the status and abundance of birds in trinidad and tobago · 2015-04-21 · this report presents a...
TRANSCRIPT
IntroductIonThis report presents a revised list of the birds recorded
in Trinidad and Tobago as of June 2007 and an assessment of their abundance based on our own observations and documented sightings. Information on status has been gleaned mainly from guides to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (ffrench 1991), the West Indies (Raffaele et al. 1998), and Venezuela (Hilty et al. 2003), as well as from recent studies. Pigeonholing of species into status and abundance categories often is unsatisfactory as not all spe-cies fit into neat groupings. Nevertheless, a list provides a concise format for presenting information and char-acterizing the country’s avifauna. Previously available lists (ffrench 1996 a, b; Murphy 1988, 2004; NBC 2001) are dated in terms of number of species and systematic order. The most recent lists compiled by the Trinidad and Tobago Rare Bird Committee (TTRBC) (TTRBC 2005) do not present status or abundance.
Taxonomic revisions often lead to changes in species names or relationships and result in changes in the system-atic order. ffrench (1996 a, b) and NBC (2000) follow the Wetmore sequence. Murphy (1996, 2004) followed the systematic order of the American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU 1998). TTRBC (2005) and this report follow the nomenclature and species order of the AOU Checklist of Birds of South America (Remsen et al. 2007). Scientific names of species mentioned are listed in Table 1. Spe-cies listed as incertae sedis by Remsen et al. (2007), are indicated with an asterisk but listed in the family in which they had been placed previously. The names Bare-eyed Thrush, White-necked Thrush, and Moriche Oriole have been used on the basis of proposals pending before the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithologists’ Union.
With a few notable exceptions, the status of a species does not change. However, our knowledge of the status of a species and the categories we use to describe status itself may change. Increased observation may make the true status of a species more apparent. For example, increased observation may allow a species considered to be an occasional migrant to be more accurately described
57
The Status and Abundance of Birds in Trinidad and Tobago
G. White1, M. Kenefick2 and W. L. Murphy3
1. Lot 14, Surrey Village, Lopinot, Trinidad and Tobago.2. 36 Newalloville Avenue, San Juan, Trinidad and Tobago.
3. 7835 Tufton Street, Fishers, Indiana 46038 USA.E-mail: 1. [email protected]
2. [email protected]. [email protected]
as a regular migrant.Other changes are more substantial. The regularity
of Ruff and Lesser Black-backed Gull sightings over the past 10 years suggests that these birds are more likely to be migrants from a North American population than vagrants from the Palearctic. Recent studies leading to further un-derstanding of species status include Lesser Black-backed Gull (Hayes et al. 2002), gulls (Hayes et al. 2004), Little Egret (Murphy 1992; Hayes and White 2001), Dickcissel (White and Temple 2002), Green and Striated Herons (Hayes 2006), Scarlet Ibis (ffrench and Haverschmidt 1970), caprimulgids (ffrench 1998b), Palearctic vagrants (Kenefick and Hayes 2006), shorebirds (Morrison and Ross 1989), and pelagic seabirds (Murphy 2002). ffrench (2000) discusses the possible local migration of several species. Finally, advances in the knowledge of the status of species in neighbouring countries (Hilty et al. 2003; Raffaele et al. 1998; Restall et al. 2006) contributes to our understanding of the status of these species in Trinidad and Tobago.
The initiation of the TTRBC in 1996 (Hayes and White 2000) provided a forum for capturing and evaluating the observations of many resident and visiting birdwatchers. This has added to our knowledge of the status of many rare or previously unrecorded species in Trinidad and Tobago. Advances in electronic communication have facilitated an increased awareness of the TTRBC, the noteworthiness of certain species, and the reporting of sightings of rare species. From the initiation of the TTRBC to the end of 2006, 512 records have been submitted, and 25 species have been added to the Trinidad and Tobago checklist (Hayes and White 2000; White and Hayes 2002; Kenefick 2005, 2007). This process has been fuelled by a growing number of birdwatchers who, in addition to resources such as local guides and readily available ornithological literature, are now equipped with audio guides (Boesman 1999; Hammick and ffrench 2004; Murphy 1997) and location lists (Murphy 1996, 2004).
The Status categories for this list have been adapted from ffrench (1996 a, b). Categories have been added to distinguish between species that breed locally and migrate
58
or disperse to the mainland in the non-breeding period, and species which are resident and regularly breeding but whose numbers are augmented during certain seasons by migrants from North or continental South America. The distinction is also made between species which overwinter in the tropics and transient species whose overwinter-ing range does not extend north of the equator. The few exceptions to this general scheme include non-breeding birds, especially immature birds that may spend their first summer in the wintering grounds, or birds which are pri-marily passage migrants that may overwinter occasionally in Trinidad or Tobago.
Many species are represented by very few observa-tions. Those species for which Trinidad and Tobago is well outside of their normal range have been categorised as Vagrants. Species that exhibit regular seasonal mi-gration which may extend occasionally to Trinidad and Tobago are treated as Migrants from the north or south, albeit very rare ones. It is assumed that these birds will return to their place of origin at the onset of the appropriate season. Species that are generally sedentary, or species that wander, and for which Trinidad and Tobago is at the edge of their range, have been categorised as Wandering. These species, generally from South America, occasion-ally may breed in Trinidad or Tobago, and may eventually wander back to South America. Typical examples include Black-collared Hawk, Pied Lapwing, and Crested Dora-dito. The term Resident has been restricted to species (or populations) that do not show significant movements and which we believe maintain a viable breeding population in Trinidad or Tobago.
Pelagic seabirds have been categorized as Oceanic. Those which have bred within the country are categorized as Oceanic Breeding. Coastal species are categorised into the same categories used for land birds but a few uncer-tainties occur. Royal, Roseate, and Common Terns are distributed both north and south of Trinidad and Tobago, and Royal and Roseate Terns occasionally breed on Trini-dad or Tobago. There is evidence, however, that those individuals visiting Trinidad and Tobago originate along the Atlantic seaboard of the USA (ffrench 1991), so they have been categorised as visitors from the north.
For some species, available data are insufficient to definitively assign a status category. For these species we have assigned a category based on the balance of evidence. Populations of the seedeaters, popular as cage birds, have been so decimated that it is likely that no viable resident populations remain. Occasional sightings are likely to be escaped cage birds or temporary visitors to Trinidad and Tobago. The term Extirpated has been reserved for such species, which previously were considered to have a resident sustainable breeding population on Trinidad
or Tobago but which no longer occur on either island or which are restricted to visiting birds only. ffrench (1998a) highlights the uncertain origin of several species. We have generally avoided issues of origin in this account. Howev-er, in Tobago the presence of the Greater Bird-of-Paradise and probably the Great Kiskadee and Purple Honeycreeper was a result of introduction by humans. These birds were known to have survived for some period of time, but as they have not been recorded for the past 15 years they have not been included in this list. On the other hand, the Green-rumped Parrotlet, also a likely introduction to Tobago, is listed as resident because its population remains viable there. Common Waxbills, presumably introduced to Trinidad prior to 1987 (White 1988), now appear to constitute a self-sustaining population, so we consider the species to be resident. A recently discovered population of Grassland Yellow-Finch in Trinidad however, has not persisted long enough to be deemed self-sustaining.
Once a species has been documented in the literature as having occurred in Trinidad or Tobago, it is difficult to expunge, especially from a comprehensive account like ffrench (1991). For this list, however, two species listed in ffrench (1991) have been removed from the Tobago list. We determined that the original accounts of Tropical Parula and Gray-breasted Martin, both listed without com-ment from Tobago, were also unsatisfactorily documented. There have been no records of either species since the original listing.
Categories have been defined as follows:
Br - Resident species without significant movement out of Trinidad and Tobago. Breeding is assumed even if no nest has been documented (Breed/Resident).Bd - Species that breed locally and migrate or disperse to the mainland (sometimes only partially) during the non-breeding period (Breed/Disperse).BV - Resident, regularly breeding species whose numbers are augmented by visitors from North or continental South America (Breed/Visit).Mn - Non-breeding migrants from North America. Predominantly overwintering (Migrant/North).MS - Migrants from South America. These species may be avoiding the Austral winter, or dispersing from breeding grounds, but generally show regular seasonal movements. May occasionally breed (Migrant/South).PM - Passage migrants. Species whose overwintering range (Boreal winter) is generally south of the equator. Winter records are sparse.
Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2007
59
o - Oceanic.oB - Oceanic, with breeding confirmed in Trinidad or Tobago.W - Wandering; generally sedentary or wandering species at the edge of their range. Reported less than once per decade.V - Vagrant. Outside of the accepted range of the species.F - Feral; escaped from captivity or domestication. Ext. - Formally resident but now extirpated probably due to human activity.Hist. - Historically recorded but no records during the past 50 years.
While there is a high level of interest among birders in recording rare species, regular recording of common species is still not the norm for resident birdwatchers. The Southeastern Caribbean Bird Alert (SCBA, http://www.wow.net/ttfnc/rarebird.html) is an e-mail update/website on interesting sightings prepared by M. Kenefick. The SCBA is primarily a communication instrument, however, and sightings are not verified. Commercial bird tour-guides and their clients, increasingly familiar with the status of species in Trinidad and Tobago, thanks to resources such as the SCBA, make numerous observations of scarce spe-cies, many of which sightings are noted in a log at the Asa Wright Nature Centre in Trinidad. This log is examined at regular intervals by M. Kenefick for preparation of the SCBA. A few individuals, including the authors, keep regular records of their own sightings, not limited to rare species, and all birders, both resident and visiting, are encouraged to do so.
A few recent objective comparisons of abundance have been based on frequency of capture in mist nets (ffrench & ffrench 2000; White 2002), point counts (Hayes and Samad 1998) or frequency of observation combined with high counts (Chandool 1999; Cuffy 2002; Gochfeld 2002; Hayes et al. 2004; White 2000; White and Kenefick 2004). There are not enough of these studies however, to substitute for subjective assessment. Confidence in the as-sessment of abundance, if not objectivity, can be achieved by defining the categories such that each species can be assigned with some certainty. The abundance data for the values presented in this checklist have been derived from the combined experience of the authors, records of the TTRBC, the SCBA, and published studies.
We have tried to be consistent in applying the abun-dance categories used herein while acknowledging that fitting diverse data to rigid guidelines may lead to incon-sistencies. For example, birds of prey may be listed as Common even though they are present in very small num-bers, yet they are frequently observed. Similarly, secre-
tive species may be listed as Rare because they are easily missed, even though they may be comparatively common. We have placed emphasis on the relative abundance within each family; thus Violaceous and Trinidad Euphonias are described as common and uncommon respectively. Simi-larly, Blue-chinned Sapphire and Long-billed Starthroat are described as common and uncommon, respectively. We acknowledge, however, that in absolute terms Trinidad Euphonia is more abundant than Long-billed Starthroat. It is clear that creating finer divisions of abundance than those used herein likely would have suggested a unwar-ranted degree of confidence.
The abundance categories have been defined as fol-lows:
A - Abundant; widespread and usually in some numbers in suitable habitat.c - Common; usually found in suitable habitat.u - Uncommon; occasionally seen in suitable habitat singly or in small numbers.Sc - Scarce; very few (less than 5) records per year.r - Rare; not recorded annually.Vr - Very rare; less than 1 record per decade.L - Locally distributed in restricted habitat, where it may be not uncommon.
The status and abundance of the 467 species of birds recorded in Trinidad and Tobago is shown in table 1. On the basis of this assessment, the avifauna of Trinidad is comprised of 443 species of which roughly half (227) are resident (BR + BV) and a further 17 regularly breed. Regular seasonal migration is exhibited by 168 species, and 49 species are wanderers or vagrants. Although a few of the latter species may have bred occasionally, they contribute little to the avian ecology. The resident popula-tions of eight species have been extirpated.
The avifauna of Tobago comprises 240 species of which 92 are resident (BR + BV) and a further 17 species regularly breed. Regular seasonal migration is exhibited by 122 species, and 26 species are listed as vagrants or wanderers. The resident populations of three species have been extirpated.
rEFErEncESAou, 1998. Checklist of North American birds, seventh edition. Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists’ Union. 829 p.Boesman, P. 1999. Birds of Venezuela (CD ROM). Bird Songs International BV, Wierengastraat, The Netherlands.chandool, c. 1999. Shorebird habitat as an indicator of sensi-tivity to coastal development in Trinidad and Tobago. M.Phil thesis, Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine. 1999.cuffy, G. 2002. Ecological changes and their impact on avian
Trinidad and Tobago Birds - Status and Abundance
60
use of marshes in Caroni Swamp, Trinidad. p. 45-53. In Floyd E. Hayes and Stanley A. temple, eds. Studies in Trinidad and Tobago Ornithology Honouring Richard ffrench. St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: Depart. of Life Sciences, Univ. of the West Indies, Occasional Paper No. 11.ffrench, r. 1991. A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd Edition), Cornell University Press. New York. 426pp.ffrench, r. 1996a. Checklist of the birds of Trinidad. Asa Wright Nature Centre, Arima, Trinidad. 22pp.ffrench, r. 1996b. Checklist of the birds of Tobago. Asa Wright Nature Centre, Arima, Trinidad. 14pp.ffrench, r. 1998a. Doubtful origins in some bird species record-ed from Trinidad and Tobago. Living World, J. of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 1997-1998: 8-12.ffrench, r. 1998b. A reconsideration of some Caprimulgids on Trinidad and Tobago. Living World, J. of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 1997-1998: 17-19.ffrench, r. 2000. Possible Intra-regional Migration in Trinidad and Tobago. Living World, J. of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 1999-2000: 27-31.ffrench, r. and ffrench, M. 2000. Comparative abundance of birds in Trinidad’s Northern Range. Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 1999-2000: 32-35.ffrench, r. P. and Haverschmidt, F. 1970. The Scarlet Ibis in Surinam and Trinidad. Living Bird 9: 147-165.Gochfeld, M. 2002. Avifauna of a ‘reclaimed’ wetland: Trini-dad’s Laventille Marsh in the 1960s. p. 45-61. In Floyd E. Hayes and Stanley A. temple, eds. Studies in Trinidad and Tobago Ornithology Honouring Richard ffrench. St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: Depart. of Life Sciences, Univ. of the West Indies, Occasional Paper No. 11.Hammick, J. and ffrench, r. 2004. Bird song of Trinidad and Tobago, an aid to identification. Mandarin Productions 2004.Hayes, F. E. 2006. Variation and hybridization in the Green Heron (Butorides virescens) and Striated Heron (B. striata) in Trinidad and Tobago, with comments on species limits. J. of Caribbean Ornithology, 19: 12-20. Hayes, F. E. and Samad, I. 1998. Diversity, abundance and seasonality of birds in Caribbean pine plantation and native broad-leaved forest at Trinidad, West Indies. Bird Conservation International, 8: 67-87.Hayes, F. E. and White, G. 2000. First report of the Trinidad and Tobago Rare Bird Committee. Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 1999-2000: 39-45. Hayes, F. E. and White, G. L. 2001. Status of the Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) in Trinidad and Tobago. El Pitirre, 14: 54-58.Hayes, F. E., White, G., Kenefick, M. and Kilpatrick, H. 2002. Status of the Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus [fuscus] graellsii in Trinidad and Tobago. Atlantic Seabirds 4(3) pp 91-100.Hayes, F. E., White, G., Kenefick, M. and Kilpatrick, H. 2004. Seasonal variation in gull populations along Trinidad’s west coast, Trinidad and Tobago. Living World, J. of the Trinidad & Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2004: 3-5.Hilty, S. L., Gwynne, J. A. and tudor, G. 2003. Birds of Ven-ezuela 2nd Ed. Princeton, Princeton University Press, Princeton. 878 p.
Kenefick, M. 2005. Third report of the Trinidad and Tobago Rare Bird Committee: Rare birds in Trinidad and Tobago in 2001-2003. Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Natu-ralists’ Club, 2005: 56-61. Kenefick, M. 2007. Fourth report of the Trinidad and Tobago Rare Bird Committee: Rare birds in Trinidad and Tobago in 2004 and 2005. Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2007: This issue.Kenefick, M. and Hayes, F. E. 2006. Trans-Atlantic vagrancy of palearctic birds in Trinidad and Tobago. J. Carib. Ornithol. 19: 61-72, 2006.Murphy, W. L. 1992. Notes on the occurrence of Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) in the Americas, with reference to other Pa-learctic vagrants. Colonial Waterbirds 15(1): 113-123.Murphy, W. L. 1996. A Birder’s Guide to Trinidad & Tobago, 2nd edition. Peregrine Enterprises, Inc. Parkersburg, West Virginia. 154 p.Murphy, W. L. 1997. Audio cassette: Bird Sounds of Trini-dad & Tobago. Peregrine Enterprises, Inc. Parkersburg, West Virginia Murphy, W. L. 1988. Checklist of the Birds of Trinidad & To-bago. Peregrine Enterprises, Inc. College Park, MD. 10 pp. Murphy, W.L. 2004. A Birdwatchers’ Guide to Trinidad & Tobago. Prion Ltd, UK. 172 p.Murphy, W. L. 2002. Observations of pelagic seabirds wintering at sea in the southeastern Caribbean. p. 104-110. In Floyd E. Hayes and Stanley A. temple, eds. Studies in Trinidad and Tobago Ornithology Honouring Richard ffrench. St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: Depart. of Life Sci-ences, Univ. of the West Indies, Occasional Paper No. 11. Morrison, r. I. G. and ross, r. K. 1989. Atlas of Neartic Shorebirds on the coast of South America. Canadian Wildlife Services Special Publication.nBc 2001. Checklist for Trinidad and Tobago, Published by Neotropical Bird Club, Bedfordshire, UK. 36p. raffaele, H., Wiley, J., Garrido, o., Keith, A. and raffaele, J. 1998. A Guide to the birds of the West Indies. Princeton. Princeton University Press. 511 p. remsen, J.V., Jr., cadena, c. d., Jaramillo, A., nores, M., Pacheco, J. F. robbins, M. B., Schulenberg, t. S., Stiles, F. G., Stotz, d. F. and Zimmer, K. J. Version 9 May 2007. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists’ Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htmlrestall, r., rodner, c. and Lentino, M. 2006. Birds of North-ern South America. Vol. 1&2. New Haven and London, Yale University Press. Vol. 1 880 p. Vol. 2 656 p.ttrBc. 2005. A checklist of the birds of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago Rare Bird Committee, June 2005, http://www.geocities.com/ttrbc/ttrbcLst.html White, G. 1988. Noteworthy Bird Records. Living World, J. of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 1987-1988: 40.White, G. L. 2000. The avifauna of the Port of Spain Sew-age Ponds. Living World, J. of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 1999-2000: 20-26.
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White, G. and Hayes, F. E. 2002. 2nd Report of the Trinidad and Tobago Rare Bird Committee. Living World, J. of the Trinidad & Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2002: 51-56.White, G. and Kenefick, M. 2004. The avifauna of the Brick-field Mudflats. Living World, J. of the Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2004: 6-11.White, G. L. and temple, S. A. 2002. Dickcissels in Trinidad: numbers and impacts on rice crops. p. 194-199. In Floyd E. Hayes and Stanley A. temple, eds. Studies in Trinidad and
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Tobago Ornithology Honouring Richard ffrench. St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: Depart. of Life Sciences, Univ. of the West Indies, Occasional Paper No. 11.White, S. A. 2002. A mist-netting study in the Guayaguayare and the Victoria Mayaro Forest Reserve, Trinidad, West Indies. p. 111-118. In Floyd E. Hayes and Stanley A. temple, eds. Studies in Trinidad and Tobago Ornithology Honouring Richard ffrench. St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: Depart. of Life Sciences, Univ. of the West Indies, Occasional Paper No. 11.
62 Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2007
Spec
ies
Spec
ies
Tri.
Tob.
Tri.
Tob.
Tri.
Tob.
Tri.
Tob.
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gret
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eron
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tidae
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ret,
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tta g
arze
ttaBR
BRR
RW
ilson
’s St
orm
-Pet
rel,
Oce
anite
s oce
anic
usO
OVR
VRSn
owy
Egre
t, Eg
retta
thul
aBV
BVA
CLe
ach’
s St
orm
-Pet
rel,
Oce
anod
rom
a le
ucor
hoa
OO
ScR
Littl
e Bl
ue H
eron
, Egr
etta
cae
rule
aBV
BVA
CPh
aeth
ontid
aeTh
resk
iorn
ithid
aeRe
d-bi
lled
Trop
icbird
, Pha
etho
n ae
ther
eus
OO
BR
LW
hite
Ibis,
Eud
ocim
us a
lbus
V-
--
Tabl
e 1.
Sta
tus
and
Abun
danc
e of
Bird
s in
Trin
idad
and
Tob
ago.
(se
e te
xt fo
r def
initi
on o
f cat
egor
ies)
Stat
usA
bund
ance
Abu
ndan
ceSt
atus
63Trinidad and Tobago Birds - Status and Abundance
Spec
ies
Spec
ies
Tri.
Tob.
Tri.
Tob.
Tri.
Tob.
Tri.
Tob.
Scar
let I
bis,
Eud
ocim
us ru
ber
BVM
SC
RBl
ack
Hawk
-Eag
le, S
piza
etus
tyra
nnus
BR-
R-
Glo
ssy
Ibis,
Ple
gadi
s fal
cine
llus
MN/
SM
N/S
RVR
Orn
ate
Hawk
-Eag
le, S
piza
etus
orn
atus
BRHi
stSc
-Eu
rasia
n Sp
oonb
ill, P
lata
lea
leuc
orod
ia-
V-
-Fa
lcon
idae
Rose
ate
Spoo
nbill,
Pla
tale
a aj
aja
WW
--
Cre
sted
Car
acar
a, C
arac
ara
cher
iway
MS
-R
-C
icon
iidae
Yello
w-he
aded
Car
acar
a, M
ilvag
o ch
imac
him
aBR
BRC
UM
agua
ri St
ork,
Cic
onia
mag
uari
W-
--
Eura
sian
Kest
rel,
Falc
o tin
nunc
ulus
V-
--
Jabi
ru,J
abir
u m
ycte
ria
WW
--
Amer
ican
Kest
rel,
Falc
o sp
arve
rius
WW
--
Woo
d St
ork,
Myc
teri
a am
eric
ana
W-
--
Mer
lin,F
alco
col
umba
rius
MN
MN
UU
Cat
hart
idae
Bat F
alco
n, F
alco
rufig
ular
isBR
WSc
-Tu
rkey
Vul
ture
, Cat
hart
es a
ura
BR-
A-
Ora
nge-
brea
sted
Fal
con,
Fal
co d
eiro
leuc
usW
-R
-Bl
ack
Vultu
re, C
orag
yps a
trat
usBR
WA
-Ap
lom
ado
Falco
n, F
alco
fem
oral
isM
SM
SR
VRKi
ng V
ultu
re, S
arco
ram
phus
pap
aW
--
-Pe
regr
ine
Falco
n, F
alco
per
egrin
usM
NM
NU
UPh
oeni
copt
erid
aeAr
amid
aeG
reat
er F
lam
ingo
, Pho
enic
opte
rus r
uber
MS
-R
-Li
mpk
in,A
ram
us g
uara
una
BR-
U-
Pand
ioni
dae
Ralli
dae
Osp
rey,
Pand
ion
halia
etus
MN
MN
CU
Clap
per R
ail,
Rallu
s lon
giro
stris
BR-
L-
Acci
pitri
dae
Gra
y-ne
cked
Woo
d-Ra
il, Ar
amid
es c
ajan
eaBR
-U
-G
ray-
head
ed K
ite, L
epto
don
caya
nens
isBR
-U
-Ru
fous
-nec
ked
Woo
d-Ra
il, Ar
amid
es a
xilla
ris
BR-
L-
Hook
-bille
d Ki
te, C
hond
rohi
erax
unc
inat
usBR
WR
-G
ray-
brea
sted
Cra
ke, L
ater
allu
s exi
lisBR
-Sc
-Sw
allo
w-ta
iled
Kite
, Ela
noid
es fo
rfic
atus
BDW
U-
Yello
w-br
east
ed C
rake
, Por
zana
flav
iven
ter
BRW
U-
Pear
l Kite
, Gam
pson
yx sw
ains
onii
BR-
U-
Ash-
thro
ated
Cra
ke, P
orza
na a
lbic
ollis
Hist
--
-W
hite
-taile
d Ki
te, E
lanu
s leu
curu
sW
--
-So
ra,P
orza
na c
arol
ina
MN
MN
ScSc
Snai
l Kite
, Ros
trham
us so
ciab
ilis
W-
--
Pain
t-bille
d Cr
ake,
Neo
crex
ery
thro
psM
S-
VR-
Doub
le-to
othe
d Ki
te, H
arpa
gus b
iden
tatu
sBR
-Sc
-Sp
otte
d Ra
il, Pa
rdir
allu
s mac
ulat
usBR
Hist
R-
Plum
beou
s Ki
te, I
ctin
ia p
lum
bea
BD-
C-
Com
mon
Moo
rhen
, Gal
linul
a ch
loro
pus
BRBR
CC
Long
-win
ged
Harri
er, C
ircu
s buf
foni
BR-
U-
Purp
le G
allin
ule,
Por
phyr
io m
artin
ica
BRBR
CU
Cran
e Ha
wk, G
eran
ospi
za c
aeru
lesc
ens
MS
-R
-Az
ure
Gal
linul
e, P
orph
yrio
flav
iros
tris
BR-
L-
Whi
te H
awk,
Leu
copt
erni
s alb
icol
lisBR
-U
-C
arib
bean
Coo
t, Fu
lica
carib
aea
WW
--
Com
mon
Bla
ck-H
awk,
But
eoga
llus a
nthr
acin
usBR
BRC
RAm
erica
n Co
ot, F
ulic
a am
eric
ana
-M
N-
RRu
fous
Cra
b-Ha
wk, B
uteo
gallu
s aeq
uino
ctia
lisBR
-R
-He
liorn
ithid
aeG
reat
Bla
ck-H
awk,
But
eoga
llus u
rubi
tinga
BRBR
RU
Sung
rebe
,Hel
iorn
is fu
lica
W-
--
Sava
nnah
Haw
k, B
uteo
gallu
s mer
idio
nalis
BR-
C-
Cha
radr
iidae
Blac
k-co
llare
d Ha
wk, B
usar
ellu
s nig
ricol
lisW
--
-Pi
ed L
apw
ing,
Van
ellu
s cay
anus
W-
--
Broa
d-wi
nged
Haw
k, B
uteo
pla
typt
erus
MN
BVU
CSo
uthe
rn L
apwi
ng, V
anel
lus c
hile
nsis
BRBR
AC
Gra
y Ha
wk, B
uteo
niti
dus
BRW
C-
Amer
ican
Gol
den-
Plov
er, P
luvi
alis
dom
inic
aM
NM
NU
ScSh
ort-t
aile
d Ha
wk, B
uteo
bra
chyu
rus
BRW
C-
Blac
k-be
llied
Plov
er, P
luvi
alis
squa
taro
laM
NM
NC
USw
ains
on’s
Hawk
, But
eo sw
ains
oni
MN
MN
VRVR
Sem
ipal
mat
ed P
love
r, C
hara
driu
s sem
ipal
mat
usM
NM
NC
UW
hite
-taile
d Ha
wk, B
uteo
alb
icau
datu
sM
S-
R-
Wils
on’s
Plov
er, C
hara
driu
s wils
onia
MS
-U
-Zo
ne-ta
iled
Hawk
, But
eo a
lbon
otat
usBR
WC
-Ki
lldee
r,C
hara
driu
s voc
iferu
sM
NM
NR
R
Stat
usTa
ble
1 c
ontin
ued.
Sta
tus
and
Abun
danc
e of
Bird
s in
Trin
idad
and
Tob
ago.
Stat
usA
bund
ance
Abu
ndan
ce
64 Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2007
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d. S
tatu
s an
d Ab
unda
nce
of B
irds
in T
rinid
ad a
nd T
obag
o.Sp
ecie
sSp
ecie
sTr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Sn
owy
Plov
er, C
hara
driu
s ale
xand
rinu
s-
MN
-VR
Pect
oral
San
dpip
er, C
alid
ris m
elan
otos
MN
MN
UU
Colla
red
Plov
er, C
hara
driu
s col
laris
BDBD
CSc
Curle
w Sa
ndpi
per,
Cal
idri
s fer
rugi
nea
V-
--
Com
mon
Rin
ged
Plov
er, C
hara
driu
s hia
ticul
aV
-R
-St
ilt Sa
ndpi
per,
Cal
idri
s him
anto
pus
MN
MN
CU
Hae
mat
opod
idae
Buff-
brea
sted
San
dpip
er, T
ryng
ites s
ubru
ficol
lisM
NM
NSc
ScAm
erica
n O
yste
rcat
cher
, Hae
mat
opus
pal
liatu
sM
NM
NR
RRu
ff,Ph
ilom
achu
s pug
nax
MN
MN
RR
Rec
urvi
rost
ridae
Wils
on’s
Phal
arop
e, P
hala
ropu
s tri
colo
rPM
PMR
RBl
ack-
neck
ed S
tilt, H
iman
topu
s mex
ican
usBD
MS
CR
Jaca
nida
eAm
erica
n Av
ocet
, Rec
urvi
rost
ra a
mer
ican
a-
V-
-W
attle
d Ja
cana
, Jac
ana
jaca
naBR
BRA
CB
urhi
nida
eSt
erco
rarii
dae
Doub
le-s
tripe
d Th
ick-k
nee,
Bur
hinu
s bist
riatu
sW
W-
-So
uth
Pola
r Sku
a, S
terc
orca
rius
mac
corm
icki
O-
VR-
Scol
opac
idae
Pom
arin
e Ja
eger
, Ste
rcor
cari
us p
omar
inus
OO
RR
Wils
on’s
Snip
e, G
allin
ago
delic
ata
MN
MN
UU
Para
sitic
Jae
gar,
Ster
corc
ariu
s par
asiti
cus
OO
ScR
Sout
h Am
erica
n Sn
ipe,
Gal
linag
o pa
ragu
aiae
BD-
U-
Larid
aeSh
ort-b
illed
Dowi
tche
r, Li
mno
drom
us g
rise
usM
NM
NC
URi
ng-b
illed
Gul
l, Lar
us d
elaw
aren
sisM
NM
NR
RBl
ack-
taile
d G
odwi
t, Li
mos
a lim
osa
V-
--
Kelp
Gul
l, Lar
us d
omin
ican
usV
--
-Hu
dson
ian
God
wit,
Lim
osa
haem
astic
aM
NM
NSc
RHe
rring
Gul
l, Lar
us a
rgen
tatu
sV
--
-M
arbl
ed G
odwi
t, Li
mos
a fe
doa
MN
-R
-Le
sser
Bla
ck-b
acke
d G
ull,
Laru
s fus
cus
MN
MN
UR
Eskim
o Cu
rlew,
Num
eniu
s bor
ealis
Hist
Hist
--
Laug
hing
Gul
l, Lar
us a
trici
llaBV
BVA
AW
him
brel
,Num
eniu
s pha
eopu
sM
NM
NC
UFr
ankli
n’s
Gul
l, Lar
us p
ipix
can
MN
-R
-Lo
ng-b
illed
Curle
w, N
umen
ius a
mer
ican
us-
MN
-R
Blac
k-he
aded
Gul
l, La
rus r
idib
undu
sM
NM
NR
RUp
land
San
dpip
er, B
artr
amia
long
icau
daM
NM
NR
RBl
ack-
legg
ed K
ittiw
ake,
Riss
a tri
dact
yla
V-
R-
Tere
k Sa
ndpi
per,
Xenu
s cin
ereu
sV
--
-Sa
bine
’s G
ull,
Xem
a sa
bini
W-
--
Spot
ted
Sand
pipe
r, Ac
titis
mac
ular
iaM
NM
NC
CBr
own
Nodd
y, A
nous
stol
idus
OB
OB
LC
Gre
ater
Yel
lowl
egs,
Tri
nga
mel
anol
euca
MN
MN
CC
Whi
te T
ern,
Gyg
is a
lba
-V
--
Less
er Y
ello
wleg
s, T
ring
a fla
vipe
sM
NM
NA
CSo
oty
Tern
, Ony
chop
rion
fusc
atus
OB
OB
RC
Spot
ted
Reds
hank
, Tri
nga
eryt
hrop
us-
V-
-Br
idle
d Te
rn, O
nych
opri
on a
naet
hetu
sO
OB
RU
Woo
d Sa
ndpi
per,
Trin
ga g
lare
ola
-V
--
Leas
t Ter
n, S
tern
ula
antil
laru
mM
NM
NSc
ScCo
mm
on G
reen
shan
k, T
ringa
neb
ular
iaV
--
-Ye
llow-
bille
d Te
rn, S
tern
ula
supe
rcili
aris
MS
-C
-So
litary
San
dpip
er, T
ringa
solit
aria
MN
MN
CU
Larg
e-bi
lled
Tern
, Pha
etus
a si
mpl
exM
S-
C-
Wille
t,Tr
inga
sem
ipal
mat
usM
NM
NC
UG
ull-b
illed
Tern
, Gel
oche
lidon
nilo
tica
MN
-U
-Ru
ddy
Turn
ston
e, A
rena
ria
inte
rpre
sM
NM
NC
CCa
spia
n Te
rn, H
ydro
prog
ne c
aspi
aM
N-
VR-
Red
Knot
, Cal
idri
s can
utus
MN
MN
USc
Blac
k Te
rn, C
hlid
onia
s nig
erPM
-Sc
-Sa
nder
ling,
Cal
idris
alb
aM
NM
NU
UCo
mm
on T
ern,
Ste
rna
hiru
ndo
MN
MN
CC
Sem
ipal
mat
ed S
andp
iper
, Cal
idris
pus
illa
MN
MN
AC
Rose
ate
Tern
, Ste
rna
doug
allii
MN
MN(
B)C
CW
este
rn S
andp
iper
, Cal
idris
mau
riM
NM
NA
USa
ndwi
ch T
ern,
Tha
lass
eus s
andv
icen
sis
MN/
SM
N/S
UU
Leas
t San
dpip
er, C
alid
ris m
inut
illa
MN
MN
AC
Roya
l Ter
n, T
hala
sseu
s max
imus
MN(
B)M
N(B)
CC
Whi
te-ru
mpe
d Sa
ndpi
per,
Cal
idris
fusc
icol
lisM
NM
NU
UR
ynch
opid
aeBa
ird's
Sand
pipe
r, C
alid
ris b
aird
iiPM
-R
-Bl
ack
Skim
mer
, Ryn
chop
s nig
erM
SM
SC
Sc
Abu
ndan
ceSt
atus
Abu
ndan
ceSt
atus
65Trinidad and Tobago Birds - Status and Abundance
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d. S
tatu
s an
d Ab
unda
nce
of B
irds
in T
rinid
ad a
nd T
obag
o.Sp
ecie
sSp
ecie
sTr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.C
olum
bida
eSt
rigid
aeCo
mm
on G
roun
d-Do
ve, C
olum
bina
pas
seri
naBR
-C
-Tr
opica
l Scr
eech
-Owl
, Meg
asco
ps c
holib
aBR
-U
-Pl
ain-
brea
sted
Gro
und-
Dove
, Col
umbi
na m
inut
aBR
-U
-Sp
ecta
cled
Owl
, Pul
satr
ix p
ersp
icill
ata
BR-
U-
Rudd
y G
roun
d-Do
ve, C
olum
bina
talp
acot
iBR
BRA
AM
ottle
d O
wl, C
icca
ba v
irga
taBR
-R
-Sc
aled
Dov
e, C
olum
bina
squa
mm
ata
W-
--
Ferru
gino
us P
ygm
y-O
wl, G
lauc
idiu
m b
rasi
lianu
mBR
-C
-Bl
ue G
roun
d-Do
ve, C
lara
vis p
retio
saBR
-R
-Bu
rrowi
ng O
wl, A
then
e cu
nicu
lari
aW
--
-Ro
ck P
igeo
n, C
olum
ba li
via
FF
AC
Strip
ed O
wl, P
seud
osco
ps c
lam
ator
-BR
-Sc
Scal
ed P
igeo
n, P
atag
ioen
as sp
ecio
saBR
-C
-Sh
ort-e
ared
Owl
, Asi
o fla
mm
eus
W-
--
Scal
y-na
ped
Pige
on, P
atag
ioen
as sq
uam
osa
-W
--
Stea
torn
ithid
aeBa
nd-ta
iled
Pige
on, P
atag
ioen
as fa
scia
taM
S-
VR-
Oilb
ird,S
teat
orni
s car
ipen
sis
BRV
L-
Pale
-ven
ted
Pige
on, P
atag
ioen
as c
ayen
nens
isBR
BRU
CNy
ctib
iidae
Eare
d D
ove,
Zen
aida
aur
icul
ata
BDBD
CC
Com
mon
Pot
oo, N
yctib
ius g
riseu
sBR
BRU
UW
hite
-tipp
ed D
ove,
Lep
totil
a ve
rrea
uxi
BRBR
CC
Cap
rimul
gida
eG
ray-
front
ed D
ove,
Lep
totil
a ru
faxi
llaBR
-U
-Sh
ort-t
aile
d Ni
ghth
awk,
Lur
ocal
is se
mito
rqua
tus
BR-
U-
Line
d Q
uail-
Dove
, Geo
tryg
on li
near
isBR
Hist
R-
Less
er N
ight
hawk
, Cho
rdei
les a
cutip
enni
sM
NM
NC
RRu
ddy
Qua
il-Do
ve, G
eotr
ygon
mon
tana
BR-
Sc-
Nacu
nda
Nigh
thaw
k, P
odag
er n
acun
daM
SM
SSc
VRPs
ittac
idae
Com
mon
Pau
raqu
e, N
yctid
rom
us a
lbic
ollis
BR-
C-
Blue
-and
-yel
low
Mac
aw, A
ra a
rara
una
R-
Rufo
us N
ight
jar,
Cap
rilm
ulgu
s ruf
usBR
-L
-Sc
arle
t Mac
aw, A
ra m
acao
W-
--
Whi
te-ta
iled
Nigh
tjar,
Cap
rilm
ulgu
s cay
enne
nsis
BRBR
CU
Red-
bellie
d M
acaw
, Ort
hops
ittac
a m
anila
taBR
-L
-A
podi
dae
Brow
n-th
roat
ed P
arak
eet,
Arat
inga
per
tinax
MS
-R
-Ch
estn
ut-c
olla
red
Swift
, Str
epto
proc
ne ru
tila
BR-
U-
Gre
en-ru
mpe
d Pa
rrotle
t, Fo
rpus
pas
serin
usBR
BRU
CW
hite
-col
lare
d Sw
ift, S
trep
topr
ocne
zona
ris
MS
MS
UR
Lila
c-ta
iled
Parro
tlet,
Toui
t bat
avic
aBR
-U
-Ba
nd-ru
mpe
d Sw
ift, C
haet
ura
spin
icau
dus
BR-
C-
Scar
let-s
houl
dere
d Pa
rrotle
t, To
uit h
uetii
W-
--
Gra
y-ru
mpe
d Sw
ift, C
haet
ura
cine
reiv
entr
isBR
BRC
CBl
ue-h
eade
d Pa
rrot,
Pion
us m
enst
ruus
BR-
U-
Chap
man
’s Sw
ift, C
haet
ura
chap
man
iBR
-R
-Ye
llow-
crow
ned
Parro
t, Am
azon
a oc
hroc
epha
laBR
-C
-Sh
ort-t
aile
d Sw
ift, C
haet
ura
brac
hyur
aBR
BRA
CO
rang
e-wi
nged
Par
rot,
Amaz
ona
amaz
onic
aBR
BRA
AFo
rk-ta
iled
Palm
-Swi
ft, T
acho
rnis
squa
mat
aBR
WC
-C
ucul
idae
Less
er S
wallo
w-ta
iled
Swift
, Pan
yptil
a ca
yenn
ensi
sBR
-U
-Bl
ack-
bille
d Cu
ckoo
, Coc
cyzu
s ery
thro
ptha
lmus
MN
-VR
-Tr
ochi
lidae
Yello
w-bi
lled
Cuck
oo, C
occy
zus a
mer
ican
usPM
PMSc
ScRu
fous
-bre
aste
d He
rmit,
Gla
ucis
hir
sutu
sBR
BRC
CM
angr
ove
Cuck
oo, C
occy
zus m
inor
BRBR
ScSc
Littl
e He
rmit,
Pha
etho
rnis
long
uem
areu
sBR
-C
-Da
rk-b
illed
Cuck
oo, C
occy
zus m
elac
oryp
hus
W-
--
Gre
en H
erm
it, P
haet
horn
is g
uyBR
-C
-Sq
uirre
l Cuc
koo,
Pia
ya c
ayan
aBR
-C
-W
hite
-taile
d Sa
brew
ing,
Cam
pylo
pter
us e
nsip
enni
s-
BR-
ULi
ttle
Cuck
oo, P
iaya
min
uta
BR-
U-
Whi
te-n
ecke
d Ja
cobi
n, F
lori
suga
mel
livor
aBD
BDC
UG
reat
er A
ni, C
roto
phag
a m
ajor
BR-
U-
Brow
n Vi
olet
ear,
Col
ibri
delp
hina
eBR
-Sc
-Sm
ooth
-bille
d An
i, C
roto
phag
a an
iBR
BRA
CG
reen
-thro
ated
Man
go, A
nthr
acot
hora
x vi
ridi
gula
BR-
L-
Strip
ed C
ucko
o, T
aper
a na
evia
BR-
C-
Blac
k-th
roat
ed M
ango
, Ant
hrac
otho
rax
nigr
icol
lisBD
BDC
CTy
toni
dae
Ruby
-topa
z Hu
mm
ingb
ird, C
hrys
olam
pis m
osqu
itus
BDBD
CC
Barn
Owl
, Tyt
o al
baBR
BRU
UTu
fted
Coqu
ette
, Lop
horn
is o
rnat
aBR
-U
-
Ext+
Int
Stat
usA
bund
ance
Stat
usA
bund
ance
66 Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2007
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d. S
tatu
s an
d Ab
unda
nce
of B
irds
in T
rinid
ad a
nd T
obag
o.Sp
ecie
sSp
ecie
sTr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Bl
ue-c
hinn
ed S
apph
ire, C
hlor
este
s not
ata
BRBR
CR
Stra
ight
-bille
d W
oodc
reep
er, X
ipho
rhyn
chus
pic
usBR
-L
-Bl
ue-ta
iled
Emer
ald,
Chl
oros
tilbo
n m
ellis
ugus
BR-
L-
Coc
oa W
oodc
reep
er, X
ipho
rhyn
chus
susu
rran
sBR
BRC
CW
hite
-taile
d G
olde
nthr
oat,
Poly
tmus
gua
inum
biBD
-U
-St
reak
-hea
ded
Woo
dcre
eper
, Lep
idoc
olap
tes s
oule
yetii
BR-
U-
Whi
te-c
hest
ed E
mer
ald,
Am
azili
a br
evir
ostr
isBR
-C
-Th
amno
phili
dae
Copp
er-ru
mpe
d Hu
mm
ingb
ird, A
maz
ilia
toba
ciBR
BRA
CG
reat
Ant
shrik
e, T
arab
a m
ajor
BR-
C-
Long
-bille
d St
arth
roat
, Hel
iom
aste
r lon
giro
stris
BR-
Sc-
Blac
k-cr
este
d An
tshr
ike, S
akes
phor
us c
anad
ensi
sBR
-C
-Ru
fous
-sha
fted
Woo
dsta
r, C
haet
ocer
cus j
ourd
anii
MS
-VR
-Ba
rred
Ants
hrike
, Tha
mno
philu
s dol
iatu
sBR
BRC
CTr
ogon
idae
Plai
n An
tvire
o, D
ysith
amnu
s men
talis
BRBR
UU
Whi
te-ta
iled
Trog
on, T
rogo
n vi
ridi
sBR
-C
-W
hite
-flan
ked
Antw
ren,
Myr
mot
heru
la a
xilla
ris
BR-
C-
Viol
aceo
us T
rogo
n, T
rogo
n vi
olac
eus
BR-
C-
Whi
te-fr
inge
d An
twre
n, F
orm
iciv
ora
gris
eaBR
BRL
CCo
llare
d Tr
ogon
, Tro
gon
colla
risBR
BRC
USi
lvere
d An
tbird
, Scl
ater
ia n
aevi
aBR
-U
-Al
cedi
nida
eW
hite
-bel
lied
Antb
ird, M
yrm
eciza
long
ipes
BR-
C-
Ring
ed K
ingf
isher
, Cer
yle
torq
uata
BR-
U-
Form
icar
iidae
Belte
d Ki
ngfis
her,
Cer
yle
alcy
onM
NM
NSc
UBl
ack-
face
d An
tthru
sh, F
orm
icar
ius a
nalis
BR-
U-
Amaz
on K
ingf
isher
, Chl
oroc
eryl
e am
azon
aW
--
-G
ralla
riida
eG
reen
Kin
gfish
er, C
hlor
ocer
yle
amer
ican
aBR
BRC
USc
aled
Ant
pitta
, Gra
llari
a gu
atim
alen
sis
BR-
R-
Amer
ican
Pygm
y Ki
ngfis
her,
Chl
oroc
eryl
e ae
nea
BR-
U-
Tyra
nnid
aeM
omot
idae
Fore
st E
laen
ia, M
yiop
agis
gaim
ardi
iBR
-C
-Bl
ue-c
rown
ed M
otm
ot, M
omot
us m
omot
aBR
BRU
CYe
llow-
bellie
d El
aeni
a, E
laen
ia fl
avog
aste
rBR
BRC
CG
albu
lidae
Smal
l-bille
d El
aeni
a, E
laen
ia p
arvi
rost
ris
W-
--
Rufo
us-ta
iled
Jaca
mar
, Gal
bula
rufic
auda
BRBR
CC
Slat
y El
aeni
a, E
laen
ia st
repe
raM
S-
VR-
Ram
phas
tidae
Less
er E
laen
ia, E
laen
ia c
hiriq
uens
isBR
-R
-Ch
anne
l-bille
d To
ucan
, Ram
phas
tos v
itelli
nus
BR-
C-
Sout
hern
Bea
rdle
ss-T
yran
nulet
,Cam
ptos
tom
aBR
-C
-Pi
cida
eob
sole
tum
Red-
crow
ned
Woo
dpec
ker,
Mel
aner
pes r
ubric
apill
us-
BR-
CM
ouse
-col
ored
Tyr
annu
let,
Phae
omyi
as m
urin
aBR
-L
-Re
d-ru
mpe
d W
oodp
ecke
r, Ve
nilio
rnis
kirk
iiBR
BRU
UC
rest
ed D
orad
ito, P
seud
ocol
opte
ryx
scla
teri
W-
--
Gol
den-
olive
Woo
dpec
ker,
Picu
lus r
ubig
inos
usBR
BRC
CO
live-
strip
ed F
lycat
cher
, Mio
nect
es o
livac
eus
BR-
R-
Ches
tnut
Woo
dpec
ker,
Cel
eus e
lega
nsBR
-U
-O
chre
-bel
lied
Flyc
atch
er, M
ione
ctes
ole
agin
eus
BRBR
CC
Line
ated
Woo
dpec
ker,
Dry
ocop
us li
neat
usBR
-C
-Sl
aty-
capp
ed F
lycat
cher
, Lep
topo
gon
supe
rcili
aris
BR-
U-
Crim
son-
cres
ted
Woo
dpec
ker,
Cam
peph
ilus
BR-
U-
North
ern
Scru
b-Fl
ycat
cher
, Sub
lega
tus a
rena
rum
BR-
U-
mel
anol
euco
sSh
ort-t
aile
d Py
gmy-
Tyra
nt, M
yior
nis e
caud
atus
BR-
Sc-
Furn
ariid
aeSp
otte
d To
dy-F
ycat
cher
, Tod
iros
trum
mac
ulat
umBR
-L
-Pa
le-b
reas
ted
Spin
etai
l, Sy
nalla
xis a
lbes
cens
BR-
U-
Yello
w-ol
ive F
lycat
cher
, Tol
mom
yias
sulp
hure
scen
sBR
-Sc
-St
ripe-
brea
sted
Spi
neta
il, Sy
nalla
xis c
inna
mom
eaBR
BRC
UYe
llow-
brea
sted
Flyc
atch
er, T
olm
omyi
as fl
aviv
entr
isBR
BRC
CYe
llow-
chin
ned
Spin
etai
l, Cer
thia
xis c
inna
mom
eaBR
-C
-W
hite
-thro
ated
Spa
debi
ll, Pl
atyr
inch
us m
ysta
ceus
BRBR
UU
Gra
y-th
roat
ed L
eafto
sser
, Scl
erur
us a
lbig
ular
isBR
BRU
ScBr
an-c
olor
ed F
lycat
cher
, Myi
opho
bus f
asci
atus
BR-
U-
Stre
aked
Xen
ops,
Xen
ops r
utila
nsBR
-U
-Eu
ler’s
Flyc
atch
er, L
athr
otri
ccus
eul
eri
BR-
C-
Plai
n-br
own
Woo
dcre
eper
, Den
droc
incl
a fu
ligin
osa
BRBR
CU
Fusc
ous
Flyc
atch
er, C
nem
otri
ccus
fusc
atus
BRBR
LU
Oliv
aceo
us W
oodc
reep
er, S
ittas
omus
gri
seic
apill
us-
BR-
UO
live-
sided
Flyc
atch
er, C
onto
pus c
oope
riM
N-
U-
Stat
usA
bund
ance
Stat
usA
bund
ance
67Trinidad and Tobago Birds - Status and Abundance
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d. S
tatu
s an
d Ab
unda
nce
of B
irds
in T
rinid
ad a
nd T
obag
o.Sp
ecie
sSp
ecie
sTr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
opica
l Pew
ee, C
onto
pus c
iner
eus
BR-
C-
Blue
-and
-whi
te S
wallo
w, P
ygoc
helid
on c
yano
leuc
aM
S-
U-
Pied
Wat
er-T
yran
t, Fl
uvic
ola
pica
BR-
C-
Sout
hern
Rou
gh-w
inge
d Sw
allo
w, S
telg
idop
tery
xBR
BRC
RW
hite
-hea
ded
Mar
sh-T
yran
t, Ar
undi
nico
laBR
-C
- ru
ficol
lisle
ucoc
epha
laBa
nk S
wallo
w, R
ipar
ia ri
paria
MN
MN
ScVR
Pira
tic F
lycat
cher
, Leg
atus
leuc
opha
ius
BDBD
CU
Barn
Swa
llow,
Hiru
ndo
rusti
caM
NM
NC
CG
reat
Kis
kade
e, P
itang
us su
lphu
ratu
sBR
-A
-Cl
iff S
wallo
w, P
etro
chel
idon
pyr
rhon
ota
MN
MN
RR
Stre
aked
Flyc
atch
er, M
yiod
ynas
tes m
acul
atus
BRBR
CC
Trog
lody
tidae
Boat
-bille
d Fl
ycat
cher
, Meg
aryn
chus
pita
ngua
BR-
C-
Hous
e W
ren,
Tro
glod
ytes
aed
onBR
BRC
CSu
lphu
ry F
lycat
cher
, Tyr
anno
psis
sulp
hure
aBR
-L
-Ru
fous
-bre
aste
d W
ren,
Thr
yoth
orus
rutil
usBR
BRC
UVa
riega
ted
Flyc
atch
er, E
mpi
dono
mus
var
ius
MS
-R
-Po
liopt
ilida
eTr
opica
l Kin
gbird
, Tyr
annu
s mel
anch
olic
usBR
BRA
CLo
ng-b
illed
Gna
twre
n, R
amph
ocae
nus m
elan
urus
BR-
C-
Fork
-taile
d Fl
ycat
cher
, Tyr
annu
s sav
ana
MS
MS
AC
Turd
idae
Gra
y Ki
ngbi
rd, T
yran
nus d
omin
icen
sis
BVBV
UC
Ora
nge-
bille
d Ni
ghtin
gale
-Thr
ush,
Cat
haru
sBR
-L
-Du
sky-
capp
ed F
lycat
cher
, Myi
arch
us tu
berc
ulife
rBR
-U
-au
rant
iiros
tris
Swai
nson
’s Fl
ycat
cher
, Myi
arch
us sw
ains
oni
MS
-VR
-Ve
ery,
Cat
haru
s fus
cesc
ens
MN
-VR
-Ve
nezu
elan
Flyc
atch
er, M
yiar
chus
ven
ezue
lens
is-
BR-
UG
ray-
chee
ked
Thru
sh, C
atha
rus m
inim
usM
N-
VR-
Brow
n-cr
este
d Fl
ycat
cher
, Myi
arch
us ty
rann
ulus
BRBR
UC
Yello
w-le
gged
Thr
ush,
Tur
dus f
lavi
pes
BRBR
UU
Brig
ht-ru
mpe
d At
tila, A
ttila
spad
iceu
s*BR
-U
-Co
coa
Thru
sh, T
urdu
s fum
igat
usBR
-C
-Bl
ack-
taile
d Ti
tyra
, Tity
ra c
ayan
a*BR
-U
-Ba
re-e
yed
Thru
sh, T
urdu
s nud
igen
isBR
BRC
CW
hite
-win
ged
Beca
rd, P
achy
ram
phus
pol
ycho
pter
us*
BRBR
UU
Whi
te-n
ecke
d Th
rush
, Tur
dus a
lbic
ollis
BRBR
CC
Cot
ingi
dae
Mim
idae
Whi
te B
ellb
ird, P
rocn
ias a
lbus
W-
--
Trop
ical M
ockin
gbird
, Mim
us g
ilvus
BRBR
CC
Bear
ded
Bellb
ird, P
rocn
ias a
vera
noBR
-U
-M
otac
illid
aePi
prid
aeW
hite
Wag
tail,
Mot
acill
a al
baV
--
-W
hite
-bea
rded
Man
akin
, Man
acus
man
acus
BR-
C-
Coe
rebi
dae
Blue
-bac
ked
Man
akin
, Chi
roxi
phia
par
eola
-BR
-U
Bana
naqu
it,C
oere
ba fl
aveo
laBR
BRA
AG
olde
n-he
aded
Man
akin
, Pip
ra e
ryth
roce
phal
aBR
-C
-Th
raup
idae
Vire
onid
aeW
hite
-sho
ulde
red
Tana
ger,
Tach
ypho
nus l
uctu
osus
BR-
U-
Rufo
us-b
rowe
d Pe
pper
shrik
e, C
ycla
rhis
guj
anen
sis
BR-
C-
Whi
te-li
ned
Tana
ger,
Tach
ypho
nus r
ufus
BRBR
CU
Yello
w-th
roat
ed V
ireo,
Vir
eo fl
avifr
ons
MN
MN
VRVR
Silve
r-bea
ked
Tana
ger,
Ram
phoc
elus
car
boBR
-C
-W
hite
-eye
d Vi
reo,
Vire
o gr
iseus
-M
N-
VRBl
ue-g
ray
Tana
ger,
Thra
upis
episc
opus
BRBR
AC
Red-
eyed
Vire
o, V
ireo
oliv
aceu
sBV
BVC
CPa
lm T
anag
er, T
hrau
pis p
alm
arum
BRBR
AC
Blac
k-wh
isker
ed V
ireo,
Vire
o al
tiloq
uus
MN
MN
RVR
Blue
-cap
ped
Tana
ger,
Thra
upis
cya
noce
phal
aBR
-L
-G
olde
n-fro
nted
Gre
enle
t, H
ylop
hilu
s aur
antii
frons
BR-
C-
Turq
uoise
Tan
ager
, Tan
gara
mex
ican
aBR
-C
-Sc
rub
Gre
enle
t, H
ylop
hilu
s fla
vipe
s-
BR-
CSp
eckle
d Ta
nage
r, Ta
ngar
a gu
ttata
BR-
L-
Hiru
ndin
idae
Bay-
head
ed T
anag
er, T
anga
ra g
yrol
aBR
-C
-W
hite
-win
ged
Swal
low,
Tac
hyci
neta
alb
iven
ter
BRBR
CU
Swal
low
Tana
ger,
Ters
ina
virid
isBD
-U
-Ca
ribbe
an M
artin
, Pro
gne
dom
inic
ensi
sM
SBD
RC
Blue
Dac
nis,
Dac
nis c
ayan
aBR
-C
-G
ray-
brea
sted
Mar
tin, P
rogn
e ch
alyb
eaBR
-A
-Pu
rple
Hon
eycr
eepe
r, C
yane
rpes
cae
rule
usBR
-C
-
Stat
usA
bund
ance
Stat
usA
bund
ance
68 Living World, J. Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 2007
Tabl
e 1
cont
inue
d. S
tatu
s an
d Ab
unda
nce
of B
irds
in T
rinid
ad a
nd T
obag
o.Sp
ecie
sSp
ecie
sTr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.Tr
i.To
b.R
ed-le
gged
Hon
eycr
eepe
r, C
yane
rpes
cya
neus
BDBD
CC
Cer
ulea
n W
arbl
er, D
endr
oica
cer
ulea
MN
-VR
-G
reen
Hon
eycr
eepe
r, C
hlor
opha
nes s
piza
BR-
C-
Cap
e M
ay W
arbl
er, D
endr
oica
tigr
ina
MN
MN
VRVR
Bico
lore
d C
oneb
ill, C
onir
ostr
um b
icol
orBR
-C
-Bl
ack-
thro
ated
Blu
e W
arbl
er, D
endr
oica
cae
rule
scen
sM
N-
VR-
Hep
atic
Tana
ger,
Pira
nga
flava
*BR
-L
-Ye
llow-
rum
ped
War
bler
, Den
droi
ca c
oron
ata
-M
N-
VRSu
mm
er T
anag
er, P
iran
ga ru
bra*
MN
MN
RR
Blac
k-th
roat
ed G
reen
War
bler
, Den
droi
ca v
iren
sM
N-
VR-
Scar
let T
anag
er, P
iran
ga o
livac
ea*
MN
MN
RR
Prai
rie W
arbl
er, D
endr
oica
dis
colo
rM
N-
VR-
Red-
crow
ned
Ant-T
anag
er, H
abia
rubi
ca*
BR-
U-
Amer
ican
Red
star
t, Se
toph
aga
rutic
illa
MN
MN
CU
Embe
rizid
aeBl
ack-
and-
whi
te W
arbl
er, M
niot
ilta
vari
aM
NM
NSc
ScO
rang
e-fro
nted
Yel
low-
Finc
h, S
ical
is c
olum
bian
aW
--
-Pr
otho
nota
ry W
arbl
er, P
roto
nota
ria
citr
eaM
NM
NSc
ScSa
ffron
Fin
ch, S
ical
is fl
aveo
laBR
-U
-O
venb
ird,S
eiur
us a
uroc
apill
aM
NM
NVR
VRG
rass
land
Yel
low-
Finc
h, S
ical
is lu
teol
aM
S-
L-
North
ern
Wat
erth
rush
, Sei
urus
nov
ebor
acen
sis
MN
MN
CC
Blue
-bla
ck G
rass
quit,
Vol
atin
ia ja
cari
naBR
BRA
CCo
mm
on Y
ello
wthr
oat,
Geo
thly
pis t
rich
asM
N-
VR-
Slat
e-co
lore
d Se
edea
ter,
Spor
ophi
la sc
hist
acea
W-
--
Mas
ked
Yello
wthr
oat,
Geo
thly
pis a
equi
noct
ialis
BR-
U-
Soot
y G
rass
quit,
Tia
ris f
ulig
inos
a*BR
-U
-H
oode
d W
arbl
er, W
ilson
ia c
itrin
aM
N-
VR-
Blac
k-fa
ced
Gra
ssqu
it, T
iari
s bic
olor
*BR
BRL
CC
anad
a W
arbl
er, W
ilson
ia c
anad
ensi
sM
N-
VR-
Gra
y Se
edea
ter,
Spor
ophi
la in
term
edia
Ext
--
-G
olde
n-cr
owne
d W
arbl
er, B
asile
uter
us c
ulic
ivor
usBR
-C
-W
ing-
barre
d Se
edea
ter,
Spor
ophi
la a
mer
ican
a-
BR-
VRIc
terid
aeLe
sson
’s S
eede
ater
, Spo
roph
ila b
ouvr
onid
esEx
t MS
Ext
VR-
Cre
sted
Oro
pend
ola,
Psa
roco
lius d
ecum
anus
BRBR
AC
Yello
w-b
ellie
d Se
edea
ter,
Spor
ophi
la n
igric
ollis
Ext M
SEx
tR
-Ye
llow
-rum
ped
Cac
ique
, Cac
icus
cel
aBR
-C
-R
uddy
-bre
aste
d Se
edea
ter,
Spor
ophi
la m
inut
aBR
Ext
Sc-
Mor
iche
Orio
le, I
cter
us c
ayan
ensi
sBR
-L
-C
hest
nut-b
ellie
d Se
ed-F
inch
, Ory
zobo
rus a
ngol
ensi
sEx
t-
--
Baltim
ore
Orio
le, I
cter
us g
albu
laM
NM
NVR
VRLa
rge-
bille
d Se
ed-F
inch
, Ory
zobo
rus c
rass
iros
tris
Ext W
-VR
-O
rcha
rd O
riole
, Ict
erus
spur
ius
MN
-VR
-R
ed-c
appe
d C
ardi
nal,
Paro
aria
gul
aris
BR-
U-
Yello
w O
riole
, Ict
erus
nig
rogu
lari
sBR
-C
-C
ardi
nalid
aeYe
llow
-hoo
ded
Blac
kbird
, Chr
ysom
us ic
tero
ceph
alus
BR-
A-
Ros
e-br
east
ed G
rosb
eak,
Phe
uctic
us lu
dovi
cian
usM
NM
NR
RG
iant
Cow
bird
, Mol
othr
us o
ryzi
voru
sBR
BRU
UG
rayis
h Sa
ltato
r, Sa
ltato
r coe
rule
scen
sBR
-C
-Sh
iny
Cow
bird
, Mol
othr
us b
onar
iens
isBR
BRA
CSt
reak
ed S
alta
tor,
Salta
tor s
tria
tipec
tus
BR-
L-
Car
ib G
rack
le, Q
uisc
alus
lugu
bris
BRBR
AC
Indi
go B
untin
g, P
asse
rina
cya
nea
MN
-VR
-R
ed-b
reas
ted
Blac
kbird
, Stu
rnel
la m
ilita
ris
BRW
C-
Dic
kcis
sel,
Spiz
a am
eric
ana
MN
MN
CVR
Red
-win
ged
Blac
kbird
, Age
laiu
s pho
enic
eus
V-
--
Paru
lidae
Bobo
link,
Dol
icho
nyx
oryz
ivor
usM
NM
NR
RG
olde
n-w
inge
d W
arbl
er, V
erm
ivor
a ch
ryso
pter
aM
NM
NVR
VRFr
ingi
llida
eNo
rther
n Pa
rula
, Par
ula
amer
ican
aM
NM
NVR
VRR
ed S
iski
n, C
ardu
elis
cuc
ulla
taEx
t-
--
Trop
ical P
arul
a, P
arul
a pi
tiayu
mi
BR-
C-
Less
er G
oldf
inch
, Car
duel
is p
saltr
iaW
--
-C
hest
nut-s
ided
War
bler
, Den
droi
ca p
ensy
lvan
ica
MN
-VR
-Tr
inid
ad E
upho
nia,
Eup
honi
a tr
inita
tisBR
-U
-Ye
llow
War
bler
, Den
droi
ca p
etec
hia
MN
MN
CC
Viol
aceo
us E
upho
nia,
Eup
honi
a vi
olac
eaBR
BRC
UBl
ackp
oll W
arbl
er, D
endr
oica
stri
ata
MN
MN
ScSc
Gol
den-
rum
ped
Euph
onia
, Eup
honi
a cy
anoc
epha
laM
S-
VR-
Bay-
brea
sted
War
bler
, Den
droi
ca c
asta
nea
MN
MN
VRVR
Estr
ildid
aeBl
ackb
urni
an W
arbl
er, D
endr
oica
fusc
aM
N-
R-
Com
mon
Wax
bill,
Estr
ilda
astr
ildBR
-L
-M
agno
lia W
arbl
er, D
endr
oica
mag
nolia
MN
MN
VRVR
Stat
usA
bund
ance
Stat
usA
bund
ance