The student will explain conflict and change in Europe to the 21st century.

Political cartoon on the causes that led to World

War I

Imperialism

European nations ruled smaller countries, called colonies, and competed with each other to amass more colonies. Germany and Italy decided they wanted a colonial empires like France and Great Britain.

Arms Race

The more one nation built up its army and navy, the more other nations felt they had

to do the same. Nations needed bigger and better armies and navies to protect

their colonies.

Nationalism

Nationalism gave groups of subject peoples (those people who were under the control of another country’s government) the idea of forming independent nations of their own.

Alliance System

For Twenty years, the nations of Europe had been making alliances. The danger of

these alliances was that an argument between two countries could draw all the

other nations into a fight.

Triple Entente Britain

France

Russia

Central Powers Germany

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

In response, Austria-Hungary issued the July Ultimatum to Serbia which made demands that no sovereign nation could

accept (they blamed Serbia for the assassination) The Serbian government refused to comply and the alliance

system mobilized with Russia coming to the aid of Serbia. This led Germany to come to the aid of Austria-Hungary and

then France to support Russia.

On July 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a member of the

Serbian Black Hand, assassinated Archduke

Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo.

Major developments following World War I:

The Russian Revolution

The Treaty of Versailles

Worldwide depression

The rise of Nazism.

The Russian Revolution1904-1917 – A series of Crises

1905 – Russo-Japanese WarJapan wins some key islands

once owned by Russia

Bloody Sunday (January 22, 1905)Peasants approach the Czar’s winter

palace in St. Petersburg with a petition asking for better work

conditions and food. Troops opened fire on the crowd of women and

children and as many as 1000 die.

The Dumaa legislative body made by the Czar in response to national unrest – he

dissolved it weeks later. Others met, yet did nothing.

WWI – 1914-1917An unmitigated disaster for

Russia. Weak generals, poorly equipped troops (some sent

with no gun!) 4 million Russian soldiers die in the first year.

The war drained the government money reserves

and food shortages begin.

Rasputin

Nicholas II goes to the front, his wife turns to a holy man/psychic

for help in running the government. Russians are

furious about this.

Czar Nicholas II is overthrown. He and his family are executed.

The Treaty of VersaillesIn 1919, this treaty put an official end to World War I. Since Germany

was the loser, they had to agree to its provisions:

Created the League of Nations

The purpose of the organization was to arbitrate

conflicts between nations before they lead to war.

Reparations

It required that Germany accept responsibility for the war and was thus obliged to pay large amounts of compensation to other

countries. Officially put at $33,000,000,000, a sum that many economists deemed to be excessive. The economic problems that the payments

brought are cited as one of the causes of the rise of dictator Adolf Hitler, and inevitably led to the outbreak World War II.

Restricted German armed forces

Loss of Territory

Loss of German colonies around the world, and loss

of German territory to France, Denmark, and

Poland.

Worldwide Depression

http://www.chs.chicousd.org/teachers/DanielWebb/documents/Chapter_15/Section_2/Study_Guide_15_2.pdf

Depression Work Sheet

Stock Market crash of 1929 – the financial affects were felt around the world.

Street scene on Black Thursday, Oct. 24, 1929, the day the New York stock market crashed and the day that many mark

as the beginning of the Great Depression.

The Rise of NazismAfter the defeat in the First

World War, Germany becomes a democracy. Social Democrats and Liberal parties form the

new government. The enormous costs of the war

cause rampant inflation. Unemployment rises to over

five million.

Large parts of the population live in fear of falling back into 19th-century poverty. Nationalist parties and the newly

founded National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) blame the democratic constitution, the parties supporting the new republic and the unjust provisions of the peace treaty of

Versailles for the chaos.

The Nazi Party put

forth these ideals.

The Nazi party under the leadership of

Adolph Hitler gained more votes in every

election. He appealed to the poor and the

powerless. They promised to "restore

honor" to Germans, to renew political order

and to bring back "work and bread."

"Women! Millions of men without work. Millions of children without a future. Save the German family. Vote for Adolf Hitler!"

Explain the impact of WWII in terms of the Holocaust, the origins of the Cold War, and the

rise of Superpowers.

Movie poster: The Eternal Jew

German Propaganda

The United States and the Soviet Union

Vie for power.

It states “The year has ended, the struggle continues”. In such propaganda, Germans are

shown as a strong, handsome and superior race. Jews are shown as ugly, weak, deceitful and

conniving.

Most Nazi propaganda was

directed at Jews. This early image appeared in the Nazi magazine Der Stürmer in 1930,

before the Nazis came into power.

Holocaust

http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/ns_camps.htm The full story.

Hitler blamed Germany’s problems on the Jews.

As Hitler's plan unfolded, mass arrests of Jews were ordered. Men, women and children of all ages were herded into town squares and railway yards in cities throughout Europe. Adults with a trade and in good physical health were taken to work camps where they were forced to work as slaves to supply the German army with food, clothing, weapons and ammunition.

Adults who were sick or too weak to work were taken to death camps where they were either hanged, shot or gassed to death by the thousands. Their bodies, stripped of clothing, jewelry and even the gold fillings in their teeth, were either dumped and buried in mass graves or cremated in large ovens and open pits.

Many school-aged children suffered the same fate as the sick and elderly. Some were spared the death camps, but their fate was just as horrible. They were used as subjects in all kinds of medical experiments. Some were given germs that caused diseases, and once sick, injected with experimental medicines to study how the human body would respond.

An estimated 12 million people died in the holocaust.

Europe became divided after World War II

Origins of the Cold WarThe cold war began with mistrust between the Soviet Union and the western democracies especially the United States.

So why were these two super powers so distrustful of the other?

United States Soviet Union

Free Elections No Elections or fixed elections

Democratic Autocratic/Dictatorship

Capitalist Communist

Survival of the fittest Everybody helps everyone else

Richest world power Poor economic base

Personal freedom Society controlled by the secret police

Freedom of the media

Total censorship

* American fear of communist attack* Truman’s dislike of Stalin* Russia’s fear of the American's atomic bomb * Russia’s dislike of capitalism* Russia’s actions in the Soviet zone of Germany* America’s refusal to share nuclear secrets* Russia’s expansion west into Eastern Europe + broken election promises* Russia’s fear of American attack* Russia’s need for a secure western border* Russia’s aim of spreading world communism

Causes of the Cold War

To be a superpower, a nation needs to have a strong economy, an overpowering military, immense

international political power and, a strong national ideology.

The Rise of Superpowers

United StatesSoviet UnionBritish EmpireBritish Commonwealth

World Superpowers in 1945

Explain how the collapse of the Soviet Union led to the end of the Cold War and German reunification.

First, the Soviets underestimated the degree to which the non-Russian ethnic groups in the country (which was more than fifty percent of the total population) would resist assimilation into a Russianized State.

Second, their economic planning failed to meet the needs of the State, which was caught up in a vicious arms race with the United States (more spending on military needs than the peoples needs). This led to gradual economic decline, eventually necessitating the need for reform.

Finally, the ideology of Communism, which the Soviet Government worked to instill in the hearts and minds of its population, never took firm root, and eventually lost whatever influence it had originally carried.

Reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union

In December of 1991, as the world watched in amazement, the Soviet Union disintegrated into fifteen separate countries.

German Reunification From 1945 until 1990, Germany was divided into

two countries: East Germany and West

Germany. East Germany had a Communist

government and West Germany was a

democracy. The city of Berlin was also divided. East Berlin became the capital of East Germany

and West Berlin was a part of West Germany.

Unification means making two or more parts as one.

The German reunification took place on October 3, 1990, when East Germany again became a part of the Federal

Republic of Germany. The wall that divided East and West Berlin, a symbol of the Iron Curtain that divided the country, came down. People were now free to travel all over Germany.

Created by Debra Harrington – Yeager Middle School

References• http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Palms/2460/causes.html • http://www.cim.edu/download/dlEvRevRusOutline.pdf • http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/tr/Treaty_of_Versailles • http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/mhi/00157

eea.gif

• http://www.coldwar.org/articles/90s/fall_of_the_soviet_union.asp • http://www.studyworld.com/newsite/ReportEssay/History/General%5CRise_

of_Superpowers_After_WWII-81.htm

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Superpower_map_1945.PNG • http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/what%20was%20the%20cold%20war.ht

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• http://crookedtimber.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/versailles.jpg • http://www.annefrankguide.net/en-US/content/struggle.jpg • http://www.ushmm.org/propaganda/assets/images/500x/poster-women-save

-family.jpg