the study of application of nano fluid synthases in the … · 2020. 11. 9. · the study of...

The Study of Application of Nano Fluid

Synthases in the Treatment of Structural

Disintegration and Architectural facades of

Hatshepsut Limestone Temple in Deir El-Bahari

A.F. Gelany

Basic Science Department, The High Institute of Engineering and technology, Luxor, Egypt

J. N Falana

Civil Engineering Technology Department, Federal Polytechnic Ile Oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria

, Ahmed S. Shiba

Architecture. Department, Faculty of Engineering, Beni-Suef University, Egypt

Abstract- The Temple of Hatshepsut was constructed during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut to worship Idol Amun Rai,

in the modern state and specifically in the eighteenth family and is characterized by a unique architectural style and is

considered one of the best temples constructed in that period 3500 years ago in Deir el-Bahari.

This temple was built from Thebes limestone extracted from the ancient quarry in Gebel Qurna. Considering the age at

which this temple was built and its exposure to severe environmental condition such as temperature change and relative

humidity, this building gradually deteriorate with time and cracking and spalling are seen on the surface of the building.

This effect of deterioration resulted to structural disintegration and ultimately detrimental to the integrity of the

masonry. The study therefore aimed at using suspension of Nano fluids synthase from Thebes limestone in coating the

surface of the building to reduce the effect of deterioration, the destruction of its distinctive architectural facades, and the

obliteration of its colors.

This study further investigates the structural, petrological and mechanical characteristics of the Nano Thebes limestone

using the Transmission Electron Microscope, X-Ray Diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscope. In

addition to this, a number of test were performed, the compressive strength test, thermo analytic test (TGA/ DTA) and

the microstructural test on the experimental Thebes limestone and the one coated by Nano Synthases. Results of the study

ultimately show that treatment of Thebes’s limestone with Nano fluid synthases enhances the aesthetics, strength, and

ability to withstand environmental conditions over thousands of years. And, preserves the architectural details of the

facades and the colors used. Which is the ultimate goal of the study for the purpose of conservation and sustainability of

heritage building.

Keywords: Deterioration, Nano Fluid Synthases, Transmission Electron Microscope, The architectural facades of the

temple, X-Ray Diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

I. INTRODUCTION

Temple of Hatshepsut acquired distinctive architectural value due to the architectural style and unique

architectural facades that the colors covered and given it the beautiful value made it one of the most important of

Deir el-Bahari Temples. This uniqueness of architectural value had become in serious danger due to the sharp

deterioration and laceration arising from vulnerability to environmental factors such as moisture which would be

called for urgent intervention through untraditional processing methods to maintain the unique value. Temple of

Hatshepsut considered one of the most important of Mortuary Temple in Deir el-Bahari which includes main three

temples are Mentuhotep II, Hatshepsut, and Thutmose III. The Hatshepsut temple is an unusual design of the ancient

Egyptian temples which typically consisted of the gigantic structure (huge gate), Hypostyle Hall, the smaller

structure followed by Hypostyle hall then third structure, followed by Hypostyle hall ends to chapel. While the

Temple of Hatshepsut consists of the arcade instead of the structure, the terraces one another is above each other

instead of Hypostyle Hall, those terraces are connected by cliffs. The outstanding design of the Temple of

Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology

Volume XII, Issue IV, 2020

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Hatshepsut which consists of followed three-story with open terraces. The horizontal projection has shown Figure

(1) is one of the reasons exposure its facades to environmental factors led to damage of facades and the impact of the

inscriptions that carry significant artistic and historical values. Also, the traditional methods in restoration are

worthless under direct exposure to environmental factors which requires more of the search for more effective

material to face increased exposure to the facades with three- story (Figure 2) which increases the rate of interaction

with weathering which results in damage to Inscriptions and colors. Figure.(3)

Figure 1: The horizontal projection of Deir el-Bahari Temples, on the right is Temple of Hatshepsut, on the left is Mentuhotep II, and at the upper

is Thutmose III

Figure 2: outstanding facades of mortuary temple of Hatshepsut in two story that increases the rate of exposure to environmental factors



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Figure 3: The Inscriptions and colors of the Hatshepsut Temple were affected as a result of exposure to environmental factors

Ancient Egyptians constructed houses, palaces, temples and tombs mainly of environmental stones (Falana

et al., 2020) and limestone and sandstone was the most commonly used materials in the construction of sacred

buildings in Egypt because of its resistant to harsh weather. During the period of Queen Hatshepsut, Hatshepsut

temple was built of local materials from Thebes limestone extracted from ancient quarry in Gebel Qurna (Aubry et al.,

2009), (Pawlicki, 2017) (King, 2017). The study of Graue et al., (2007) revealed that severe deterioration results into

the structural disintegration of rock masses, which is as a result of a clearly pronounced cataclastic overprint and has

become a major structural problem since the tomb’s origin. An example can be seen in figure 4 which shows the

deface of the sculpture of Queen Hatshepsut, which is as a result of hazard of rockslides, extreme salt contamination

in certain areas, and the disintegration of the surface of the stone by carbonation process (Graue et al., 2007). Figure

5 also shows the status of the temple surface and the extent of the deterioration resulting from the fall of rock slides

(the picture shows from the entrance of the temple at beginning of the restoration processes in the temple since 1954).

Figure 4: Deface the sculpture of Queen Hatshepsut



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Figure 5: The status of the temple surface and the extent of the deterioration resulting from the fall of rock slides (the picture shows from the

entrance of the temple at beginning of the restoration processes in the temple since 1954).

Hatshepsut temple suffered intense erosion as the micro-environmental conditions are critical to conserve

Hatshepsut temple mortars wall, paintings and carved hieroglyphs. Mohamed et al., (2019) found that the expansive

properties (swelling) of Esna Shale with the presence of ground water is one of the major factor causing the

separation between the Esna shale formations under laid by Thebes limestone, causing possible collapse of the cliffs,

particularly where deep fissures have developed, these causes the rockslides under the effect of natural hazards.

Bashed & Sediek (1997), further stressed that the Thebes limestone are of low to medium strength rocks with low

modulus ratios according to Deere's (1968) classification. Thus, the pronounced structural disintegration of Thebes

limestone (carbonation processes) has to be dealt with, complete structure needs to be stabilized and the surface need

to be treated to preserve the ancient buildings. Recent studies interested on the role of material’s characteristics in

deterioration and conservation. Using unsymmetrical polymeric materials to coat Thebes limestone causes some

restoration problems. However, this study look into coating the sample gotten from heritage buildings with Nano fluid

synthases to increase the strength, durability and possibly extend its service life. The petrological tests are carried out

by using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) method and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Figure 6 below

illustrate the feature of stone after coated by polymeric materials ((Derluyn et al., (2014), (Abdellah et al., 2017)),

Therefore, investigating the properties of the materials used in coating of Thebes limestone is substantially to

integrate conservation approach.



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Figure 6: Illustrate the feature of stone after coated by polymeric materials

II. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural, petrological and mechanical characteristics

of the Nano Thebes limestone using the Transmission Electron Microscope, X-Ray Diffraction, and Fourier-

transform infrared spectroscope. Experimental Thebes limestone coated by Nano Thebes limestone was also

examined using the uniaxial compression strength machine, thermo analytic technique (Differential Thermal

Analysis (DTA)/Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

2.1 Ball milling

Nano fluids are suspension of Nano calcium hydroxide derived from Thebes limestone which

synthase by Ball milling process, to obtain this fresh samples of Thebes limestone selected from ancient

quarry at Gabel el Qurna, samples were crushed into powder by hammer and the powder of the Thebes

limestone was milled by Ball milling process (Sopicka et al., 2010), (De Gisi et al., 2017) to a Nano size at

Nano materials laboratory south valley university.

2.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is used to describe morphology, size, shape, and

arrangement of particles on a scale of atomic diameter, crystallographic information, and compositional

information (Pavel Zinin, 2006). Figure 7 below shows the TEM photographic examination of Nano size

from Nano materials which synthesis from environmental Thebes Limestone (impurity). TEM test was done

at central Mansoura University lab.



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Figure 7 TEM for Nano environmental Thebes Limestone

2.3 Fourier-transform infrared (Ft-Ir) spectroscopy

Table 1 illustrate FT-IR analysis sample of Nano Calcium Carbonate Thebes, Wavenumbers cm–1 3428.81 cm-1

corresponded to O─H bond (H- Bridge). Wavenumbers cm-1 2874.38 Corresponding to =C=H. Wavenumbers cm-1

2512.79 refer to =N=H which refer to environmental impact. Wavenumbers 1798.3 cm-1 corresponds to , -

unsaturated. Wavenumbers 799.35cm-1 corresponds to =C=C-H. Wavenumbers 712.569 cm-1 corresponds to H-

C=C-H. Wavenumbers 470.546 cm-1 matches with Asymmetric bending vibrations of the [SiO4] (impurity),

these refers to impurity of environmental materials. Table (1) illustrate that; wavenumber 2512.79 cm-1

matched with , which is an indicator for air pollution of the environment. Wavenumber 470.546

cm-1 also matched with asymmetric bending vibrations of the [SiO4], these is due to impurity of the Thebes

limestone and interpretation for the depositional ecology.

F igure (8) also show the FT- IR analysis for Nano materials synthase from naturally Thebes Limestone.

Figure 8. FT – IR analysis for Nano Thebes Limestone.



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Table 1. Types (Functional groups) detected by FT-IR Spectroscopy for samples of Nano lime

Type Wavenumber [cm-1]

3428.81

2874.38

2512.79

unsaturated -,

1798.3

1435.74

isolated aromatic C-H 874.56

799.35

712.569

Asymmetric bending vibrations of the [SiO4] 470.546

2.4 X-Ray Diffraction patterns

X-ray diffraction patterns was recorded, with each measurement with an average of 1 min intervals for data

collection. After 2 h, a final X-ray pattern was then recorded. X-ray diffraction patterns was measured on a Philips

PW 3710 MPD controlled diffractometer; anode material Cu at the central laboratory South Valley University, X-ray

diffraction apparatus is capable of measuring diffraction intensities using a position sensitive detector in the range of

20o to 80°, Cu K radiation was used. The instrument allows the observation of the time evolution of crystal

structures at high temperatures (Borrmann et al., 2008), figure (9) illustrate XRD of Nano-Thebes limestone in size

22 nm.



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Figure (9) XRD of Nano-Thebes limestone

2.5 Compression Mechanical Test

24 Samples from old Thebes limestone quarry at Gabel Al Quran near the Valley of the Kings were cut as

cubic shape. Figure (10) shows comparison stress /strain curves for sample of limestone without coating and coated

Thebes limestone, cubic samples of limestone of (30 mm ×30 mm ×30 mm) is tested in compression using the

computerized universal testing machine (model WDW-100) at 1mm/min crosshead speed. The compression test is

carried out according to ASTM D2938-95 adopted by Abdellah & Mohamed, (2014). The samples of the coated

limestone were tested until cracks appeared then the machine was stopped. The result from the compression tests

illustrated the strength of the Thebes limestone was significantly increased when coated with Nano powder.

Figure: 10 Stress/Strain curve of Thebes limestone coated with Nano-Thebes limestone

2.6 Thermo Analytic Test (TGA/ DTA) thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA)

Thermal stability of the treated samples was studied by the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) / Differential

thermal analysis (DTA) at thermal analysis unit at the central Laboratory of Assuit University. Figure 11 shows the

thermal stability of sample of limestone coated with Nano calcium hydroxide, this can be seen in the DTA curve. It

also shows there is no defusing in the heat peak before 400o C which means thermal stability of a coated sample

signifies a good property via decay factors and environmental changes.



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Figure: 11 Thermal analysis (TGA / DTA) of coated limestone sample.

2.7 Scanning Electron Microscope

Scanning Electron Microscope used to clear the microstructural analysis, figure (12) show the deference

between the crashed samples after mechanical tests of Coated Samples (a) and uncoated samples (b) in scales 5 µm,

figure (13) show the deference between the crashed samples after mechanical tests of Coated Samples (a) and

uncoated samples (b) in scales 10 µm, which show irregular shape for all particles (origin stone particles and Nano

Thebes Calcium Carbonate particles). It is clear that porous filled after coating by Nano Thebes limestone.

Figure: 12 SEM of Coated Samples (a) and uncoated samples (b) in scales 5 µm.



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Figure 13: SEM of Coated Samples (a) and uncoated samples (b) in scales 10 µm.

III. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Results from the study illustrated that Nano fluid synthases can be used in the treatment of ancient buildings

to reduce the effect of deterioration when expose to environmental conditions. Properties of Thebes limestone and

coated Thebes limestone was investigated and analyzed. The study shows that using the same material to coat,

prevent the ancient building of the changes of microstructure of materials due to environmental impacts. More so, the

coated material and the building material are from the same material obtain from the same ancient quarry. Synthetic

Nano materials of Thebes limestone was used to treat the pore space and initial cracks of the building stones, TEM

shows the Nano size and shape of synthetic Nano environmental Thebes Limestone, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-

IR) spectroscopy illustrate the impurity of the coated materials due to the depositional ecology, XRD patterns shows

the presence of clay minerals in the coated materials which is also present in the building materials which means the

environmental impaction will be of little effect.

The study also indicated that mechanical properties of coated limestone are better than uncoated samples,

microstructural analysis of coated and uncoated samples is clear by SEM analysis, the particles of synthetic Thebes

limestone was used in the filling of the pore space and micro cracks of limestone. Thermal stability of sampled

limestone coated with Nano Calcium Hydroxide, which cleared in DTA curve means that the coated sample signifies

a good property via decay factors and environmental changes. Therefore, the study concludes that using same

materials in treatment of ancient buildings means actual sustainable concept. In general, experience has shown that

using nanotechnology to process old buildings reduce its vulnerability to environmental factors and maintains

Inscriptions, colors, and architectural styles of facades.

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