the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences
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SYNTAX The study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences.
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SYNTAX Remember the following rules: S NP VPNP ART (Adj) N
PNVP V NP (PP) Adv)PP Prep NP
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SYNTAX
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SYNTAX
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Grammatical vs. UngrammaticalWell-formed or grammatical sentence: a
sequence of words that conform to the rules of syntax.
Ill-formed or ungrammatical sentence: a sequence of words that violate the rules of syntax
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Grammatical or Ungrammatical:1. The boy found the ball2. The boy found quickly3. The boy found in the house4. The boy found the ball in the house5. Disa slept the baby6. Disa slept soundlyFind: Transitive verb (with object)
Sleep: Intransitive verb (no object)
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Syntactic Categories (1)
Lexical categoriesNoun (N)Verb (V)Adjective (A)Preposition (P)Adverb (Adv)
Examplesmoisture, policymelt, remaingood, intelligentto, nearslowly, now
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Syntactic Categories (2)
Non-lexical categories Determiner (Det) Degree word (Deg) Qualifier (Qual) Auxiliary (Aux) Conjunction (Conj) Complementizer (Comp)
Examples the, this very, more always, perhaps will, can and, or that (clause)
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Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.
a. The glass suddenly broke.
b. A jogger ran towards the end of the lane.
c. The peaches never appear quite ripe.
d. Gillian will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra.
Det / N / Adv / V
Det / N / V / P / Det / N / P / Det / N
N / Aux / V / Det / N / Conj / Det / N / P / Det / N
Det / N / Qual / V / Deg / A
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Phrases
NP : Noun PhraseThe car, a clever student
VP : Verb Phrasestudy hard, play the guitar
PP : Prepositional Phrasein the class, above the earth
AP : Adjective Phrasevery tall, quite certain
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Phrase Structure RulesNP (Det) N (PP)PP P NP
The bus (NP)
The
NDet
bus
The bus in the yard
NP
The
NDet
bus
PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
yard
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Phrase Structure RulesVP V (NP) (PP)S NP (Aux) VP
took the money (VP)
took
NPV
took the money from the bank
VP
took
NPV PP
from
NPP
the
Det N
bank
the
Det N
money
the
Det N
money
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Example The children put the toy in the box
V PP
in
NPP
the
Det N
boxThe
N
put
S
NP VP
Det
children
NP
the
Det N
toy