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]THIS IS TO FULFILL THE NEED OF STUDENTS ABOUT SIMPLE ENGLISH GRAMMAR WITH ITS APPLICATION IN OUR DAILY LIFE. THE LACK OF REFERENCE AND LITERATURE WILL MAKE BARRIER FOR THE STUDENTS TO GET MORE INFORMATION. THIS IS ALSO DEDICATED AS A SYMPATHY AND HIGH SELF – BELONGING OF THE WRITER TO PQEC INSTITUTE WHICH HAS GIVEN MUCH INSPIRATION TO DEVELOP OUR BELOVED INSTITUTION. HOPEFULLY THIS WOULD BE MUCH USEFUL FOR EVERYONE ELSE WHO IS INTERESTED IN ENGLISH.

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2012

PQEC INSTITUTE

R. SUHARTAJI

THE SUBJECT MATTERS OF N-2.1. Imperative.2. Once and Ever.3. Impersonal “IT”4. The Use of “LET”5. Exceptional Words “ing- form”6. Preference. 7. Shall and Will.8. The use of Modals Auxiliary verbs.9. T i m e.10.The Use of “Be”

1. IMPERATIVEImperative is a form of a verb which expressing of command, request or advice. Imperative form must be a verb. We can use the verb directly to be imperative form by adding the exclamation mark (!) at the end of the sentence. e.g.: - Take it! - Don’t do that! - Read it! - Don’t say that! - Write it! - Don’t throw it away!, etc. Note: if the verb is transitive, we have to put an object (it), but if the verb is intransitive, we may not put an object (it) but we have to put an adverb.e.g.: - Sit down! ( not sit it! ) - Don’t run away! - Go away! ( not go it! ) - Don’t go out! - Stand up! ( not stand it! ) - Don’t speak up!

If we don’t find any verb, especially in nominal sentences, we have to add with “Be” as the representative of verb.

Be, if it goes with adjective, it doesn’t have any meaning.e.g.: - Be careful to cross the road! - Don’t be careless! - Be honest to yourself! - Don’t be stupid! - Be diligent to learn! - Don’t be lazy to learn!

Be, if it goes with noun, it has meaning “menjadi, jadilah”e.g.: - Be a good boy! - Don’t be a corruptor! - Be an honest man! - Don’t be a cruel man! - Be a trustworthy girl! - Don’t be careless girl!

Be, if it goes with adverb, it has meaning “berada, beradalah”e.g.:

- Be here! - Don’t be there! - Be at home on time! - Don’t be under the tree! - Be in the class! - Don’t be alone to go out!

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In imperative we shall find : The speaker : I (the first person singular), The ordered speaker : You (the second person, singular and plural), The doer order : You (the second person, singular and plural) We use the word “LET” if the doer is the first or the third person.

e.g.: - Let me go! - Let me handle it! - Let her alone! , etc.

In imperative, we often find as if there is no “Subject” in it, but actually the subject is left out, because we have already known the subject is “you” the second person (singular or plural)e.g.: - Don’t make her sad! The subject is “You”, it is from “You, don’t make her sad!” - Just take it home! The subject is “You”, it is from “You, take it home!” - Be patient to face the trials! The subject is “You”, it is from “You, be patient to face the trials!”

But, if we want to show the subject, we can put the subject and then we put comma after that. e.g.: - You, take the chair for me! - Everybody, Stand up! - Come forward, Julia!If the imperative is in the forms of “Public signs, leaflet or announcement”, the subject is the one who reads it.e.g.: - Keep out of the grass! - No entrance! - No feeding the animal! We can also make imperative from “ NO + VERB - ING (GERUND)”, especially found in public signs.e.g.: - No speaking but English! - No parking here! - No kidding!, etc.

THE SCEMA OF IMPERATIVE

INSTRUCTIONS COMMAND PROHIBITIONIMPERATIVE

REQUEST POLITE REQUEST PLEASE, ……!

MORE POLITE REQUEST : WOULD YOU LIKE + TO INFINITIVE VERB ………………?

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WOULD YOU MIND + VERB – ING …………………………? WOULD YOU PLEASE + BARE INFINITIVE VERB ……..?

- Command : Instruction : - Fetch me the chair!

- Go away!

Prohibition : - Don’t make so much noise, there is examination ! - Don’t smoke here! - Request :

Polite Request : we only put “please”, it could be in the beginning or at the end of the sentence.e.g.: - Please, wait for me a moment! - Hold on, please!

More Polite Request : there several alternatives to use more polite request, such like : Would you like to take me home? Would you mind taking me home? Would you please take me home?

- Giving advice :e.g.: - Don’t be careless to cross the road! - Be diligent to learn!

- Express of desire or wishing : e.g.: - May you have happiness on your birthday! - May you have a long life!

2. ONCE AND EVER

Both the words once and ever have the same meaning “pernah” and the same part of speech as “adverb.” 2.1. Once (adverb) : pernah (sekali)

It is applied for positive/affirmative sentence with “Present Perfect Tense”, or to answer the question by using “Ever” e.g.: - Melati has once visited to Pangandaran beach, and she got very much impression there.

- I have once visited to River Thames to see the Big Ben when I was in London. - Vanessa has once been to Bali, while she came to Indonesia. - Have you ever been to New York, the Big Apple City? Yes, I’ve once.

Once = sekali Four times = empat kali Twice = dua kali Five times = lima kali Thrice = tiga kali Ten times = sepuluh kali, etc. e.g.: - Gloria has once been to Tokyo.

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- Stephanie has ever twice been to Bahamas Island. - George and Pieter have ever thrice been skating to Switzerland.

2.2. ONCE (conjunction) : segera, sesudah e.g.: - Once I have understood all the lessons I will move to higher level. - Once Alice has (got) much money, she will buy a dictionary. - Once I have arrived in Rome, I will drop you a letter, etc.

2.3. ONCE IN IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS : All at once = at the same time, suddenly (serentak, bersamaan) e.g.: - Don’t speak all at once! = Jangan berbicara serentak. - You may come to my house any time but you had better not all at once. - The society gave their votes all at once to select a new major. Once only = sekali saja. e.g.: - Excuse, Sir. Would you like to let me go home early once only? Once again = sekali lagi (mengulangi sekali lagi) e.g.: - Excuse me, Sir. I don’t understand the subject yet, would you explain it once again, if you don’t mind? Once more = sekali lagi (menambah lagi) e.g.: - The ice cream is really heaven (delicious), may I have once more, mom? Once upon time = a long time ago (pada suatu ketika), often used at the beginning of the story for children. e.g.: - Once upon time there was a beautiful girl living alone in the forest. Once-in-a-lifetime = very rarely (sangat jarang sekali) e.g.: - Our trip to Europe is going to be a once-in-a-lifetime experience. Once or twice = a few times. e.g.: - He has only once or twice spent the night at a hotel in his whole life. Once and for all = menyeluruh. e.g.: - Government needs to find a once and for all solution to the unemployment problem in our country. Once over = a brief and not very detailed (sekilas, sepintas) e.g.: - She doesn’t know much about Tom because she only knows him once over Saying : …”Once bitten, twice shy” means if something you did had a bad result in the past, you are often unwilling to take a similar risk again. (kapok) Once in a blue moon = very rarely (sangat jarang sekali). e.g.: - Once in a blue moon, Shierly comes to see her mother.

2.4. BEEN AND GONE

We use the present perfect of To Be (been) to say that someone has visited a place and has come back.

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e.g.: - Amanda has been to Mecca. (She went there and she has came back)

We use the present perfect of to go (gone) to say that someone has visited and has not come back yet. e.g.: - Verika has gone to California. (She hasn’t come back yet; she is still there)

2.5. Ever (adverb) : pernah

The most formal using of ever are in negative and interrogative sentences by using “Present Perfect Tense” e.g.: - Have you ever shaken hands with President? Yes, I’ve once. No, I’ve never. - Has she ever been to California? Yes, she’s once. No, she’s never. - Have you ever had financial problem at the end of the month? Yes, I’ve once. No, I’ve never.

- Have you ever felt over acting to someone? Yes, I’ve once. No, I’ve never. - Lauren has once been to Paris but she has never visited the Eiffel tower. - We have never seen the very big sky scraper like this.

The word “ever” can also be applied for with interrogative words like: what, where, when, Who, etc. plus adverb of degree: far, most, too, very, quite, etc. to modify adjective. e.g.: - What is the most interesting place you have ever visited? - What are the most romantic words you have ever said to your boy /girl friend? - What is the most embarrassment thing you have ever done? - Who is the most popular person you have ever shaken hand with? - Who is the very attractive girl you have ever made relationship with? - Where is very best hotel you have ever spent the night?, etc. Ever can also be applied for interrogative sentence with “Present Tense” in informal situation e.g.: - Do you ever swim in the sea? Yes, I do. No, I don’t. - Does he ever come to your house? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. - Does she ever hurt your heart? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.

Ever can go with “Interrogative words” mean “saja/pun” Whatever : apa saja, apapun. e.g.: - He will approve whatever you want. - She will not believe in whatever you say. - Whatever did you eat this morning?

Wherever : dimana saja, dimanapun, kemana saja, kemanapun. e.g.: - She promised to follow me wherever I go. - Mr. John will go to the place wherever he wants it. - The police will arrest the terrorists wherever they hide.

Whenever : kapan saja, kapanpun.

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e.g.: - Please come to my house whenever you want it. - Whenever you ask for a help, I will help you. - He will be pleasure to take you home whenever you need it. Whoever (subject) : siapa saja, siapapun. e.g.:

- Whoever rides on a motor cycle on the way, she/he should have a driving license. - Whoever is late to return the book back, she/he will get the fine. - Whoever may come to my house as long as I am at home.

Whomever (object) : siapa saja, siapapun. e.g.: - Whomever did you meet on Suzanna’s birthday party last night? - Whomever does she make a friend with? - Amanda always greets whomever she meets on the way home. Ever goes with “comparative adjective” mean: dari pada biasanya. e.g.: - Julia looks slimmer than ever. Perhaps, she joins with a diet. - Today’s weather is hotter than ever. - After having facial treatment regularly, Titih’s face looks brighter than ever. - Miss. Titih Faridah is diligent to care for her body, so her body looks smoother than ever. Ever can also go with “superlative adjective” - This is the best work you have ever done. - This is the most expensive thing I have ever bought by myself. - She thinks today is the sweetest day she has ever had. - Bali is the most beautiful place he has ever visited, etc. Ever goes with adjective means “always” e.g.: - The king is ever happy. - The poor are ever sad. - Prita is ever late coming to his office. - Ursula is ever sleepy in the class, etc. Ever is sometimes used to mean ‘always’ in compound expressions with adjective and participle. e.g.: - Many people complain about an ever-increasing tax every year. - I feel bored to hear with her ever-complaining life every day. - Titih has an ever-smiling face that makes many men admire her very much.

Ever can also means “at any time/ kadang-kadang” and it is used with “Present tense. e.g.: - She ever goes to watch a film with her friends. - Patricia ever gets body scrap once a month. - Do you ever go by the train to take a long trip?

2.6. EVER IN IDIOMATICAL EXPRESSIONS :

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Hardly ever = almost never. e.g.: - Mr. Anthonio hardly ever goes out. He always stays at home all day long.

Ever so and Ever such = very or extremely (slightly informal)e.g.: - Thanks ever so much for helping me. - Jack got ever so drunk last night. - Titih’s ever such a smart woman.

Am I ever = yes, very much.e.g.: - Are you looking forward to your vacation? “Am I ever” (Yes, very much) - Do you enjoy the trip? “Am I ever” - Do you like pizza? “Am I ever”

Evergreen = always popular.e.g.: - She just likes to sing evergreen love songs.Evergreen of plants, trees, bushes = having leaves for the whole year. (selalu hijau sepanjang tahun)e.g.: - The city parks need planting some evergreen trees that will make the city’s resident pleasant to go through. Everlasting = forever, eternal.e.g.: - A couple of lovers promised to keep on having everlasting happiness together. - Each person should think about an everlasting life in the hereafter. Ever after = forever.e.g.: - Finally, the lonely girl lives happily with her husband who cares for her ever after. Ever since = semenjak, sejake.g.: - Julia and Harry have been a romantic couple ever since they met.If ever = sekiranya, seandainya.e.g.:

- If ever I am successful to gain my dream, it certainly makes me proud.

3. IMPERSONAL “IT”

It is used as a Subject or Object of a verb or after a preposition.3.1. Used to refer to a thing or an animal that has already been mentioned or that is being talked about.

e.g.: - Where is your cat? It is in the kitchen. Did you see it? - Start with a new file and put your data in it. - This soup is tasteless, please put some salt in it and stir it well. It will be good. (tasty, delicious, yummy) but if you put too much salt in it, it will be salty.(asin) - This coffee tastes too bitter, please put some sugar in it and stir it well. Now, try to taste it, it must be sweet. Remember not to put too much sugar

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in your coffee, it will be sickly (terlalu manis)

3.2. Used to refer to a baby, especially one whose sex is unknown yet. e.g.: - The doctor predicts that her baby will due to next month. She hopes it will be a boy. - The baby next door kept me awake. It cried all night long.

3.3. Used to refer to a fact or situation that is already known or happened. e.g.: - When the factory closed, it will mean 5000 people losing their jobs. - Yes, I was at home alone last night. What’s about it? (why do you ask ?) - Stop it! You are hurting me!

3.4. Used to identify a person. e.g.: - It is your mother on the phone…. Are you Ok? - Hello, Pieter. It is Paul here. - Was it you who put these books on my desk? - (Is it) Anybody home? ... Who is it? I’m coming!

3.5. Used in the position of Subject or Object of a verb, when the real subject or object is at the end of the sentence. e.g.: - It is impossible to get there on time. - She finds it boring at home. - I find it strange that she doesn’t want to go with me. 3.6. It is used in the position of subject of a verb when we are talking about: The time, the date, distance, the weather. e.g.: - It is Sunday, What time is it now? - It was raining this morning, it was so cold. - How far is it from your house to here? It is about 5 kilometers. - Today’s weather is very hot as it was yesterday. 3.7. Used to emphasize any part of a sentence. e.g.: - It is Arnold the clever one. - It is Spain our destination to Europe. - It is Eiffel tower the place I met Miss. Tiffa for the first time. 4. THE USE OF LET.

Let (verb) : marilah, lepaskanlah, ijinkanlah, biarkanlah.

Let (v) : Membiarkan. it is used before object.e.g.: - Don’t let her alone! - He won’t let his children suffered. - Would you let in? It is raining outside.

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- Amanda never lets anyone read her diary. - Would you like to let me sit on this chair for a moment?

- I will never let you down.

Let (v) : mengijinkan. It is used before object. e.g.: - Would you like to let me take a rest in your room? - Sarah will never let you read her diary. - I want to let you borrow my book only for today. - Mother will not let me go outside home at night alone. - He doesn’t want to let anyone come into his house.

Let (v) : melepaskan. It goes with object. e.g.: - Why don’t you let this bird fly? - She wants to let her suffering from debt. - The bird tried to let the string from its wing. - We try to let the chains of poverty.

- She isn’t successful to let the love bound of him.

Let (v) : marilah. It only goes with the object of “us” e.g.: - Let’s (let us) have a seat! - Let’s (Let us) go on swimming! - Let’s (let us) enjoy this moment! - Let’s (let us) practice our English every day. - Let’s (let us) stop arguing with one another.

Let (conjunction) : meskipun, walaupun. It is placed before subject. e.g.: - Let the rain down heavily, she went out without umbrella with her. - Let it is small but it has good quality. - Let Miss. Titih Faridah is beautiful but she is a humble girl. - Let it is very difficult but I am sure I can get it someday. - Let the life is very difficult but we have to struggle for the fittest.

Let (v) : menyewakan. It is placed with a noun. e.g.: - My mother lets the pavilion to Mr. Phillips Arthur for 3 years. - I don’t want to let my own house to the Jackson. - Marry can make money by letting some comic and novels in her neighbor. - Mr. Pieter is rich and he lets some of his cars monthly. - Would you let your rice field for me? - She has a room to let in her house. Let alone = apalagi, jangankan. e.g.: - I don’t have a penny let alone one hundred thousand rupiah. (Jangankan seratus ribu seperakpun saya tidak punya) - She doesn’t a boy friend let alone a son. (Jangankan punya anak laki pacarpun dia tidak punya) - He doesn’t have a hut let alone a palace.

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(Jangankan istana gubukpun dia tidak punya)

Let in = membiarkan masuk. e.g.: - She called me and let me in to the visiting room. - I let him in because the weather outside is very cold. - Why don’t you let her in and have lunch together?

Let know = memberitahukan. e.g.: - If you feel happy please let me know. - Let me know if you don’t feel satisfied with our service. - Please let me know if you feel satisfied with our service. Let up = berhenti, reda. e.g.: - The rain has let up and we can continue our trip. - He never lets up care for her.

5. EXCEPTIONAL WORDS OF “ING – FORM” There are some prepositions that to be followed by verb, then the verb should be added with the word “ ing”, but it doesn’t have meaning “sedang” like in continuous tense. Because the “ing” form is “a Gerund”. Gerund is a noun which to be formed from verb + ing.

The words are : after, before, while, because of, without, in, at, by, for, about, instead of, despite of, etc. Basically all preposition, comes the verb, the verb should be followed by ing form.

Here they are :- After (setelah) : e.g.: - Julia will go home after finishing doing all her work. - I promise to visit your house after arriving in Bandung. - We shall go out after locking up all doors and windows. - Josephine straight goes to bed after washing her make up. - I feel fresh after taking a rest for a moment.

- Before (sebelum) : e.g.:

- Thinking twice before doing anything! - Marilyn won’t ever go out before having permission from her mother. - Don’t forget to wash your feet before sleeping. - Mr. Paul was teaching English here before moving to Jakarta. - She begged apologize to all her friends before leaving them.

- While (sewaktu) : e.g.:

- We must be serious while studying. - While saying this, she was not really unaware. - I met her on the way home while crossing the road.

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- While sleeping I heard somebody scream for help. - While reading a novel You came to see me.

- Because of (dikarenakan) : e.g.:

- Because of having no money Jason went home on foots. - He feels lonely because of having no friend in this town.

- Because of smuggling some heroine he was 5 years in jail. - Tommy has to take a rest for several days because of being sick. - Because of being overweight Jacqueline decided to join dietary program.

-Without (tanpa) : e.g.:

- A man without having an ambition is like a bird without wings. - He can keep alive without eating anything. - Without saying anything, Maria came into her room and closed the door roughly. - I can’t see clearly without putting on my spectacles. - Alisa went away without saying goodbye.

-in (pada, karena) : e.g.:

- Are you interested in playing foot ball game with me? - Mr. Arnold has succeeded in finding a new job. - Mr. Andreas is a mechanic. He is specialist in repairing machines. - She believes in saying what she thinks. - In refusing to work overtime, he missed an excellent job opportunity.

-By (dengan) : e.g.:

- You can read this book by borrowing it from the library. - By giving suggestion He supports me to do the best. - Jacob makes money by selling newspaper. - By ridding on an old bicycle He goes to work every day.

-For (untuk, pada ) : e.g.:

- I say many thanks for helping me. - Javier was in jail for breaking into a house. - He is very grateful to Miss Laura for taking care of his daughter. - Vitamin C , is very good for preventing our health. - Mr. Thomas came here for giving advice.

-At (pada, untuk) : e.g.:

- Beatrice is good at making friend with others. She is really an easy going girl. - I am really bad at singing. I just like to listen it. - My friend, Anthonio is clever at drawing. He is a naturalism. - Ronaldo is excellent at playing football. - She is really hopeless at passing her last examination.

-About (tentang, sekitar) : e.g.:

- Irina is often thinking about going abroad with her friends.

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- Caroline dreamed about meeting with a handsome prince last night. - The people can’t complain to government about rising of the prices. - Government warns the society about smoking hazard. - Nancy reminded me about paying my debt to her.

- In spite of (disamping) : e.g.: - In spite of working at bank, Mrs. Laura is also a professional singer. - Randy doesn’t get a job yet in spite of having good qualifications. - In spite having very little money they are happy. - I can enjoy the film in spite of being alone. - She can enjoy her new carrier as a teacher in spite of having little salary. - Despite of (meskipun, disamping) :

e.g.: - I couldn’t sleep well last night despite of being tired. - We hardly ever see each other despite of living in the same street.

- Lilian couldn’t eat more despite of being hungry. - Despite of working at the same company we never meet to each other. - Despite of being drowsy I couldn’t sleep easily.

6. PREFERENCE.

Preference is a tendency to choose or want one thing rather another, because it would be more pleasant or suitable.If we are talking about preference, we have to apply it with the correct conjunctions, because there are many patterns to express preference using the different conjunctions.Here they are :

6.1. S + Prefer + Noun + To + Noun. 6.1.1. S + Prefer + Verb – ing + To + Verb – ing.

6.2. S + Prefer + To Infinitive verb + Rather than + Bare Infinitive verb.6.2.1. S + Prefer + To Be + Adjective + Rather than + To Be Adjective. To Be + Adverb + Rather than + To Be Adverb. To Be + Noun + Rather than + To Be Noun

6.3. S + Like + Noun + Better than + Noun.6.3.1. S + Like + Verb – ing + Better than + Verb – ing.6.3.2. S + Like + Being Adjective + Better than + Being Adjective. + Being Adverb + Better than + Being adverb. + Being Noun + Better than + Being Noun.6.3.3. S + Like + To Infinitive verb + Better than + Bare infinitive verb.6.3.4. S + Like Better + Noun + Than + Noun.

6.4. S + Would prefer + To Infinitive + Than + Bare Infinitive verb.6.5. S + Would rather + V-1 + Than + V-1.6.6. S + Had better + V-1 + Than + V-1

6.1. S + Prefer + Noun + To + Noun. e.g.: - Do you prefer hot or cool weather? I prefer cool weather to hot one. (hot - weather) - She prefers tea to coffee. - Most people prefer new car to the old one (the old car).

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- Julia prefers chocolate to cheese sticks. - You prefer cat to turtle

6.1.1. S + Prefer + V-ing + To + V-ing. e.g.: - He prefers watching foot ball game to playing it. - I prefer walking to cycling. - Most girls prefer having handsome boy-friend to (having) the ugly one. - I prefer having a glass of hot sweet tea to (having) a cup of coffee in the morning. - She prefers rock climbing to surfing. - I prefer watching a movie to going to pub to lose my stress.

We can also use the word “Prefer” without being followed by its comparison.e.g.: - I prefer spending more my time in my room by listening to the music and reading a book.

- My mother prefers doing anything by herself.- Tamara prefers going to club with her friends to spend her weekend.- What do you prefer doing on your spare time, Mary?

I prefer visiting my grandmother because I like her cooking very much.

NOTE : If we don’t find any verb after the word prefer, especially in nominal sentences, we have to add it with “Being”. e.g.: - Girls prefer being slim to (being) fat. - I prefer being at home to (being) outside in raining time. - Mr. Jacob prefers being a lawyer to (being) a politician. - She prefers being a teacher to an actress. - He sometimes prefers being alone to being with friends. 6.2. S + Prefer + To Infinitive verb + Rather than + To Infinitive verb. e.g.: - He prefers to make call her rather than send a short message. - Which do you prefer to go home on foot or by public transportation? I prefer to go home by public transportation rather than (go home) on foot.

- What would you prefer to order for lunch, sir? Traditional sundanese food or oriental.I prefer to have traditional sundanese food rather than (have) oriental.

- Alicia prefers to spend her summer holiday with her family rather than with her friends.

Prefer can also be used without being followed by its comparison, like : e.g.:

- Alicia sometimes prefers to wake up late if my body feels unwell. - What are you going to do if you find a suitcase full of bank notes in it on the way? I prefer to report it to the police station.

- She prefers to enjoy her Saturday night with her family by chatting and eating together.

6.2.1. S + Prefer + To Be + Adjective + Rather than + To Be + Adjective. + To Be + Adverb + Rather than + To Be + Adverb. + To Be + Noun + Rather than + To Be + Noun. e.g.:

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- Amelia prefers to be active joining many activities at her campus rather than to be confused at home without doing anything.

- I prefer to be here rather than to be there.- Putri prefers to be a stewardess rather than to be a nurse.- We prefer to be happy rather than to be sad.- What would you prefer to be someday, a successful person or a happy person?

I prefer to be a happy person rather than to be successful one (person).

6.3. S + Like + Noun + Better than + Noun. e.g.: - People like peace better than war. - Parents like a creative and obedient son better than a stupid and naughty one. - The students like an interesting beautiful teacher better than an unfriendly ugly one. - Miss. Titih Faridah likes jasmine better than rose. - Farah likes pomegranate better than orange.

6.3.1. S + Like + V-ing + Better than + V-ing. e.g.: - Mr. Harry likes spending his weekend at beach better than spending in the town. - Laura likes watching comedy film better than horror. - They like swimming in the sea better than (swimming) in the river. - Jim likes doing sport very much. He likes playing basket ball better than badminton.

6.3.2. S + Like + Being Adjective + Better than + Being Adjective. Being Adverb + Better than + Being Adverb. Being Noun + Better than + Being Noun. e.g.: - You like being good better than being naughty. - Girl likes being slim better than being fat. - They like being happy better than being sad. - Britney Spear likes being a singer better than being a film star. - Mr. John likes being an entrepreneur better than being a civil servant. 6.3.3. S + Like + To Infinitive verb + Better than + Bare Infinitive verb. e.g.: - What do you like to do on Saturday night, to watch a movie or to have dinner outside I like to have dinner outside better than watch a movie. - What does she like to do on Sunday morning? She likes to do sport better than sleep till midday.

- He likes to listen to the music better than sing it.- Women like to get interest (bunga bank) better than artificial flowers (bunga tiruan)

6.3.4. S + Like + To Be Adjective + Better than + To Be Adjective. To Be Adverb + Better than + To Be Adverb. To Be Noun + Better than + To Be Noun. e.g.: - He likes to be loyal to her girl friend better than (to be) dishonest. - Do you like to be here or to be there? I like to be here better than (to be) there. - Julia likes to be a honest girl better than (to be) a selfish girl. - Women like to be happy better than (to be) sad. - Most people like to be rich better than (to be) poor

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6.3.5. S + Like better + Noun + Than + Noun. e.g.: - The children like better ice cream than chocolate. - Miss. Titih Faridah likes better durian than jack fruit. - You like better watching western films than the Indonesian ones - Amanda likes better reading a lot than playing a game. - Most people like better buying piracy CD than (buying) the original one.

N O T E : The word like can be followed by Gerund or Infinitive verb, it can also be used without

using conjunction “better than”.e.g.: - The children like to play game to spend their time. - I like to prepare all the things well before going to somewhere. - She likes spending her time by reading comics. - What would you like to invest if you had lots of money? I like to invest my money in trading and house leasing.

- Tracy likes travelling a lot because she wants to be a tour leader.

6.4. S + Would rather + V-1 + Than + V-1. e.g.:

- I would rather go on swimming than play a game on Sunday. - That girl would rather make friend than become a lover. - She would rather stay at home than hang out with her friends. - What would you rather do at your leisure time, listen to the music or watch a TV? I would rather listen to the music than watch a TV.NOTE :

When we want somebody to do something, we can say ‘I would rather you did something’Even we use past tense form, but the meaning is present.e.g.:

Shall I tell her about your problem? No, I’d rather she didn’t know. I would rather you didn’t tell her about my problem. Do you mind if I smoke here? I would rather you didn’t. I would rather you came with us to Amelia’s birthday party.

o Other usages of would rather : Would you rather have orange juice or root beer ? “Orange juice, please” Shall we go out for dinner tonight? I would rather not. Shall I take you home? No, I would rather not. Miss. Titih Faridah is unwell now. so I would rather not call her up till late.

Are you going to accompany me to see the doctor = would you rather I accompany you to see the doctor ?

Are you going to take me go shopping ? = would you rather I take you go shopping? Do you want me to go now? = would you rather I stayed here?

6.5. S + Would prefer + To Infinitive verb + Than + V-1 e.g.: - I would prefer to learn English than (learn) French. - She would prefer to sing than recite a poem. - What would you prefer do on Sunday morning, do sport or try to cook a new recipe? I would prefer to do sport than try to cook a new recipe.

- Which one she would prefer to work, at Bank or as a journalist?

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- She would prefer to work as a journalist than (work) at Bank

6.6. S + Had better + V-1 + Than V-1. e.g.: - You had better learn hard to prepare examination than sit around with your friends.

- I had better watch a film than see music concert. - She had better study cooking than join ballet course. - The rain is going to fall. You had better take an umbrella with you. - It drizzles all day. You had better go out with raincoat. - Are you going out tonight? I had better not. I’ve got a lot of things to do. - It has been late, you had better go home in order your mother not to worry you.

- You look pale. You had better take a rest at home

7. SHALL & WILL.

For clearly usage of shall and will, see at the next section. (Modal auxiliaries)

The use Will (in American Usage) 1. Promise (janji) I will see you next week.2. Intention (maksud,tujuan) The plumber will do all the work by himself.3. Willingness(kemauan,sedia) I will be glad to do that for you.4. Volition (want to/ingin) If you will go home alone. I will be glad to take you home.5. Plans, arrangement, schedule. The store will stay open 24 hours next month.6. Prediction (perkiraan) Flying will always be dangerous.7. Instruction (perintah) You will deliver this order and will bring me back the Signed invoice. 8. Inclination, tendency (kecenderungan) Some will praise from politeness. and some will criticize

(A general statement based on from vanity (kesombongan). Past observation is made about the future)

9. Obstinacy, insistence, willfulness Boys will be boys.(with emphasis on the future)

10. Supposition(perkiraan) You will see from my photograph that I was in London.

SHALL.

The use of shall, especially in British English is applied for : I and We.e.g.: - I shall be there on time. Trust me! - We shall go camping next week. Etc.

The other usage of shall, are :

1. In requests. It is the same as do you want me(us) to …? Bagaimana kalau saya/kita…?e.g.: - Shall I take you out to the bookstore? - Shall we wait for her any longer?

2. In legal or commercial usage (with the third person – for regulations, specifications, requirements) e.g.: - The committee shall be appointed to study the matter future.

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- The building shall meet all specifications set forth (dinyatakan) in the contract. - The passengers shall be permitted to board only at regular bus stop.

3. In moral injunctions (perintah), (with the second person) – an archaic usage found Especially in the Bible, where shall was often used for futurity for all three persons.

e.g.: - Thou shall (older shalt) honor thy father and thy mother. - Thou shall (older shalt) not kill. (kamu gak boleh membunuh) 4. In literary usage (with the third person) e.g.: - There is much to be done before justice shall prevail. (commonly will prevail). - Who shall decide, when doctor disagree? (Prevail =berlaku) 8. THE USE OF MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS.

Modal auxiliary verb is a specialized verb which to used with another verb to express an idea such as possibility, ability, permission, necessity, etc. which is not express by the main verb of a sentence.

The modal auxiliary verbs, there are: Can = could. Must = had to. May = might. Shall = should. Will = would.

8.1. Can is used to express the ability to do something in the present or future time. We use can with the infinitive verb without to. e.g.: - We can see the train passes by from up stair class clearly. - I can speak English fluently. - You can play the piano well.

The negative is commonly used contraction can’t (can not) e.g.: - I am afraid I can’t come to your birthday party on Sunday. - She can’t understand the lesson well. - He can’t see clearly without glasses.

The word can, can also be replaced with “to be able to”. Can has two forms, in present and past tense. But in perfect we have to use “ to be able to”.e.g.: - I can’t sleep early recently. (present) - I couldn’t sleep well last night. (past) - I haven’t been able to sleep well lately.

Can you hear my voice? = Are you able to hear my voice?Can she swim? = Is she able to swim?I can do it by myself. = I am able to do it by myself. The past tense form of can is could, showing past ability.

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e.g.: - Laura could do anything by herself when she was young. - She could help herself with anything to do. - I couldn’t come home on time because there was traffic jam. We use could you to ask polite questions. e.g.: - Could you please open the window? - Could you like to practice English with me here, please? - Could mind going out tonight with me, please?

8.2. Must is used to express the necessary, and we feel sure that something is true (pasti). e.g.:

- You have been working hard today. You must be tired. - I have a final test tomorrow so I must study hard tonight. - We must ride on my motor cycle carefully. The road is too slippery. - She must wake up very early in order not to be late to catch the train to Jakarta.

Negative form is must not (mustn’t), used to express prohibition. Especially put after subject.

e.g.: - Children, you mustn’t play with knife. It’s dangerous! - The coffee is still too hot. You mustn’t drink all at once. - Beware! You mustn’t play with the matches.

The past tense form of must is had to.e.g.: - I must go to dentist now (present). I had to go to dentist tomorrow. (past) - She mustn’t do the house works by herself (present). She hadn’t to do the house works by herself (past).

- The students must complete their tasks now (present). The students had to complete their tasks last week (past).

The word must, can be replaced with “have to” or “has to” in daily speech and writing And it is more frequently used. Must is stronger than have to. e.g.: - My mother is too busy with her house works today. I have to help her. - Jeanne has to see the dentist today. - We have to attend the class early because the class begins at 07.00 AM.

8.3. May is used to show the possibility in present or future. e.g.:

- You may know where Miss. Elfira lives. - She may be correct with all her explanations. - Julia isn’t here now. She may be in her room.

May has past form “might”. e.g.:

- Armando might buy a new mobile phone last week. - Jeannette might stay at her grandmother’s house yesterday. I didn’t see her at home a whole day.

- You mightn’t come home yet from Jakarta, so that I didn’t drop into your house. May, means permission. e.g.:

- Excuse me, waiter! May I have the bill, please? - May I sit around here? I am waiting for my sister. - May I come t your house someday?

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May, also has meaning “wishing”e.g.: - May you have a long life. - May God bless you. - Long may the peace continue!

8.4. Shall. Is used to show the future time.

Shall is used only for pronoun: I shall and we shall instead of I will or we will. I shall and we shall are normally found in British English not for American English. e.g.: - I shall go to Bali for holiday next month. - We shall enjoy the beautiful scenery, like sun rises or sun sets in Kuta beach. - We shall take the people’s house as a home base for several days there. Shall, has negative form “shall not = shan’t” e.g.: - I shan’t be at home tomorrow, because I have another activity outside city. - We shan’t be able to come to your wedding party next Sunday. I will be in London.

- I shan’t be able to take you home because my motor cycle is still in the workshop.

Shall, can be used to give suggestion. e.g.: - I feel cold, Shall I close the window? - Shall we go out for having dinner tonight? - Shall I take you home? Shall, is used to express certainty will. It is used to show that something will or must happen. e.g.: - Don’t worry. I shall be there to help you. - No student shall be allowed to go out, unless begs permission to the office. - We shall get the fine if we are late to return the book to the library. 8.5. Will, is used to express the future time. e.g.: - Evelyn will be seventeen years old next month. She will invite all her friends on her birthday. -The train will leave for Bandung at 4.30 PM, so we will arrive in Malang at 8.30 AM tomorrow. -I will see you later at Mr. Toni’s party. Will, has the past form “would”, means: aturannya, hendaknya, mestinya. e.g.: - I would come home at 07.00 PM but the traffic was so crowded, so I came home late yesterday

-She would go to the bookstore alone. -We would visit to the zoological garden last Sunday, but fortunately it was cancelled.

Will or To Be Going To.

To show the Prediction, we can use will or to be going to. e.g.: - According to the weather forecaster, it will rain tomorrow. - According to the theory, this tree will bloom in 5 years. - Base on the schedule, the Lufthansa will transit in Jakarta in 8.15 AM.

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To show prior plan, we have to use to be going to. e.g.: - Sorry, I am playing tennis at 8.30 – 11.00 AM. Don’t come to my house!. - She is going to watch a movie with me tonight. - I am going to paint my room green tomorrow. - Julia is going to go swimming at 4 o’clock PM tomorrow

To show willingness, the only will, can be applied for. e.g.: - The phone in the visiting room is ringing. I will get it right away. - If you don’t understand the subject, you must ask the teacher. He will help you. - If she tells him, with pleasure, he will take her home.

Will, is used to express an Intention. e.g.:

- I will always be here for you.- She won’t have anyone ruin her party.- Will you pick me up on time?

Will, is used to show request. e.g.: - Will you give me her phone number, please? - Will you have some more drink? - Will you stop smoking? That’s not good for your lungs’ health.

Will, can also have meaning “always” e.g.: - The fruits will keep fresh longer in the refrigerator. - The cheek powder will make her face keep shinning. - She has been old, but she will insist on doing all her own house work.

9. T I M E.

In conversation, the commonest way to tell somebody about the time is by giving the the minute, and then followed by a preposition past or to and then the hour. 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes past the hour are referred to (a) quarter, half past and (a) quarter to the hour. e.g.: British English : American English : - 6.15. = (a) quarter past six -6.15 = six fifteen - 7.30 = half past seven -7.30 = half after seven - 8.45 = (a) quarter to nine -8.45 = eight forty five. The word minute is used in this way : e.g.: British English : American English : -3.08 = eight minutes past three -3.08 = eight minutes after three -4.04 = four minutes past four -4.04 = four minutes after four -4.56 = four minutes to five -4.56 = four minute of/before five It is not normally used the word minutes after 5, 10, 20 and 25. e.g.: British English : American English : -5.05 = five past five. -5.05 = five 0 (after) five -6.10 = ten past six. -6.10 = ten after six -7.20 = twenty past seven. -7.20 = twenty after seven -8.25 = twenty five past eight -8.25 = twenty five after eight.

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-9.35 = twenty five to ten -9.35 = twenty five of/before ten

The word o’clock is used when the hour is exactly sharp. e.g.: -10.00 = ten o’clock -11.00 = eleven o’clock. -12.00 = twelve o’clock midday, noon, twenty o’clock sharp noon. -12.00 = twelve o’clock midnight.

American English you can say “after” instead of “past” and “of” or “before” or “to”. It is not normally use the time of 24 hours. We usually use 12 hours. The abbreviation of “A.M” and “P.M” are used after the time when it is important to be clear, whether the time is in the morning or evening. A.M (Ante Merediem = before noon) and P.M. (Post Merediem = after noon) . If it is time can be distinguished by using adverb of time such like : in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night, etc. E.g.:

-09.00 = nine o’clock in the morning or nine a.m.-10.00 = ten o’clock in the morning or ten a.m.-23.00 = eleven o’clock at night or eleven p.m.

The 24 hour o’clock is generally used for railway, air time table, programmes or official Announcement, though it is not very common used in America. The time is read simply as Number 14.15 - fourteen fifteen and the exact hour are read using “hundred” 17.00 – seventeen hundred (hour)

informal: five-ish

Nearly five, coming up to five Just after five Just before five. (Br.E) just gone five

EXRESSION WITH THE TIME e.g.:

-time is up -time is over -as the time past -killing the time -time consuming -time wasting -for the time being -all the time -in a good time -to pass the time -time after time -time out of my mind -born before one’s time -time and tide never wait for no man

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-better luck next time -there is no time like present -it’s only matter of time

10. THE USE OF “BE”

There are several kinds the use of be, like : 10.1. Be as Finite verb. 10.2. Be as Infinitive verb. 10.3. Be used in Continuous Tense. 10.4. Be used in Future Tense. 10.5. Be used as Representative of verb. 10.6. Be used as Gerund. 10.7. Be used in Imperative. 10.8. Be used in Present Participle. 10.9. Be used in Past Participle. 10.10. Be used Auxiliary verb.

10.1. Be used as Finite verb.

The use of this pattern, commonly found in conditional sentence, type one. e.g.: - If I be a bird, I will fly around the world. - If she be a President, she will make our country prosperous. - If you be a doctor, you will give injection to the patients. - If they be honest, many people will trust of them.

10.2. Be as Infinite verb.e.g.:

- Everyone wishes to be rich someday. - She doesn’t like to be a traitor. - To be a journalist was her ambition. - To be here to learn English makes my spirit light on.

10.3. Be used in Continuous Tense.

Be used in continuous tense is used to represent verb in nominal sentences.S + To Be + Being + (noun, adjective, adverb).e.g.: - Mr. John is being lazy to help you. - I am being tired to go out. - Mira is being at home now. She used to be busy with her activities. - Mr. Tanaka is being alone at home. His wife and the children are going to Japan.

10.4. Be, used in Future Tense. The word “be” is used in future tense, in nominal sentence, and it is put after ”Shall” and “will”.e.g.: - She will be here tomorrow. - Mr. Johnson will be ready to take you anywhere next week. - The committee will be at the meeting room soon. The meeting is going to begin. - My mother will be on holiday next month.

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10.5. Be, used as Representative of verbs. Be, which is used as the representative of verb, is placed after modal auxiliary Verbs : can, must, may. Except “shall and will”, they are used in future tense. e.g.:

- The students can be smart if they are diligent to earn. - She may be at home now. She used to come home every Saturday. - You must be ready to face all the risks.

10.6. Be, used as Gerund. e.g.: - Being a news caster was Miss. Rachel’s dream. - Being a good moslem is not easy today. - She feels enjoy being alone.

- Being lonely doesn’t make her sad.

10.7. Be, used in Imperative. Be, which is used in imperative, is applied for nominal sentences. That is a Sentence in which the predicate is out of verb, such like: adjective, adverb, noun. e.g.: - Be a good moslem or die as a martyr! - Be careful to cross the road, the traffic is so crowded! - Be happy to enjoy the life. Happy and sorrow is on God’s disposes. - Don’t be lazy to learn!

10.8. Be, used in Present Participle. e.g.: - The book is interesting to read it. - Mr. John Paul’s explanation is confusing the students. - The rerun film is boring to watch it. - Julia Perez thinks politics is very interesting. - It was quite surprising that Charlotte passed the examination.

10.9. Be, used as Past Participle. Be, which is used as a past participle, is applied for “perfect tense”, especially in nominal sentences. e.g.: - I am really depressed lately. I have to finish doing all the things by myself.

- She is confused to face her new boy friend. - Melisa was shocked to hear the shocking news from her mother.

- He wasn’t satisfied with his work. - I was disappointed with the menu I ordered. The taste was really disgusting!

10.10. Be, used as Auxiliary verb. The word ‘be’, which is applied for auxiliary verb, is in the nominal sentences. They can be used as auxiliary verb and finite verb. or so called “higher functions” e.g.: - We are here to learn English. - He is alone to face the boredom days. - I am here with you. - She is the most beautiful girl in the class.

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