor Kul

Sangvor

Say-VotaZerafshan

Iskanderkul

Almosy

Kamarov

Nurek

Childukhtaron

Dasht-i Djum

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Muzkul

Karatagh

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Dushanbe

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ShuroabodKulyab

ObikiikVanch

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Shahriston

Murgab

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VarzobTavildara

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Protected areas

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K Y R G Y Z S T A N

C H I N A

U Z B E K I S T A N


T A J I K I S T A N

0 40 8020Km

Kurgan-Tube

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Seydi

Kerki

Bairam-Ali

Iolotan

Serhetabat

Tedzhen

Turkmenbashi

Mashhad

zar-E SharifSheberghan

Navoi

Bukhara

Samarkand

Urgench

KarshiMain collector

Amu

Darya

Kelif

Gaplangyr

Chemenabit

Gyzyldzhar

Guryhovdan

Repetek biospherereserve

Syunt-Hasardag

KoytendagHojapil

Garlyk

Hojaburjebelent

Amudarya

Sarygamysh

Badkhyz

Ogurjaly

Khazar

Kopetdag

BerekteliKarakum

Hojagaravul

Kopetdag

Lake Sarykamysh

Lake Aidarkul Lake Golden Age

Caspian Sea

Kara-Bogaz-Gol


National border

Protected areasStrict nature reserve

Species management area

0 50 10025Km

U Z B E K I S T A N



I R A N


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ishkek

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Talas

Taraz

Namangan

Kyzyl Orda

Andijan

Shymkent

KhudzandGulistan

Djizzak

Termez

Navoi

Bukhara

Turkmenabad

Samarkand

Urgench

Karshi

Kurgan-Tyube Khorog

Kulyab

ara-Balta

Bekabad

Kitab

Dashoguz

Zarafshan

Panj

Karakumsky Canal

Kund

uz

Shu

Syr Darya

Amu Darya

Lake Sarykamysh

Chardarinskoe Res.Lake Aidarkul Lake Golden Age

Lower-Amudarya

Kyzylkum

Surkhan

Kitab

ChatkalBiosphere

Nurata

ZaaminZarafshan

Sudoche

Eco-center"Jeyran"

YazyavanAktauKarakyr

Dengizkul

Arnasai

Drofiny

MubarekSechankul

KarnabchulSarmysh Central

Fergana

PeskiAkkum

Rodnik

Ugam-Chatkal

Durmen

Saigachyi

Gissar

Karnabchul!\ National capital! Settlement

National border

Protected areas

Strict nature reserveNational parkSpecies management areaWildlife rehabilitation centreNature monumentWater protection zone

0 100 20050Km

K A Z A K H S T A N

U Z B E K I S T A N

KYRGYZSTAN


TA JI K IS TAN

Aral Sea

AFGHANISTAN

Kofar

nihon

Vaksh


25

Nurata Nature Reserve, Uzbekistan

Repetek Nature Reserve, TurkmenistanAltyn-Emel National Park, Aktau Mountains, Kazakhstan

Gissar Mountains, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan

26

Kopetdag Mountains, Turkmenistan

Sarez Lake, the Tajik National Park

Dinosaur footprints, Kugitang (Koytendag) Mountains, Turkmenistan

27

Ala-Archa National Park, Kyrgyzstan

28

The intensive and unregulated hunting of large rare mammals together with the loss and fragmentation of habitats has had a negative effect across Central

Asia, but state efforts to record and protect rare species and establish responsible hunting are underway. The countries are developing transboundary cooperation for the protection of the snow leopard, argali, Bukhara deer and Saiga antelope, with new initiatives aimed not only at the conservation of species, but also at the sustainable management and conservation of their habitats.

In Kazakhstan, the Saiga antelope living in semi-deserts has recovered from the near-extinction caused by intensive hunting and illegal poaching for horns, but is still under

threat from dangerous epidemics. The country’s measures for monitoring and protecting rare species have led to the growth in the populations of the moufflon, goitered gazelle, kulan and Bukhara deer.

Nearly half of all mammals in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are included on the Red List. Rare and endangered species include the snow leopard, argali, the markhor goat, Bukhara mountain sheep and Bukhara deer as well as the Tien Shan bear. Integration of new technologies for recording and monitoring of large ungulate animals in both countries provided more accurate data on their populations, habitats and migration corridors. This information can be used for decision-making and the implementation of conservation measures.

Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are studying the goitered gazelle, Bukhara deer, mountain urial and other rare species, and are working for their protection and reproduction. Turkmenistan takes pride in preserving the only remaining population of the Asian leopard in Central Asia.

The Caspian tiger, the biggest predator in Central Asia, was once common in the jungles and river plain forests from Kazakhstan to Tajikistan, but the clearing of the forests removed the tiger’s natural habitat, and excessive, uncontrolled hunting caused the disappearance of the remaining animals by the middle of the twentieth century. Scientists are mapping the former habitat, and are imagining the reintroduction of the big cats to the region.

Endangered and rare species 5

The number of animals of selected rare species in Central Asia

Sources: National reports to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), National reports to the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). national Red List data, scientific assessments. Data are for the most recent available year: 2009-2015.

Bukhara deer Snow leopard* Markhor goat

230100

460

TKM

KAZ

KYR

900UZB

TJK

280

250

100

50

TJK

UZB

1400

TJK

TKM

UZB

700

300

* Based on expert estimates, variations are possible

KAZ

29

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Tehran

Baku

Kabul

Bishkek

Tashkent

Astana

DushanbeAshgabat

Ufa

Samara

Saratov

Zhezkazgan

Barnaul

Semnan

Aktau

Mary

MashhadKonduz

Urumqi

Osh

Aktobe

Almaty

Pavlodar

Oral

Taraz

Kyzyl Orda

Atyrau

Shymkent

Karaghandy

Oskemen

Navoi

Turkmenabad

Samarkand

Urgench

Karshi

Petropavlovsk

KhorogKulyab

Turkmenbashy

0 200 400100Km


National border

Undefined border

Bukhara deer

Snow leopard

Saiga antelope

Onager

Leopard

Brown bear

Mountain sheep

Markhor (Capra falconeri)

СMap by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network

Chu

AralSea

Issyk-KulLake

BalkhashLake

Kara-Bogaz-Gol

Caspian Sea

Ili

Nura

Sarys

u

Panj

Ob

IshimUral

Volga

Shu

Syr Darya

Irtysh

Kunes

Zara fshan

Karak

umsky Can alAmu Darya

R U S S I A

K A Z A K H S T A N


U Z B E K I S T A N

C H I N A

K Y R G YZ S TA N


I R A N

Flagship species

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Ufa

емнан

Baku

Bishkek

Tashkent

Astana

DushanbeAshgabat

Samara

Saratov

Zhezkazgan

Barnaul

Aktau

Mary

Osh

Aktobe

Almaty

Pavlodar

Oral

Taraz

Kyzyl Orda

Atyrau

Shymkent

Karaghandy

Oskemen

Navoi

Turkmenabad

Samarkand

Urgench

Karshi

Petropavlovsk

KhorogKulyab

Turkmenbashy

Balkhash

0 200 400100Km

K A Z A K H S T A N


National border

Undefined border

Bukhara deer

Snow leopard

Saiga antelope

Onager

Brown bear

Mountain sheep


AralSea

Caspian SeaLakeSarykamysh

Lake Aidarkul

LakeIssyk-Kul

LakeBalkhash

LakeZaisan

Lake Tengiz

Kara-Bogaz-Gol

Shu

Zarafshan

Kunes

Ili

Naryn

Nura

Sarys

u

Panj

Ishim

Ob

Ural

Volga

Chu

Syr Darya

AmuDarya

R U S S I A

U Z B E K I S TA N

C H I N A


T A J I K I S T A N

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

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Jalalabat

Osh

Almaty

Fergana

Talas

Taraz

Namangan

Andijan

Shymkent

Khudzand

Naryn

Kokand

Isfara

Zhanatas

Karatau

Shu

Kara-BaltaKarakol

Cholpon-Ata

Taashkent

Batken

Бishkek

0 60 12030Km

!\

K Y R G Y Z S T A N

!


National capital

Settlement

National border

Undefined border

Snow leopard

Brown bear

Mountain sheep

Kapchagaiskoe Res.

Lake Karakul

Kairakkumskoe Res.

Toktogulskoe Res.

Lake Song-Kol

Lake Issyk-Kul

Naryn

Panj

Ch u

Shu

Lake Chatyr-Kol

Talas

K A Z A K H S T A N

T A J I K I S T A N

C H I N A

U Z B E K I S T A N

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Сам

Шахриса

0 40 8020Km

Т A J I K I S T A N


National border

Undefined border

Bukhara deer

Brown bear

Snow leopard

Mountain sheep



Konduz

Jalalabat

OshFergana

Namangan

AndijanGulistan

Kulyab

Khorog

Kurgan-Tube

Khudzand

Panjakent

Tursunzoda Dushanbe

Denau

Batken

Isfara

Kokand

Yangiyul

Syr Darya

Vaksh

Zarafshan

Kokcha

Kofar

nihon

Panj

Panj

Lake Karakul

Lake Sarez

Nurek Res.

Kayrakkum Res.

SyrDar ya

Fe rghan a Canal

Vakhan Darya

Lake Aidarkul

K Y R G Y Z S T A N

C H I N A

U Z B E K I S T A N


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Мashhad

Navoi

Urgench

KarshiAshgabat

Balkanabat

Dashoguz

Mary

Turkmenabad

Khazar

Serdar

Ruhabat

Seydi

KerkiBairam-Ali

Iolotan

Serhetabat

Tedzhen

Turkmenbashi

Lebap

Nukus

0 80 16040Km


!\

!


National capital

Settlement

National border

Bukhara deer

Onager

Leopard

Mountain sheep


Karakumsky Canal

Main collector

AmuDarya

Lake Sarykamysh

Lake Aidarkul

Lake Golden Age

Caspian Sea

Kara-Bogaz-Gol

AmuDarya

Atrek

U Z B E K I S T A N


I R A N

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Tashkent

Dushanbe

Mary

Osh

Talas

Taraz

Kyzyl Orda

Shymkent

Navoi

Turkmenabad

Samarkand

Urgench

Karshi

Nukus

Ashgabat

Мashhad

0 100 20050Km

U Z B E K I S T A N


\ National capital! Settlement

National border

Brown bear

Saiga antelope

Onager

Snow leopard

Bukhara deer


Zarafshan

Karakumsky Canal

Shu

SyrDarya

AmuDarya

Lake Sarykamysh

Chardarinskoe Res.

Lake Aidarkul

Lake Golden Age

Aral Sea

Kofar

nihon

K A Z A K H S T A N

KYRGYZSTAN


AFGHANISTAN

35

0

500

400

300

200

100

Fauna diversity and protected species in Kazakhstan

Species diversity

Amphibians

Sources: Kazakhstan Fifth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

MammalsBirds Reptiles Fish

Red-listed and protected species

0

500

400

300

200

100

Fauna diversity and protected species in Kyrgyzstan

Species diversity

Sources: Kyrgyzstan Fourth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2010), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

MammalsBirds Reptiles Fish Amphibians


0

500

400

300

200

100

Fauna diversity and protected species in Tajikistan

Species diversity

Sources: Tajikistan Fifth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.



0

500

400

300

200

100

Fauna diversity and protected species in Turkmenistan

Species diversity



Sources: Turkmenistan Fourth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2010), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

0

500

400

300

200

100

Fauna diversity and protected species in Uzbekistan

Species diversity

Sources: Uzbekistan Fifth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.



0

1 000 000

800 000

The number of saiga antelopes in Kazakhstan

Animals

Sources: Kazakhstan Fifth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

600 000

400 000

200 000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014

36

Markhor goat, TajikistanSnow leopard, Kyrgyzstan

37

Saiga antelope, Kazakhstan

38

Mountain forest ecosystems of Central Asia harbour many wild relatives of cultivated plants and domesticated nut and fruit trees. The genetic resources of forests are

important for further development of agriculture, horticulture and higher resistance to pests, diseases and climate change.

Saxaul forests grow in the deserts of Central Asia. Their largest areas are located in southern Kazakhstan (6 million ha); in Turkmenistan (4 million ha); and in Uzbekistan (2 million ha). Saxaul trees help regulate the water balance and microclimate and are used to fight desertification around the former Aral Sea, and to reduce the blowing of sand into canals, oases and roads. They also serve as pastures.

All the mountain forests play a vital soil protection and water regulation role and are protected by the state. They attenuate

erosion processes, regulate run-off and stabilize mountain slopes and soil, reducing the risk of natural hazards.

Natural fruit-and-nut forests, including wild apple, pear, plum, almond, pistachio and walnut, grow in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and southeastern Kazakhstan. Valuable areas of pistachio and other forests are found in the mountains of Kopet Dag in the south of Turkmenistan.

The once vast flood plain forests of Central Asia shrank significantly in the twentieth century. Some remain along Amu Darya and other rivers. They play an important role in soil and bank protection and serve as valuable habitat for birds and other animals.

Forest resources

0

12 500

11 500

10 500

9 500

Forest cover in Central AsiaArea, thousand hectares

8 500

7 500

6 500

5 500

4 500

3 500

2 500

1 500

500

Kazakhstan

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

Source: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015), FAO Forest Resources Assessment 2010

Other forests

Fruit and nut forests

Evergreen (coniferous) forests

Desert (saxaul) forests

6

Spruce forests, Kyrgyzstan

39

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Chu

Tehran

Baku

Kabul

Bishkek

Tashkent

Astana

DushanbeAshgabat

Ufa

Samara

Saratov

Zhezkazgan

Barnaul

Semnan

Aktau

Mary

MashhadKonduz

Urumqi

Osh

Aktobe

Almaty

Pavlodar

Oral

Taraz

Kyzyl Orda

Atyrau

Shymkent

Karaghandy

Oskemen

Navoi

Turkmenabad

Samarkand

Urgench

Karshi

Petropavlovsk

KhorogKulyab

Turkmenbashy

AralSea

Issyk-KulLake

BalkhashLake

Kara-Bogaz-Gol

Caspian Sea

Zarafshan

Kunes

Ili

Naryn

Nura

Sarys

u

PanjKara

kumsky Canal

Ob

IshimUral

Volga

Ku

nduz

Shu

Syr Darya

AmuDarya

Irtysh

!\ National capital! Settlements

National border

Undefined borders

Forests

Forest-steppeSmall-leaved

Saxaul communities

Flood plain forest, tugai

Coniferous, evergreen

Bwalnut

road-leaved, fruit and

0 200 400100Km

R U S S I A

K A Z A K H S T A N


U Z B E K I S T A N

C H I N A

K Y R G YZ S TA N


I R A N


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Mountain ecosystems7

Water supply

Genetic resources,wild fruit-nut forests

Diversity of habitats,unique flora and fauna

Hazard regulation, carbon storage, soil formation,watershed protection

Water storage

Food products, crops

Weather formation, climate regulation

Recreation, health services, mineral water

Traditional knowledge and products

Natural pastures

Sport and tourism

Mineral resources

Hydropower potential

Indicators ofglobal changes, decomposition, weathering

AuAu

Sense of place, spiritual value, inspiration

Pollination, purification

41

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Syr Darya

Bishkek

Tashkent

Dushanbe

Konduz

Osh

Almaty

Taraz

Kyzyl Orda

Shymkent

Navoi

Samarkand

Karshi

Khorog

Kulyab

Zarafshan

Ili

Naryn

Panj

Chu

SyrDarya

AidarkulLake

Issyk-KulLake

0 75 15037,5Km

K A Z A K H S T A N

AFGHANISTAN

U Z B E K I S T A NC H I N A

K Y R G Y Z S T A N

TURKMENISTAN

T A J I K I S T A N

T I E N S H A N

G I S S A R

Кугита

нг

A L A I

TI

EN

SH

AN

TI

EN

S H A N

T I E NS H A N

PA

MI

R

H I N D U K U S HHINDU KUSH

H I M A L A Y A

TARBAGATAIMap by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network

Low and middle mountain vegetation groups: High mountain vegetation groups:

This map shows the groups of vegetation and ecosystems within Central Asia located at an altitude above 500 meters

National borderUndefined borderDwarf semi-shrub and shrub deserts with grasses and

ephemeroidesSemi-shrub and ephemeral wormwood friganoides(thorny bush xerophytes)Savannoide foothills and lowlands with ephemeralvegetationTall and low grass savannoides

Ephemeroide-sod-grass steppes

Semi-shrub desertsEphemeroide-sod-grass steppesSteppesShrubs

Dwarf semi-shrub deserts in the mountain valleys

Broadleaf forestsJuniper forestsSpruce forests

GlaciersNival zoneCryophyte meadowsCryophyte steppesCryophyte desertsCryophyte cushion plantsCushion plants and bunch grass communitiesCryophyte savannoides (umbellars)

The conservation of mountain ecosystems is a regional priority for the sustainable evelopment of Central Asia. Mountain ecosystems provide products and services not only to people in the mountains and nearby valleys, but for the population of the entire region. Mountains are particularly important as water towers and biodiversity reserves. Scientists distinguish at least 20 different types of ecosystems and estimate 4 500 – 5 500 species of vascular plants, one quarter of which are ndemic.

Glaciers cover 4 per cent of Kyrgyzstan and 6 per cent of Tajikistan. They are also present in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Melt water from the glaciers and snow in the high-altitude zones supplies the lion’s share of water in Central Asia.

Excessive and unsustainable use of mountain ecosystems, the storage of hazardous waste from mining industry and the impacts of global warming are among the main factors that have a negative impact on mountain ecosystems.

42

Intense erosion, Javan Valley, TajikistanSand desert, Kazakhstan

Desertification and land degradation

8

The problem of desertification and land degradation is relevant to all the countries of Central Asia and is recognized as one of the regional priorities. The drying up of the Aral Sea and the conversion of large areas of the former sea to sand has led to intense dust

storms that cause considerable damage to nearby agricultural regions and human health. Poor planning of agricultural fields, ill-considered development of steep slopes for croplands, salinization and waterlogging of irrigated lands and overgrazing led to a loss of soil fertility and degradation, and a loss of crop and pasture productivity.

In the last 5-10 years, the countries have made a great effort in improving the condition of land resources, in the modernization of irrigation and drainage networks, and in reducing water losses and soil erosion. On the dry former bottom of the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan has established more than 250 thousand ha of protective forest plantations.

43

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Ka rak

umsky Can al

Betpak-Dala

C a s p i a n S e a

AralSea

K a r a -B o g a z - G o l AmuDa rya

Lake Issyk-Kul

Lake Zaysan

Tehran

Baku

Kabul

Bishkek

Tashkent

Astana

DushanbeAshgabat

Samara

Saratov

Zhezkazgan

Barnaul

Semnan

Aktau

Mary

MashhadKonduz

Urumqi

Osh

Aktobe

Almaty

Pavlodar

Oral

Taraz

Kyzyl Orda

Atyrau

Shymkent

Karaghandy

Oskemen

Navoi

Turkmenabad

Samarkand

Urgench

Karshi

Petropavlovsk

KhorogKulyab

Turkmenbashy

Lake Ba lkash

Mangistau

Rynkum

Aralcum

Near-AralKarakum

SAtyrau

aryesik-

Muyunkum

Karakum

Taukum

Kyzylkum

Sundukli

Akkum

Usturt

Zar afshan

Kunes

Ili

Naryn

Nura

Sarys

u

Panj

Ob

IshimUral

Volga

ChuSyr Darya

Irtysh

!\ National capital

! Settlement

National border

Undefined border

Irrigated lands

Types of deserts

Clay-loess

Crushed stone gypsum

SandySandy gravel

Solonchak

0 200 400100Km

R U S S I A

K A Z A K H S T A N


U Z B E K I S T A N

C H I N A

K Y R G YZ S TA N


I R A N


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Environmental monitoring in Central Asia has longstanding traditions. All countries have good scientific and organizational bases and long series of observations and

statistics, but not all data are open for public use and available over the Internet. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, staffing potential declined in the majority of countries, and equipment for environmental monitoring became outdated. New technologies, methods and automated means are now available, but not widely used due to high costs, the need for staff training or other reasons.

Country maps provide a picture of the current state and coverage of the monitoring network for surface waters and air quality. There are more than 600 monitoring stations and sampling sites across the region.

The Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) is an initiative to modernize and simplify the collection, exchange and use of data for the development and implementation of state environmental policy. Integration of the main SEIS principles can help the countries of Central Asia develop cooperation for data exchange, assessment and indicator-based reporting on the environment on the national as well as regional levels, and can be useful in informing the public.

The International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS), the leading regional high-level, environmentally focused organization with all five Central Asia states as members, serves as a platform for discussion and management of regional environmental issues. Operating under the IFAS structure, the Interstate Commission for Sustainable Development (ICSD) assesses regional environmental challenges as well the state of the environment, and

coordinates the planning and implementation of regional environmental and sustainable development programmes and projects. The Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (ICWC) also operates in the region and its scientific and information centres have significant data related to water and the environment. In spite of efforts over a 15-year period, the region has not established an effective system of information exchange and shared indicators for environmental planning and policymaking. Nevertheless, some initiatives are paving the way for the introduction of SEIS for the benefit of all the countries in the region.

One of the initiatives is the FLERMONECA project financed by the European Union. Some of its achievements include the modernization of the regional environmental ICSD eco-portal and an online environmental monitoring information system that can enable data and information exchange to support strategy development, decision-making and regional cooperation. Progress in the development of shared environmental information systems varies from country to country.

Kazakhstan is implementing e-governance and maintaining portals related to public services. Recently the country created a dedicated web portal for its State of the Environment report, and publishes bulletins on the state of the environment on a monthly and quarterly basis. In addition, it makes all of the nationally available indicators recommended by UNECE accessible online on the national statistics website. It develops cadastres of natural resources and target indicators for various national and regional level strategies.

Kyrgyzstan is improving its inter-agency cooperation

on environmental data exchange, and is expanding opportunities for open access to environmental information and indicators over the Internet. Various agencies are involved in the development of the Kyrgyz State of the Environment Report, which was recently adopted by a resolution of the national government. Its content is structured according to international recommendations and local experiences and serves as an example for many other countries.

Tajikistan’s implementation of e-governance and information systems is at the initial stage. Similarly, the State of the Environment reporting and publishing need more work to become sustainable and available online. Currently, the environmental statistics are limited and many cadastres are still missing.

Turkmenistan’s environmental monitoring system survived the transition period from the Soviet era and in its current state meets the needs of the country, which intends to publish indicators and State of the Environment reports online. The transition to e-governance and more openness, however, requires high-level decisions.

Uzbekistan also maintains a wide environmental monitoring system, which largely remained from the Soviet era, and collects and analyses data on almost 100 indicators, many of which are compatible with international and UNECE-recommended formats. The country intends to publish indicators and regularly develops State of the Environment reports as print and PDF publications. Uzbekistan’s SEIS progress largely depends upon high-level decisions, and current priorities of the country include development of a forward-looking indicator system.

Environmental monitoring and progress towards SEIS

9

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Turkmenabad

Samarkand

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StepnogorskShuchinsk

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Turkmenbashy

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Kara-Bogaz-Gol

Caspian Sea

Ili

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IshimUral

Volga

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!\ National capital ! Settlement


" Air quality monitoring

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0 200 400100Km

R U S S I A

K A Z A K H S T A N


U Z B E K I S T A N

C H I N A

K Y R G YZ S TA N

T U R K M E N I S T A N TA J I K IS TA N

I R A N


Environmental monitoring network

46

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Sources of information and useful links

10Main sources of information:National level:Kazakhstan: National report on the state of the environment, an online version http://ecodoklad.kz/ Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan: Bulletins and monitoring data compilations on the state of the environment http://www.kazhydromet.kz/ru/monitor_osreda Kazhydromet, Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan: Online near real-time air quality monitoring reporting http://www.atmosphera.kz/ Kazhydromet, Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan: Environmental indicators and statistics http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/homePage/ecolog Statistics Committee, Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan: National report on the state of the environment, an online version http://nd.nature.kg/ State Agency on the Environment and Forestry of the Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgyzstan: Air quality data http://www.meteo.kg/environment_air.php and water quality data http://www.meteo.kg/environment_water.php Kyrgyzhydromet, Ministry of Emergencies of the Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgyzstan: Environmental statistics http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/turizm-otdyh-ohrana-okruzhayushej-sredy National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic

Tajikistan: Official information on the environment http://hifzitabiat.tj/ Committee on Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan

Tajikistan: National report on the state of the environment, an online version (prototype) http://www.gksintranet.tj/ecostat/ Agency on Statistics under the President of Tajikistan

Tajikistan: Air quality monitoring data http://www.meteo.tj/ Tajikhydromet

Uzbekistan: Air quality monitoring data http://www.meteo.uz/

Uzbekistan: Official information on the environment and state of the environment reports http://www.uznature.uz/ Uzbekistan State Committee for Nature Protection

Regional level:Environment and Sustainable Development in Central Asia, Interstate Sustainable Development Commission regional assessment reports on priority environmental issues: http://ecoportalca.kz/

Environmental monitoring system of Central Asia (prototype): http://aralbasin.net/

The Central Asia water sector database: http://www.cawater-info.net/

North Eurasia Climate Centre, climate monitoring in the CIS countries, Roshydromet: http://seakc.meteoinfo.ru/climatemonitoring

Atlases and other cartographic and GIS sources:Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources: http://www.adb.org/publications/central-asia-atlas-natural-resources Asian Development Bank, 2010. Funded by GEF and Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM). Selected maps and databases by V. Sibagatulin

The Western Tien Shan Biodiversity Atlas. Bishkek, 2005. The GEF and the World Bank. Central Asian transboundary project on biodiversity conservation in the Western Tien Shan Mountains. http://tilia.zf.mendelu.cz/ustavy/554/www_kyrg/ATLAS+uprav.pdf

Maps and other information materials of ECONET Central Asia project, UNEP-WWF Russia: http://www.wwf.ru/about/where_we_work/asia/closed/econet/maps Funded by UNEP-GEF. Selected maps and databases by V. Sibagatulin

UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution spatial data: http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_home/new_emep-grid/

International Union for Conservation of Nature, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species spatial data: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/spatial-data

Environmental Atlas of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 2007. The Ministry of High and Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan and UNESCO Office in Uzbekistan. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/Tashkent/pdf/atlasUzbekistana.pdf

Indicator-based Environmental Atlas of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 2008. Uzbekistan State Committee for Nature Protection, UNDP, State Research and Production Enterprise “Kartografia” http://www.undp.uz/en/download/index.php?type=publication&id=170&parent=3232&doc=100912

Scientific information and articles:Bykova E. 2012. Rare species of large mammals in Uzbekistan and illegal poaching of the Saiga antelope. In Journal: Modern problems of wildlife management. #1/2012. http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/resursy-redkih-vidov-kopytnyh-uzbekistana-i-ih-nelegalnyy-promysel-na-primere-saygaka.pdf

Other useful links and information resources:Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia (REC CA): http://carececo.org

Zoï Environment Network: http://www.zoinet.org

Environmental indicators of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE): http://www.unece.org/env/indicators.html

UNEP-Live environmental information system: http://uneplive.unep.org

European Environment Agency: http://www.eea.europa.eu

World Bank Development Indicators: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), national reports: https://www.cbd.int/reports

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS), national reports: http://www.cms.int/en/documents/national-reports

FLERMONECA Project website: http://www.flermoneca.org

the state of the environment in central asia:

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