THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PRESENT ETHANOL PRODUCTION AND FUTURE EXPANSION IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS AND WATER USE.

History of the Sugarcane Crop in the Brazilian Northeast

2007 1999-01 1989-01 Brazil 6.712 4.901 4.092 Índia 4.830 4.197 3.699 China 1.225 1.171 1.230 NE-Brazil* 1.189 1.076 1.440 Thailand 1.010 903 897 Pakistan 1.029 1.042 888 Mexico 680 628 556 Colômbia 450 400 344 USA 358 412 374 Cuba 400 1.015 1.372

Table 1. Sugarcane harvested area (million hectares) in some of the major producing countries 1989-2007

Source: Adapted - ,FAOSTAT, online database at http://www.fao.org. accessed July 2008; In Sugarcane Ethanol – Contributions to climate change mitiagtion and enviroment, 2008, e, * IBGE 2009.

Table 2. Sugarcane production (million tons) in the major producing countries. 1989-2007.

2007 1999-01 1989-01 Brazil 514.1 335.8 258.6 Índia 322.9 297.0 223.2 China 105.7 85.1 63.9 NE-Brazil* 68.8 57.4 70.2 Thailand 64.4 51.3 37.0 Pakistan 54.8 48.4 36.2 Mexico 50.7 46.1 40.8 Colômbia 40.0 33.1 27.4 USA 27.8 32.1 26.6 Cuba 11.1 34.2 80.8

Source: Adapted - FAOSTAT. online database at http://www.fao.org. accessed July 2008; In Sugarcane Ethanol – Contributions to climate change mitiagtion and enviroment. 2008 * IBGE 2009.

Leaf roller (Mahanarva posticata) METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE

Sugarcane Root Spittlebug - Mahanarva fimbriolata METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE

Sugarcane Borer - Diatraea saccharalis Cotesia flavipes

Sugarcane Giant Borer - Telchin licus licus No chemical control available

Use of pesticides in the main crops in Brazil (in kg of active ingredient per hectare)

Source: Arrigoni & Almeida e Ricci Jr. In: Bioetanol de cana. 2008- CGEE

Leaf scald, caused by Xanthomonas albilineans

Sugarcane mosaic virus

Sugar cane rust - Leifsonia xyli subsp. Xyli (tratamento termico

Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (ScYLV)

DISEASE

Percentage of sugar cane harvested in Alagoas according with the acronym of the varieties

Harvest 2007/2008

Harvest 2008/2009

REDUCED TILLAGE

Foto Usina Coruripe

Foto – Usina Coruripe

Foto – Usina Coruripe

y = 77.703e-0.006x R² = 0.975 y = 82.253e-0.007x

R² = 0.948

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Res

idue

mas

s an

d ni

trog

en (

%)

Days after harvest

residue mass N

39,8 kg

19,1 kg

10 kg

Sugarcaneroots(0,65m)

0

5

10

15

20

N P K Ca Mg S

Teor

de

nutri

ente

s (g

Kg-

1)

Nutrientes

Com leg Sem leg ab

A B

Tratamentos % de palhada decomposta

Lucca(2002): Crua 5 anos 94

Crua 3 anos LV 89

Crua 3 anos NQ 91

Ball-Coelho (1993): Crua 74

Walane Ivo (2004) Crua 64 (58, 60 e 75)

Walane Ivo(2004) (sacos de decomposição)

Crua 64 (69, 58 e 66)

CRONOSEQUENCEFOR13CANDCARBONSTOCKSANALYSIS:

 FOREST SUGARCANE:5,15E30YEARS

SUSTAINABILITY AND USE OF WATER

Period IrrigatedArea(x1000ha)

Volumeofstoredwater(x106m3)

Before1993 26 17.9

1993to1998 61 67.2

1998to2004 89 136.0

2004to2009 198 401.4

Adapted from Rosenfeld (2005) and Sampaio (2009)

Evolution of the irrigated area and volume of stored water in Alagoas State

Low pressure, 4-inch gun type sprinkler

SUSTAINABILITY AND VINASSE USE

1. Fertirrigation – ( 200 kg ha-1 of K)

2. Fertilization using trucks

3. Ipojuca River - G. Gunkel*, M. Sobral**, J. Kosmol*, H. Rohn*, S. Montenegro**, & J. Aureliano

HARVEST

SUSTAINABILITY AND CO GENERATION

SUSTAINABILITY AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION

Temporary - Fixed – 31,200 jobs Mechanical harvesting - 60% of temporary Actions -

Encourage other cultures Training employees

Employment in the Sugarcane Production

31%

51%

7%

58%

Employment Quality Index

EQI (Educational level of the employees; Formality level of the employment; Main employment salary; Employment

helps)

AVERAGE PRODUCTION OF SUGARCANE CUTTER HARVEST 07/08 x 08/09

Socialimpacts

Supportprograms

Employments Lifequality

“Artesãs do Pontal de Coruripe” project – Usina

Coruripe support

“Barriga Cheia” project – Usina Seresta support

Increase in the human condictons - harvest

SUSTAINABILITYX

LANDUSECHANGESINNORTHEAST

Based on sugarcane Agroecological Zone:

STATE OF PIAUÍ

ÁREA FOR SUGARCANE: 294.375 ha

STATE OF MARANHÃO

ÁREA FOR SUGARCANE: 789.547 ha

STATE OF BAHIA

ÁREA FOR SUGARCANE: 2.937.982 ha

LAND USE

1.Soilandclimate 2.Landuseplanning 3.CompeXXonforfood.

AGRI‐ENVIRONMENTALTHEMES

NATURALRESOURCESQUALITY

1.Water 2.Soil 3.Atmosphere 4.FloraandFauna. 5.ManagementandconservaXonofsoil‐plantsystem

1.water

3.Straw 4.Bagasse 5.Filtercake

WASTEPRODUCTIONANDUSE

2.vinasse

ENERGY

1.EnergeXcbalance 2.Integratedethanol‐biodieselproducXon 3.EnergeXcplanning 4.Carbonmarket

DOMAIN AREA OF THE ATLANTIC FOREST

Estudos da UFPE – Mateus de Paula

Devastação e Proalcool

Em Alagoas – Tabuleiros

Grandes extensões Áreas planas Disponibilidade hídrica

Pernambuco

TermodeCompromisso:

Recuperaçãodemataciliar–6ha‐ano

2009:novasmetasdereflorestamentodematasciliares,nascenteseáreascomdeclividadesmaioresque45º

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF BIOSPHERE RESERVE IN THE RAIN FOREST IN THE

NORTHEAST

RESTORATION OF PROTECTED AREAS

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM environment and rainforest

INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAMS

About 85 species of rain Forest produced in 2005/2006

More than four million native seedlings planted in the last five years

Some of the 400,000 plants in 2006

SOME CHALENGES FOR SUSTENNABILITY IN NORTHEAST:

  USE OF WATER IN INDUSTRIES: WE NEED REDUCTIONS

  NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS: WE NEED TO MEASURE

 CHEMICALS FOR NEMATODES AND “CUPINS” CONTROL: WE NEED REDUCTIONS

 VINASSE USE

 BURNED X UNBERNED: JOBS FOR THE SUGARCANE CUTTERS

Thank you for your attention

MUTUM‐DE‐ALAGOAS

Mitumitu