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Digital City Workshop, University of Ottawa, 19 April 2013

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The sustainable digital city

Trevor J Hall

Photonic Technology Laboratory (PTLab)

Centre for Research in Photonics

School of Information Technology and Engineering

University of Ottawa, Canada

Digital City Workshop, University of Ottawa, April 2013


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Outline

• The Digital City

• ICT & Sustainability

• Why does transporting information consume so

much energy and what can be done about it?

• Proposals

Urban & Rural Population in Ontario

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1851 1882 1910 1941 1971 2002

Per

cen

tag

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Year

Urban

Rural

Digital Cities: founded on ubiquitous

wireless access and computing power.

page 4

In 2008 > 50% world population lived in cities

2020 forecast is 80% in developed & 51% undeveloped nations

Dynamo of the economy & innovation

ICT is the new network infrastructure

Expected to have as profound a transformative effect on cities as previous introductions of new network infrastructures

http://www-03.ibm.com/innovation/us/thesmartercity/


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Project « EyeStop » (MIT,USA) http://senseable.mit.edu/eyestop 2009

Intelligent Urban Furniture

Interactive Digital Display Panels

• Touch sensitive screens; wireless communication interfaces (WiFi 2.4 GHz, 60 GHz, Optical Wireless)

Interactive Information Terminal

• Wireless interface (Bluetooth, WiFi, 3G, 4G, LTE) communicating with its environment (mobile, vehicle, tram) & interactive multimedia display

Sustainable Energy Supply

• Renewable energy (photovoltaic panels) energy storage to supply the terminal, sensors, and lighting

Ambient sensors

• Temperature, lighting (webcam) movement.

Intelligent Lighting

• LED low power consumption, user presence ignition feature

Paris : JC-Decaux

20 Bluetooth ‘fountains’ deployed in the Vélib stations in 3 central districts of Paris.

Two bus shelters in the Opera district in Paris 9th equiped with multimedia interactive flat screens to inform users.

• Travel Information: traffic conditions for buses serving this stop, plans and schedules lines, planes RATP networks, Vélib

• Local information: landmarks and cultural history of the area, news from the City of Paris, nearby shops cafes and restaurants

Paris : JC-Decaux

12 Orange Payphones in Paris

• 17-inch LCD Touchscreen

• Services: Internet access (10 minutes free), local information (free), VoIP (payment)

http://www.pcinpact.com/actu/news/56316-orange-cabine-telephonique-paris-test.htm?vc=1

JC Decaux: Wall displays & Digital Signage

LCD Monitors 32 "HD for broadcasting multimedia content advertising with sound effects deployed in high traffic public places LED displays installed outside Monptellier (2010) and Cannes (2009)

Digital Escalator Crown Bank, Digital Panel Network © JC-DECAUX

Displays News > http://fr.ooh-tv.com/page/3/

Milestones in Bus Shelters

2 . Installation of 550 shelters and 475 billboards in Rennes (2009-2010)

3. Installation of a bus shelters with WiFI interface & 3G in Nantes

4. System to collect and transfer information Orléans

1. Installation of bus shelters with solar panels & WiFi interfaces in San Francisco - June 2009

• Wireless interfaces (Bluetooth, WiFi, Near Field Communications) • ClearChannel, Ville de Rennes • Budget : 9 Millions d’euros

• Wireless interfaces (WiFi : short range, 3G: long range) • ClearChannel, Spie Communications, Ville de Nantes

• Collection of statistical data collected at the bus while travelling, which is then

transferred to the stations concerned.

Brest Tramway: Vision & Opportunities

Challenges

• Brest a digital city that looks to the future with a telecom infrastructure

based on advanced technology, that is scalable and respects the

environment.

• Provide residents of Brest increased wireless connectivity throughout

the future tramway line giving the city means to strengthen its local

economic activity (installation of street furniture communicating to

deliver new services to users).

• Brest a ‘sandbox’ to test new services and innovative technologies

(communication, lighting, display)

Proposed Solution

The deployment of radio-over-fibre :a suitable

technique to densify wireless access exploiting

the reliability and low energy consumption of

fibre optic transmission, and capable of meeting

over the long term the increased data rates for

wired access (FTTx) and wireless (WiFi, WiMAX, 3G, 4G).

27 km of electrical cables, 13 km of telecommunications ducts

10 km of fibre optic cables

Climate Change

page 12 Source : IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2007

► 15-30% cut in GHG emissions needed by 2020 to keep temperature increase under 2°C ►60-80% reduction may be needed by 2050

We have a problem !


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Heat Content of Earth

ICT Supply Chain

page 14

Electrical Power Sources

Data & Network Centres

Service & Application Providers

Enterprises & Users

Can ICT save the planet?

Virtualisation & Dematerialisation

SMART 2020 identified savings of 7.8 Gt CO2e that could be delivered by ICT solutions in 2020 : 5X the sector’s footprint, 15% of global emissions

Source: European Commission Joint Research Centre, “The Future Impact of ICTs on Environmental Sustainability”, August 2004

http://www.smart2020.org/

http://www.smart2020.org/

ICT Emissions

ICT industry emissions of 830m tons CO2 in 2007 accounted for 2% of global emissions and is comparable to the aviation industry.

ICT is 5th largest industry in terms of electrical power consumption

• Telecom Italia is the second largest consumer of electrical power in Italy after the railway system

ICT emissions growth is faster than any other industry sector doubling every 4 years.

Source: An Inefficient Truth, 2007, Global Action Plan

http://www.globalactionplan.org.uk/green-it




Why does it take so much energy to move mass-less information?

page 17

“This energy argument suggests

that all except the shortest intrachip

communications should be optical”

D A B Miller, ‘Optics for low-energy

communication within digital

processors: quantum detectors, sources,

and modulators as efficient impedance

convertors’, Opt. Lett., 14(2), 1989,

146-148.

France Telecom Network Energy Consumption

page 18

Source : Laetitia Souchon Foll, PhD, Telecom & Management SudParis, 2008

Wireless Networks

Cellular Radio

Cellular Networks : handover

Backhauling

…

Home networks

Source : Deutsche Telekom

An extreme example of broadband multimedia home networks

Data Centres

page 21

Source: C. Randy Giles, ‘GreenTouch: Meeting the Challenge of Energy Usage in the ICT industry’, IWFIPT, Kyoto, 2010

Optics Department page 22

Utilisation: capacity dimensioned for peak load

Source : Laetitia Souchon Foll, PhD, Telecom & Management SudParis, 2008

Mean Power

Traffic

Optics Department

Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) Operating frequency of optical devices is sensitive to temperature.

A TEC is commonly used to stabilise the temperature of an optical component.

A TEC is 5-10% efficient compared to an ideal reversible heat engine.

Several Watts of electricity is consumed to cool devices that inherently dissipate minimal power in comparison.

page 23

Share TEC among many devices

No integratable isolator

Reference slave to master oscillators

Locking techniques complex & expensive

Athermal Design

Challenging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_cooling

“Zero Carbon” data centers connected by optical networks

Solar Powered Base Stations

page 25

50-150W GSM

base station by

VNL, India

Hybrid solar, wind &

diesel station,

Alcatel-Lucent,

Qatar

T-Mobile solar powered cell

station, Penn.

Renewable Energy Powered Data Centres

Data Islandia

Digital Data Archive

Iceland

Ecotricity in UK builds windmills at data

center locations with no capital cost to user

page 26

Is there a case to move university data

centres to remote zero-carbon facilities?

There is no case for Ottawa because the University successfully converts

waste energy from ICT into energy needed elsewhere on campus to heat

and cool buildings and to provide hot water †

Systems are complex and optimisations can be counter-intuitive.

Energy efficiency gains save operating costs but as long as emitters

do not face the full social cost of their emissions then economic

forces will not limit green house gas emissions.

• The Tragedy of the Commons is the depletion of a shared resource by

individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each one's self-

interest, despite their understanding that depleting the common resource is

contrary to the group's long-term best interests.

• Jevon’s Paradox is the proposition that technological progress that increases

the efficiency with which a resource is used tends to increase (rather than

decrease) the rate of consumption of that resource.

† International Institute for Sustainable Development (http://www.iisd.org/ ) study funded by Canada’s Advanced

Research and Innovation Network (CANARIE) (http://www.canarie.ca/ )

http://www.iisd.org/

http://www.canarie.ca/

But what is in the cloud?

http://www.caida.org/home/

Photonic Switch Architecture &

Technology

•1 •2 •3 •4 •5 •6 •7 •8 •9 •10 •11 •12 •13 •14 •15 •16

•17 •18 •19 •20 •21 •22 •23 •24 •25 •26 •27 •28 •29 •30 •31 •32

•13 •14 •15 •16 •17 •18

•19 •20 •21 •22 •23 •24

•25 •26 •27 •28 •29 •30

•31 •32

•1 •2 •3 •4 •5 •6

•7 •8 •9 •10 •11 •12

•1 •2 •3 •4 •5 •6 •7 •8 •9 •10 •11 •12 •13 •14 •15 •16

•17 •18 •19 •20 •21 •22 •23 •24 •25 •26 •27 •28 •29 •30 •31 •32

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An infrastructure to integrate IP into optical networks

Distributed

Inter-Domain

Control Plane

Distributed

Intra-Domain

Control Plane

Data Plane

page 31

Ubiquitous Wireless Access

Source: Vodefone Group PlC

Handsets

►Energy consumption of handsets negligible in comparison to BS consumption

► High churn may make manufacturing / disposal phase emissions significant?

Base Stations

► Only 5-10% of BS power is useful RF emission.

► RF Power Amplifier ~ 45% efficient

► Cooling

Fans ~ 10-15% of BS power

Air Conditioning ~ 50% of BS power

Single or multiple antenna coverage ?

Low Density

of High Power transmitters

High Density

of Low Power transmitters

page 33

Multiple antennas offer lower total power for same coverage : • if greater than 1/R² fall-off in radiated intensity (cluttered environments)

vs

Resources on Demand

Directional links

Sending power only where and when needed

• Increased power efficiency

• Increased complexity : - Multiple Target Pointing Acquisition and Tracking needed

Phased Array Radar

Electronic Beam Forming & MIMO

http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/phasedarrays.cfm

MIMO : Multiple Input Multiple Output

http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/phasedarrays.cfm


Wireless Access for

Sustainable Digital Cities

Fibre-Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)

• improved coverage and performance with transparent distribution of various wireless signals (e.g.Wi-Fi, LTE-4G)

Radio-over-Fibre (RoF) techniques

• optical generation of mm-wave signals (60 GHz)

• analogue vs digital transmissions ?

Optical Distribution Network Indoor

Outdoor

2.4-5.8 / 60 GHz

RoF transceivers

Nanoelectronics & Nanophotonics Plenty of Room at the Bottom?

page 38 Mike Parker & Stuart Walker, Green Grids 2009, Athens.

InP Photonics LC-DFB Lasers & SOAs

DFB lasers with grating patterned out of upper ridge waveguide (lateral/horizontal gratings)

Corrugated ridge with higher-order grating

First-order grating (p=1)

Third-order grating (p=3)

Si Photonics


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Proposed R&D • Business as usual in ICT is unsustainable

• System Level

– Power resources on demand

– Keep data in the optical domain

– Use (optical) circuit switching

– Use directional (RF / optical) wireless

– Use distributed antenna systems in cluttered environments with optical

feeder network

– Harvest renewable energy

• Device Level

– Integrated nano-electronics & photonics

• Integrated Energy Management Systems & Smart Infrastructure

– Reshape demand side reduce energy consumption in electricity distribution,

buildings, construction, transport, logistics, public, rural & city sector

• Social & Legal Aspects


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International Efforts

• Consortia EARTH: Energy-Aware Radio & neTwork tecHnologies (2010-2012)

OPERA-Net: Optimising Power Efficiency in mobile RAdio Networks (2008-2011)

TREND: Towards Real Energy-Efficient Network Design (2010-2013)

GreenTouchTM

• EU FP7 ICT Call 8 Jan 2012 A thread running throughout the ICT Work Programme is ‘Greener ICT’

Networks, Systems (Challenge 1) & Components (Challenge 3) with reduced energy consumption & carbon emissions.

ICT for a low carbon economy (Challenge 6)

Project CapilRTram 2011-2013

Context

& Motivation

© Semtram 2011

Expected Start Date : Sept. 2011

Duration : 2 years

Contact : [email protected], tel. +33 2 29 00 14 91

CapilRTram 2011

WP 1.2: High-speed millimetre-wave Wireless System (2.4 GHz, 60 GHz)

Principle • Replacing the 5-GHz link (WP1.1) by a 60 GHz wireless link

Advantages • Similar to WP1.1, with a significant increase in data throughput (>1 Gbps) • Existing standards at 57-66 GHz (ECMA-387, IEEE 802.15.3c, IEEE 802.11ad)

Constraints • Cost of millimetre-wave wireless interfaces, propagation limitations at 60 GHz

C C2 C1 Cn

An

Wireless Gateway 60GHz ↔2.4GHz Internet

Mobile Terminals

A2

1 Gbps Optical Network Infrastructure

Optoelectronic Transceivers

O/E RF

60 GHz O/E

60 GHz

60 GHz

WiFi 2.4GHz

2.4 GHz

60 GHz

CapilRTram 2011

WP1.3 : Multimedia Access Platform Principle

• Stations are interconnected by means of optical Infrared wireless links Advantages

• Very high bit rates (> 2 Gbps per station) • Easy to install and to reconfigure (enhanced flexibility) • Reduced energy consumption and environmental impact, license-free

Constraints • High precision required for pointing/aligning light beam • Sensitive to obstacles and weather conditions (rain, fog, wind)

University Campus: a mini digital city

A learning environment that aspires to ubiquitous

wireless and computing access

Building Complexes

Amenities

Major Plant

Transport Infrastructure

Data Centres

ICT network infrastructure

Digital Ottawa?

“A digital city with a future-proof infrastructure that is ecologically friendly, aesthetically pleasant and intelligent”

A commercially exploitable tool to stimulate local businesses

• based on reliable and mature technology, the urban infrastructure will help - strengthen economic activity and cultural events (local businesses,

advertising, tourism)

- facilitate entrepreneurship by providing beta-testing resources for innovative applications (e-commerce, e-education, social networks)

An open e-city platform to drive Research & Innovation

• an essential experimental tool for companies and research institutions to - test in-situ novel technologies, services and applications;

- assess associated threats and elaborate de-risking strategies.


48

Photonics Technology Laboratory

Working towards sustainable ICT at the network /

system architecture & enabling components level

http://ptlab.site.uOttawa.ca/

[email protected]

http://www.photonics.uottawa.ca/

http://ptlab.site.uottawa.ca/

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.photonics.uottawa.ca/

The Centre for Research in Photonics at the University of Ottawa

49 The Advanced Research Centre

Engineering & Science Faculty

• Xiaoyi Bao CRC-I in Fibre Optics and Photonics

• Thomas Brabec CRC-I in Ultra-fast Photonics

• Ravi Bharwaj-Vedula CRC-II in Ultrafast Laser-Matter Interactions

• Paul Corkum CRC-I in Attosceond Science

• Trevor Hall CRC-I in Photonic Network Technology

• Karin Hinzer CRC-II in Photonic Nanostructures & Device Integration

• Lora Ramano CRC-II in Computational Nanophotonics

• Tito Scaiano CRC-I in Applied Photochemistry

• Robert Boyd CERC in Quantum Nonlinear Optics

• Pierre Berini URC in Surface Plasmon Photonics

• Jianping Yao URC in Microwave Photonics

• Hanan Anis, Henry Schriemer, Liang Chen

50

+ 3 Recent

Faculty Hires

+3 Industrial

Research

Chairs?

51

Research Areas • Creating Knowledge

– Ultra-fast Photonics

– Quantum Nonlinear

Optics

– Nanophotonics &

Plasmonics

• Broadband for all

– Future optical networks

(digital cities)

– Microwave photonics

(wireless access)

– Emerging device

technologies

(ultra low energy

consumption)

• Renewable Energy

– High efficiency

photovoltaics

Optics Department

World Energy Today

page 52

Electricity = 30% Primary Energy

CO2 emissions:

1W Electricity = 2.1 W Primary Energy

Source: Mario Pickavet, IBBT – Ghent University ECOC 2008 Symposium

Network Solutions to Reduce the Energy Footprint of ICT


Virtual Relocation : Follow the Sun / Wind

Opportunistically relocate infrastructure without interrupting user services

Data is relocated

Network is automatically reconfigured to direct traffic to the new data centre

Servers and end users keep the same IP addresses

Virtual Network & Compute Infrastructure

Circuit switches control the topology SONET/SDH, DWDM


Circuit switches are simple - “Start with a packet switch and throw 90% of it away”

Circuit switches are well-suited to optics

But…

Circuit switches are unfashionable

Conventional Wisdom


Circuit switching finally eliminated?


In 15 years, fast dynamic circuit switches will be common

Will big routers be something of the past….?

Dynamic Circuit Switches


Capacity on demand between edge routers

S. A. Paredes, T. J. Hall, ‘Flexible bandwidth allocation and scheduling in a packet switch with an optical core’, J.

Optical Networks. 4 (5), 260-270 (2005),

http://www.osa-jon.org/abstract.cfm?URI=JON-4-5-260/

Wei Yang, Sofia A. Paredes, Henry Schriemer, Trevor J. Hall, ‘Protection of Dynamic and Flexible Bandwidth on

Demand in Metro Agile All-Optical Ring Networks’, J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 1, 2009, pp. A160-A169










EU FP7 ICT Call 8 Deadline 17/1/2012

A thread running throughout the ICT Work Programme is ‘Greener ICT’

Networks, Systems (Challenge 1) & Components (Challenge 3) with reduced energy consumption & attributable carbon emissions.

ICT for a low carbon economy (Challenge 6)

page 59

Challenge 1: Pervasive and Trusted Network and Service Infrastructures

Objective ICT-2011.1.1 Future Networks

• Target outcome - Energy efficient ubiquitous fast broadband access - User-driven research is a priority.

• New radio transmission paradigms & systems designs - Need for radical cost, energy per bit reduction & lower RF exposure

• Novel radio network topologies - Need for autonomy, energy efficiency, high capacity backhaul, low EMF

radio exposure, smaller low power base stations, mixed analogue-digital RE design & novel signal processing methods.

• Integration or radio technologies with optical fibre networks - Consolidation of mobile & wireless networks into integrated

communications systems (e.g, using femto-cells) which can deliver ultra high speed wireless access in the home, the street or in the enterprise.

page 60

Challenge 3: Alternative Paths to Components & Systems

page 61

Objective ICT-2011.3.5 Core & Disruptive Photonic Technologies

• Extending the state of the art in application-specific photonic components & subsystems (lasers, modulators, transmitters, receivers, multiplexers, cross-connects, detectors & sensors, fibre components)

• The goal for access networks is affordable technology enabling 1-10 Gb/s data-rate per client over more than 100 km.

• Radio-over-Fibre techniques may be addresses for local area networks and access networks

• Research actions should bring together researchers, component manufacturers and suppliers of communication equipment.

Challenge 6: ICT for a low carbon economy

page 62

Contribution of ICT to delivering a sustainable low carbon society & progress towards Europe 2020 targets on climate & energy. Reshape demand side reduce energy consumption in electricity distribution,

buildings, construction, transport, logistics, public, rural & city sector ***

Verifiable & transparent methods of measuring energy performance

Quantifiable & significant reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions achieved through ICT

*** Green by ICT & Digital Cities


Jevon’s Paradox

Khazzoom-Brookes postulate: Increased energy efficiency paradoxically tends to lead to increased energy consumption.

page 63

Increased energy efficiency by itself is not enough. Sustainability requires other forms of governmental/legal intervention.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevons_paradox

Two-dimensional optical phased array antenna on silicon-on-insulator

page 64

Karel Van Acoleyen, Hendrik Rogier & Roel Baets, Optics Express, 18(13), 21 June 2010, pp. 13655-13660

Project CapilRTram 2011-2013

Context

& Motivation

© Semtram 2011

Expected Start Date : Sept. 2011

Duration : 2 years

Contact : [email protected], tel. +33 2 29 00 14 91

CapilRTram 2011

A new Tramway line in Brest : an opportunity for wireless networks deployments

Facts & Figures

• 27 stations optically interconnected by means of a 10-km optical network infrastructure

• 20 trams (up to 200 passengers)

• First trials expected in late 2011, exploitation start : mid 2012.

• Official website : http://en.letram-brest.fr

http://en.letram-brest.fr/



CapilRTram 2011

Objectives

Overall

• Exploiting an optical fibre infrastructure to provide wireless access solutions and thereby contribute to the development of Brest as a Digital City for exploitation and research purposes.

Specific

1. Providing a seamless high-speed WiFi connectivity inside the tramway and at stations along the tramway line

2. Setting up a multimedia access platform for distributing information to stimulate local businesses and/or cultural events using • interactive digital technologies with intelligent display techniques;

• wireless communication interfaces (WiFi, infrared)

CapilRTram 2011

An approach in phase with Brest’s strategy

“A digital city with a future-proof infrastructure that is ecologically friendly, aesthetically pleasant and intelligent”

A commercially exploitable tool to stimulate local businesses

• based on reliable and mature technology, the tramway infrastructure will help - strenghten economic activity and cultural events (local businesses,

advertising, tourism)

- facilitate entrepreneurship by providing beta-testing resources for innovative applications (e-commerce, e-education, social networks)

An open e-city platform to drive Research & Innovation

• an essential experimental tool for companies and research institutions to - test in-situ novel technologies, services and applications;

- assess associated threats and elaborate de-risking strategies.

CapilRTram 2011

WP 1.1: Dual-band WiFi System (2.4, 5 GHz) Principle

• Interconnecting stations Cn by means of an optical network • Connecting tramway carriages An to stations Cn by means of 5 GHz WiFi link • Providing WiFi coverage at 2.4 GHz inside the tramway by means of a wireless gateway

Advantages • Flexible and low-cost solution for a decicated wireless access • High speed connection based on mature technology (5 GHz : IEEE 802.11a) • Transparent to wireless protocols (future-proof)

Constraints • Cost of wide-band and highly linear optoelectronic transceivers at each station

C C2 C1 Cn

An

Internet

A2

1Gbps Optical Fibre Network


O/E WiFi 5 GHz

O/E

Wireless Gateway 5GHz ↔2.4GHz

Mobile Terminals

5 GHz

WiFi 2.4GHz

2.4 GHz

5 GHz

5 GHz

CapilRTram 2011

WP 1.2: High-speed millimetre-wave Wireless System (2.4 GHz, 60 GHz)

Principle • Replacing the 5-GHz link (WP1.1) by a 60 GHz wireless link

Advantages • Similar to WP1.1, with a significant increase in data throughput (>1 Gbps) • Existing standards at 57-66 GHz (ECMA-387, IEEE 802.15.3c, IEEE 802.11ad)

Constraints • Cost of millimetre-wave wireless interfaces, propagation limitations at 60 GHz

C C2 C1 Cn

An

Wireless Gateway 60GHz ↔2.4GHz Internet

Mobile Terminals

A2

1 Gbps Optical Network Infrastructure


O/E RF

60 GHz O/E

60 GHz

60 GHz

WiFi 2.4GHz

2.4 GHz

60 GHz

CapilRTram 2011

WP1.3 : Multimedia Access Platform Principle

• Stations are interconnected by means of optical Infrared wireless links Advantages

• Very high bit rates (> 2 Gbps per station) • Easy to install and to reconfigure (enhanced flexibility) • Reduced energy consumption and environmental impact, license-free

Constraints • High precision required for pointing/aligning light beam • Sensitive to obstacles and weather conditions (rain, fog, wind)

CapilRTram 2011

Hardware & Software resources

Commercially available equipment • Radio-frequency : WiFi Modules (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz) • Optics/Optoelectronics : Lasers, photodiodes, Fibre

Testbeds for radio-over-fibre and optical wireless technology • Platforme CapilR (ARAGO Centre)

- http://departements.telecom-bretagne.eu/optique/research/capilr

Simulation tools • Modeling optical networks : VPI Transmission Maker • Modeling wireless coverage : WinProp with free access to topographic data

(Imagin’Lab)

Radio Coverage Modeling Plateau des Capucins, Brest Wireless Coverage : Winprop

http://departements.telecom-bretagne.eu/optique/research/capilr



CapilRTram 2011

Partnership

(to be confirmed)

Tramway line with fibre optic infrastructure

Consulting, modeling, prototyping and testing

• Selection of adapted radio-over-fibre and infrared transmission technologies

• Scaling of optical/RF transmission links

Tramway carriages

• Adapted to accommodate wireless communication modules

Urban furniture, digital displays

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