The structure of an Atom The structure of an Atom

The basic parts of an atom includes;The basic parts of an atom includes;

NeutronsNeutrons ProtonsProtons Electrons (mass is negligible).Electrons (mass is negligible).

99% of the total mass of an atom is 99% of the total mass of an atom is found within the nucleus, the core, of found within the nucleus, the core, of the atomthe atom

The structure of an atom The structure of an atom

Sketch a picture of the atom on your Sketch a picture of the atom on your foldablefoldable

The Parts of An Atom The Parts of An Atom

NucleusNucleus: The positively charged center of : The positively charged center of an atom that contains protons (+) and an atom that contains protons (+) and neutrons (0). 99% of the total mass of an neutrons (0). 99% of the total mass of an atom is found in the nucleus.atom is found in the nucleus.

ProtonsProtons: A positively(+) charged particle : A positively(+) charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. found in the nucleus of an atom.

NeutronsNeutrons: A neutral (0) particle found in : A neutral (0) particle found in the nucleus of an atom.the nucleus of an atom.

A.P.E.A.P.E.M.A.N.M.A.N.

A: atomic # Equals the # of A: atomic # Equals the # of

P: protons: P: protons: Equals the # of Equals the # of

E: electrons: E: electrons:

Are All Equal Are All Equal Therefore; Argon has 18 protons, 18 Therefore; Argon has 18 protons, 18

electrons, and atomic number of 18 electrons, and atomic number of 18

Number of Neutrons Number of Neutrons

To calculate the number of To calculate the number of neutrons that an atom of an neutrons that an atom of an element has subtract the atomic element has subtract the atomic number (smaller number) from number (smaller number) from the atomic mass or atomic the atomic mass or atomic weight (larger number).weight (larger number).

M.A.N.M.A.N.

(Mass #) – (Atomic #) = (# of (Mass #) – (Atomic #) = (# of Neutrons)Neutrons)

Warm Up Warm Up

What are groups on the periodic What are groups on the periodic table? In what direction do they runtable? In what direction do they run

What are periods on the periodic What are periods on the periodic table? In what direction do they runtable? In what direction do they run

Quiz Quiz

18 18

ArAr39.948 39.948

Determine the Determine the following; following;

# of Protons# of Protons # of Neutrons# of Neutrons # of Electrons# of Electrons Element NameElement Name

Energy Levels/OrbitalsEnergy Levels/Orbitals

An electron orbital is a region in an An electron orbital is a region in an atom, outside of the nucleus, where atom, outside of the nucleus, where there is a high probability of finding there is a high probability of finding electrons. electrons.

Warm Up Warm Up

What is the formula for e- What is the formula for e- distribution?distribution?

What is the maximum number of What is the maximum number of e-’s that can be held in the 2e-’s that can be held in the 2ndnd, , 33rdrd, and 4, and 4thth orbital hold orbital hold??

Electron Distribution Electron Distribution The electrons are distributed to electron The electrons are distributed to electron

orbitals starting with the most orbitals starting with the most inner orbital inner orbital 1st1st..

Each orbital can only take a certain Each orbital can only take a certain number of electrons. After the orbital has number of electrons. After the orbital has received its’ capacity start filling the next received its’ capacity start filling the next orbital.orbital.

The electron distribution formula is The electron distribution formula is 2n2n2. N is the given orbital

Electron Energy Electron Energy

The closer the electron is to the The closer the electron is to the nucleus the nucleus the lessless energy it has. energy it has.

The further the electron is from the The further the electron is from the nucleus the nucleus the more more energy it has. energy it has.

The most outer shell is referred to as The most outer shell is referred to as the the valence shellvalence shell..

Warm Up Warm Up

An element has a nucleus that An element has a nucleus that contains 9 protons, 10 neutrons, and contains 9 protons, 10 neutrons, and 9 electrons. This is an atom of ? 9 electrons. This is an atom of ?

An element has a nucleus that An element has a nucleus that contains 12 protons, 12 neutrons, contains 12 protons, 12 neutrons, and 12 electrons. This is an atom of?and 12 electrons. This is an atom of?

Locate and review your colored Locate and review your colored periodic table (it was homework)periodic table (it was homework)

Warm Up Warm Up

An element has a nucleus that An element has a nucleus that contains 9 protons, 10 neutrons, and contains 9 protons, 10 neutrons, and 9 electrons. This is an atom of ? 9 electrons. This is an atom of ?

An element has a nucleus that An element has a nucleus that contains 12 protons, 12 neutrons, contains 12 protons, 12 neutrons, and 12 electrons. This is an atom of?and 12 electrons. This is an atom of?

Locate and review your colored Locate and review your colored periodic table (it was homework)periodic table (it was homework)

Warm Up: Complete the chartWarm Up: Complete the chart

Element Element Atomic Atomic ##

Mass Mass

### #

ProtonsProtons##

NeutronNeutronss

##

ElectronElectronss

SymbolSymbol

1010

77

VENN DIAGRAMS VENN DIAGRAMS Due Today !Due Today !

Create a VENN diagram that lists at least Create a VENN diagram that lists at least three things that are unique and three three things that are unique and three things that are common for each of the things that are common for each of the

following:following: Groups vs. PeriodsGroups vs. Periods (think about atomic structure)(think about atomic structure)

Valence Shell e-s vs. Inner Shell e-sValence Shell e-s vs. Inner Shell e-s (see notes (see notes and textbook)and textbook)

Group 1A Elements Reactivity vs. Group 8A Group 1A Elements Reactivity vs. Group 8A ReactivityReactivity (see notes)(see notes)

Anions vs. CationsAnions vs. Cations (see notes and textbook)(see notes and textbook)

Family Quiz Family Quiz

Alkali Metals Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Alkaline Earth MetalsMetals

HalogensHalogens

Noble GasesNoble Gases

7A7A

2A2A

8A8A

1A1A

DirectionsDirections: Match the given groups with their : Match the given groups with their proper familyproper family

AnswersAnswers

GroupsGroups are the vertical columns of are the vertical columns of the periodic table. Groups run up the periodic table. Groups run up and down. There are groups with A and down. There are groups with A coding and Groups with B codingcoding and Groups with B coding

PeriodsPeriods are the horizontal rows found are the horizontal rows found on the periodic table. Periods run left on the periodic table. Periods run left to right. There are 7 periods.to right. There are 7 periods.

Warm Up Draw AtomWarm Up Draw Atom Draw atoms for the elements with atomic Draw atoms for the elements with atomic

numbers (3,11)(6,14)(9,17) (10 and 18).numbers (3,11)(6,14)(9,17) (10 and 18).(Be sure to place the neutrons, electrons, and protons)(Be sure to place the neutrons, electrons, and protons)

QuestionsQuestions What is the relationship between the What is the relationship between the

valence shell electrons and the group? valence shell electrons and the group? What is the relationship between the What is the relationship between the

period and the number of orbitals?period and the number of orbitals? What happens to the size of the atom as What happens to the size of the atom as

you go down a group? you go down a group?

The Period and the e- orbital The Period and the e- orbital

The number of orbitals that a neutral The number of orbitals that a neutral atom of a given element has is equal atom of a given element has is equal to the period in which the element is to the period in which the element is located.located.

IsotopeIsotope

An isotope is a atom of a given An isotope is a atom of a given element that has a different number element that has a different number of neutrons of neutrons

Mole Mole

A mole is a quantity much like a A mole is a quantity much like a dozen is a quantity.dozen is a quantity.

One mole has 6.02 x 10 One mole has 6.02 x 10 23 23 atoms in it.atoms in it.

6.02 x 10 6.02 x 10 2323 is known as Avagodro’s is known as Avagodro’s Number Number

Groups and Valence Shell e-’s Groups and Valence Shell e-’s

The number of electrons found in the The number of electrons found in the most outer shell, the valence shell, is most outer shell, the valence shell, is equal to the group in which the equal to the group in which the element is found.element is found.

Periodic TablePeriodic TableWarm-UpWarm-Up

Draw a Bohr model of an Draw a Bohr model of an atom for an element from atom for an element from

each of the 7 groups.each of the 7 groups.

Be sure that the element has Be sure that the element has an atomic mass of 1-20an atomic mass of 1-20

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

The periodic table has 18 groups if The periodic table has 18 groups if you where to count from the left to you where to count from the left to the right and include all possible the right and include all possible groups.groups.

If you were to exclude the transition If you were to exclude the transition metals there are 8 groups that are metals there are 8 groups that are typically numbered using roman typically numbered using roman numerals and the letter anumerals and the letter a

Homework: Color code the following groups on Homework: Color code the following groups on your periodic table.your periodic table.

Group Group Family Family

1A1A Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

2A2A Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals

3B-2B (d-Block)3B-2B (d-Block) Transition ElementsTransition Elements

3A …3A … MetalloidsMetalloids

7A 7A HalogensHalogens

8A8A Noble GasesNoble Gases

http://www.dayah.com/periodic/http://www.dayah.com/periodic/

Class Assignment Class Assignment

Use a Venn Diagram to differentiate Use a Venn Diagram to differentiate at least three of the following; at least three of the following;

Group 1A Elements vs. Group 8A Group 1A Elements vs. Group 8A ElementsElements

(Atomic Structure and Reactivity)(Atomic Structure and Reactivity) Groups vs. Period and Atomic Groups vs. Period and Atomic

StructureStructure

Warm Up Warm Up

Identify the given elements:Identify the given elements:

The element located in period 3 The element located in period 3 and group 4and group 4

The element located in period 2 The element located in period 2 and in the Halogen familyand in the Halogen family

The element located in period 2 The element located in period 2 and the Noble Gas familyand the Noble Gas family

The Octet Rule The Octet Rule

The The octet ruleoctet rule says that atoms says that atoms tend to gain, lose or share tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have eight electrons so as to have eight electrons in their outer electron electrons in their outer electron shell. All atoms want to have a shell. All atoms want to have a complete outer shell.complete outer shell.

Warm Up Warm Up

Draw a Bohr Model of an atom for an Draw a Bohr Model of an atom for an element with the atomic number (1-element with the atomic number (1-20) found in group 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 20) found in group 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A5A, 6A, 7A, and 8A

Ionization Ionization

Ionization is the process of an Ionization is the process of an atom gaining or losing outer shell atom gaining or losing outer shell electrons in an attempt to satisfy electrons in an attempt to satisfy the octet rulethe octet rule

Ionization Ionization Ionization is the process of an atom Ionization is the process of an atom

gaining or losing electrons from its’ gaining or losing electrons from its’ valence shell.valence shell.

If an atom gains electrons in its valence If an atom gains electrons in its valence shell the atom becomes an anion and shell the atom becomes an anion and carries an overall negative charge. carries an overall negative charge.

If an atom loses electrons from its outer If an atom loses electrons from its outer shell it becomes a cation and carries an shell it becomes a cation and carries an overall positive charge. overall positive charge.

Types of Ions Types of Ions

CationCation: Results from an atom losing : Results from an atom losing electrons the resulting atom will electrons the resulting atom will have a (have a (++) charge) charge

AnionAnion: Results from an atom gaining : Results from an atom gaining electrons the resulting atom will electrons the resulting atom will have a (have a (--)charge)charge

Ionization StateIonization State To determine the oxidation number To determine the oxidation number

for a given atom of a element follow for a given atom of a element follow the listed rulesthe listed rules

1.1. For groups 1A-4A their oxidation For groups 1A-4A their oxidation numbers are the same as their group numbers are the same as their group numbersnumbers

2.2. For groups 5A-8A subtract 8 from the For groups 5A-8A subtract 8 from the group number. (see board for group number. (see board for example).example).