The Steroids Era“The use of anabolic steroids to enhance athletic

performance has become a major health concern in professional baseball”

Key Terms:AAS or AS: Androgenic Anabolic Steroids

PEDs: Performance Enhancing Drugs

MLB: Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball info◦$7 Billion dollar industry

◦Multimillion dollar player contracts

◦1991- Steroids banned◦2003- League wide PED testing started

PEDs in SportAncient times roots and herbs were used

1849- Berthold experimented on cockerels

1896- 1st death, Welsh cyclist died after consuming “trimethyl”

1929-39 extract was created from bulls testicles, following a synthesized compound created by Ruzicka

1958 Ziegler AS- methandrostenolone- “Dianabol

Social History

TypesSteroids are components of cell membranes

Aide in digestions, and act as hormones to control a wide range of physiological responses

Produced in gonads testosterone is the primary androgen hormone

Occurs in development of male characteristics and promotes protein synthesis

About Steroids

Any of a subset of biological molecules known as lipids. Different types of steroids have different chemical modifications.

The ProcessSteroids enter androgen receptors located in various cells and a messenger RNA is created

This creates the ultimate message to the DNA to create certain proteins

Proteins sent out are responsible for anabolic/ growth responses

Anabolic refers to the way cells convert into more complex compounds, and androgenic produces masculine characteristics.

The adverse, research, and effects

Fred Hartgens report “The Effects of Androgenic Anobolic Steroids in Athletes”◦Few meet scientific quality standards◦Difficult to follow real life abusers

“Adverse effects of anabolic steroids:”ReproductiveMaleDecreased reproductive hormonesTesticular atrophyOligospermia/azoospermiaImpotenceProstatic hypertrophyProstatic carcinomaGynecomastiaPriapismFemaleMenstrual irregularitiesClitoral hypertrophyUterine atrophyBreast atrophyTeratogenicityLiverHepatocellular damageCholestasisPeliosis hepatisHepatoadenomaHepatocarcinomaCardiovascular and hematologic effectsIncreased cholesterolDecreased HDL cholesterolHypertensionThrombosisMusculoskeletalEarly epiphyseal closure in childrenIncreased rate of muscle strains/rupturesIncreased risk of musckulotendinousEndocrine (other than reproductive)Decreased glucose toleranceLarynxDeepening of the voiceIntegumentAcneAlopeciaHirsutismMale pattern baldnessEdemaUrinaryElevated BUN, creatinineWilm’s tumorImmunologic and Infectious effectsDecreased IgA levelsHepatitis B or C; HIV infectionPsychologicMood swingsAggressive behaviorDepressionPsychosisAddictionWithdrawal and Dependency Disorders

Risk factors associated with use…◦Cardiovascular system◦Metabolic function◦Heart structure◦Liver function◦Psyche and behavior◦Reproduction◦Acquired diseases

(Maravelias, C. 2005)

Player ProfileThe story of “John Albertson”, the psuedo name provided by Carroll in “The Juice” order to protect the players identity, illustrates a story similar to many ball players working their way through the minor league system trying to attain MLB glory.

Sport Perspective◦Stacking◦Testing◦Injury

http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/rjmorgan/mba211/steroids%20and%20major%20league%20baseball.pdf

Laws, limitations and MLB policy

Doping: Prohibited substances:

the illegal use of steroids, and other performance enhancing drugs

ONDCP, U.S Olympic Committee, WADA, NCAA, NIDA

Controlled substances Act (CSA) in 1991

Stimulants

Narcotics

Anabolic agents

Diuretics

Peptide hormones

Testing PolicyIn-season testing-5 days after reporting to ST- 1 unannounced test on a

randomly selected date

Disciple for testing positive- 1st offense 50, game

suspension- 2nd offense, 100 game

suspension- 3rd offense permanent

suspension from the league

MLB Joint Drug Prevention and Treatment Program◦Drugs of Abuse◦Steroids◦Stimulants◦WADA certified

laboratory Laboratoire de Controle du Dopage (IRNS- Institut Armand- Frappier) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada

6 Claims- Unfair advantage

- Exaggerated side effects

- Sports are more dangerous

- Undermine fan interest

- Undermine integrity of records

- Bad role models

Advocates for steroid use◦Norman Fost, Professor of Pediatrics and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin

◦http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8_7C9GA-2w

Future of steroids:

Urinalysis

Abandonment of AAS

HGH (human growth hormone)

EPO (Erythropoietin)

Monitoring the future…

- At the HS and college level 12-15% of athletes were found to have used substances

- .05% 8th graders, 1.0% 10th graders, 1.5% 12th graders use AS one a year

Current: http://espn.go.com/mlb/topics/_/page/the-steroids-era

ReferencesAssociation Against Steroid Abuse: How anabolic steroids work.http://www.steroidabuse.com/how-anabolic-steroids-work.html

Carroll, W. (2005). The juice the real story of baseball's drug problem. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.

Hartgens, F., "Androgenic-anabolic steroids and athletes," in AccessScience, ©McGraw-Hill Companies, 2009, http://www.accessscience.com

Hartgens, F., & Kuipers, H. (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes

Katz, J. Should we accept steroid use in sports? Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18299098

Lenehan, P. (2003). Anabolic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs. London: Taylor & Francis.M. Todd Washington, "Steroid," in AccessScience, ©McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008, http://www.accessscience.com

Major league baseball's joint drug prevention and treatment program.http://mlbplayers.mlb.com/pa/pdf/jda.pdf

Maravelias, C., Dona, A., Stefanidou, M., & Spiliopoulou, C. (2005). Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes: A constant threat. Toxicology Letters, 158(3), 167-175.

Office of national drug control policy- steroids. (2011). Retrieved 2/7, 2011, from http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/steroids/index.html

Smith, A. M., Stuart, M. J., Sorenson, M. C., & Griesemer, B. A. (2008). Drug use in sports and exercise. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83(2), 251-252.

Steroids (anabolic) drugs of abuse and related topics. (2011). Retrieved 2/7, 2011, from http://www.drugabuse.gov/DrugPages/Steroids.html

The steroids era- MLB topics- ESPN. (2010). Retrieved 2/7http://espn.go.com/mlb/topics/_/page/the-steroids-era