the syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices …
TRANSCRIPT
THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES
AND THE RHETORICAL DEVICES
OF TEMPO ENGLISH FRONT COVER HEADLINES
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Silfiyani Fauzi
Student Number: 141214105
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
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THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES
AND THE RHETORICAL DEVICES
OF TEMPO ENGLISH FRONT COVER HEADLINES
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Silfiyani Fauzi
Student Number: 141214105
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2018
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Sheryl Sandberg
“..., but as for you, be strong and do not give up, for your
work will be rewarded.”
2 Chronicles 15:7
I dedicated this thesis to:
My beloved family,
my companion in arms,
and
my beloved lil sissy who kept asking me “Skripsine piye mbak?”
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ABSTRACT
Fauzi, Silfiyani. (2018). The syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices of
Tempo English front cover headlines. Yogyakarta: English Language Education
Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
Front cover headline is the most important advertisement tools of a
magazine. Yet, the pressure of space insists the copywriter to construct compact
yet attractive headlines. Copywriters have used many strategies. One of the
strategies is by considering linguistic aspect of the front cover headlines. In the
linguistic aspect, copywriters often play with the variation of syntactic structure
and the use rhetorical devices in constructing the front cover headline.
The researcher was interested in analyzing the syntactic structures and the
types of rhetorical devices observed by Tempo English magazine in its front
cover headlines. In this research, there were two research questions. The first
research question is what syntactic structures are observed in Tempo English
front cover headline? The second research question is what types of rhetorical
devices are found in the data analysis?
This research was conducted using qualitative method by using a text
analysis approach. The main data of this research were the front cover headlines
which issued in Tempo English magazine official website. There were 105 front
cover e-zine consisting headlines issued in www.magz.tempo.co from June 2016
to June 2018. It meant that these data were the recent data.
In analyzing the data, the theory of syntax offered by O’Grady (1990) and
Biber et al. (1999) were used to answer the first research question. The analysis
showed there were four phrasal patterns – noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional
phrase, and adjective phrase. It was also found three clausal patterns – SV, SVO,
and SVA pattern. Besides, to answer the second research question, the
combination of Corbett’s (1990) and Leech’s (1969) theory about the types of
rhetorical devices was used. The analysis showed that Tempo English front cover
headlines used 12 types of rhetorical devices which were parallelism, anastrophe,
ellipsis, asyndeton, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, metaphor, metonymy,
periphrasis, litotes, and polysemy.
Keywords: syntactic structures, rhetorical devices, headline, Tempo English
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ABSTRAK
Fauzi, Silfiyani. (2018). The syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices of
Tempo English front cover headlines. Yogyakarta: English Language Education
Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
Headline pada sampul depan merupakan alat untuk beriklan terpenting
dari majalah. Akan tetapi, keterbatasan ruang memaksa para copywriter untuk
menyusun headline yang singkat namun menarik. Para copywriter telah
menggunakan banyak strategi. Salah satu strateginya adalah dengan
mempertimbangkan aspek linguistik dari headline sampul depannya. Dalam
aspek linguistik, copywriter sering bermain dengan variasi struktur sintaks dan
penggunaan figur retorika dalam menyusun headline sampul depan.
Peneliti tertarik untuk menganalisis struktur-struktur sintaks dan
jenis-jenis figur retorika yang diterapkan oleh majalah Tempo di headline sampul
depan. Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah yang
pertama adalah struktur sintaks apa yang ditemukan dalam headline sampul
depan Tempo English? Rumusan masalah kedua adalah jenis-jenis figur retorika
apa yang ditemukan dalam analisis data?
Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui
pendekatan analisis teks. Data utama penelitian ini adalah headline sampul depan
yang diterbitkan di situs resmi majalah Tempo. Ada 105 sampul depan e-zine
yang memuat headline yang diterbitkan di www.magz.tempo.co dari bulan Juni
2016 hingga Juni 2018. Hal itu berarti bahwa data ini adalah data terbaru.
Dalam menganalisis data, teori sintaks yang ditawarkan oleh O’Grady
(1996) dan Biber et al. (1999) digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yang
pertama. Hasil analisi menunjukan bahwa ada 4 pola frasa yakni frasa kata benda,
frasa kata kerja, frasa preposisi, dan frasa kata sifat. Di temukan juga 3 pola
klausa yaitu klausa dengan pola SV, pola SVO, dan pola SVA. Kemudian, untuk
menjawab rumusan masalah yang kedua, peneliti menggunakan kombinasi teori
Corbett (1990) dan Leech (1969) tentang klasifikasi figur retorika. Hasil analisis
menunjukan bahwa Tempo English menggunakan 12 tipe figur retorika antara
lain parallelism, anastrophe, ellipsis, asyndeton, alliteration, assonance, rhyme,
metaphor, metonymy, periphrasis, litotes, and polysemy.
Kata Kunci: front cover headline, magazine, rhetorical figures, Tempo English
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ, my savior and The
Almighty One, for blessing and guiding me in my struggles. His endless blessing
always encourages me to finish this research in time. Without Him, I would never
have done my college life well.
I would like to express my gratitude to my research advisor, Dr. Emanuel
Sunarto, M.Hum., for the patience, care, and guidance so that I could finish my
research on time. I also thank all of the English Language Education Study
Program lecturers, especially my academic advisor, Truly Almendo Pasaribu,
S.S., M.A. and Christina Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., Ed.M., for teaching me
throughout these years. Besides, I thank all staff in ELESP secretariat, mba
Dhaniek, mba Anik, and mas Yudo, for their assistance.
I dedicate my thesis to my parents, my family, my beloved little sister, my
grandpas, grandmas, aunts, uncles, nephews and cousins. I thank them for their
love, support, motivation, patience, care, and prayer. There is nothing which can
compare to them in my life.
Companion is another comrade-in-arms. It was a hard struggle for me to
finish this thesis. Hence, I would like to thank all of my companions in arms. I
give my biggest hugs and kisses for Astini Agun, Yohana Triana Ina Weran,
PBI Class D, Skyscraper members, my KKN and PPL squad for the
motivation, support, and sharing. We have been down that hard road and we can
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survive. I will never forget the ups and downs moments we have been through
back then.
Last but not least, I would like to thank all of my friends in Sanata Dharma
University, all Bidikmisi Scholars batch 2014, ELESP students, all seniors and
juniors, especially, all ELESP students batch 2014. I thank all of them for the
good and bad, excellent, sweet, and wonderful days I spent with them.
Silfiyani “Ping” Fauzi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGES .......................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION PAGE ......................................................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .................................................... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .................................................... vi
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... xi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xiv
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ xv
LIST OF APPENDICES .................................................................................. xvi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1
A. Research Background................................................................. 1
B. Research Questions .................................................................... 4
C. Research Significance ................................................................ 5
D. Definition of Terms .................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE ................................... 9
A. Theoretical Description .............................................................. 9
1. The Headline Writing in Magazine ..................................... 9
2. The Theory of Syntax ........................................................ 11
a. Categories ................................................................... 11
b. Structures .................................................................... 14
3. Rhetorical Devices ............................................................ 18
a. Schemes ..................................................................... 19
b. Tropes ........................................................................ 30
B. Theoretical Framework ............................................................ 36
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CHAPTER III. RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY .................................... 39
A. Research Method ...................................................................... 39
B. Research Setting ....................................................................... 40
C. Research Data Source .............................................................. 40
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique ............. 41
E. Data Analysis Technique ......................................................... 43
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................... 47
A. Syntactic Structures of Tempo English Front Cover Headlines
.................................................................................................. 47
1. Phrasal Structures .............................................................. 48
a. Noun Phrase ............................................................... 48
b. Verb Phrase ................................................................ 54
c. Prepositional Phrase ................................................... 55
d. Adjective Phrase ........................................................ 56
2. Clausal Structures ............................................................. 57
a. Subject – Verb Phrase (SV) ....................................... 57
b. Subject – Verb Phrase – Object (SVO) ...................... 58
c. Subject – Verb Phrase – Obligatory Adverbial (SVA)
.................................................................................... 59
B. Rhetorical Devices in Tempo English Front Cover Headlines. 59
1. Parallelism ......................................................................... 61
2. Anastrophe ........................................................................ 61
3. Ellipsis ............................................................................... 62
4. Asyndeton ......................................................................... 63
5. Alliteration ........................................................................ 63
6. Assonance ....................................................................... 64
7. Rhyme ............................................................................... 65
8. Metaphor ........................................................................... 65
9. Metonymy ......................................................................... 66
10. Periphrasis ......................................................................... 67
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11. Litotes................................................................................ 68
12. Polysemy ........................................................................... 68
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 71
A. Conclusions .............................................................................. 71
B. Implications .............................................................................. 72
C. Recommendations .................................................................... 73
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 75
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 78
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 2.1 Syntactic categories............................................................................ 11
Table 3.1 Data Coding ....................................................................................... 45
Table 4.1 Phrasal Structures in Tempo English front cover headline ................ 48
Table 4.1.1 Noun phrase patterns ....................................................................... 49
Table 4.2 Rhetoric and non-rhetoric headlines in Tempo English..................... 60
Table 4.3 Lists of Tempo English front cover headlines using multiple rhetorical
devices ............................................................................................... 69
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 4.1 Syntactic structures in Tempo English front cover headlines ......... 47
Figure 4.2 Rhetorical devices in Tempo English front cover headlines ........... 60
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
Appendix 1. Tempo English Website ............................................................... 79
Appendix 2. Samples of Tempo English Front Covers .................................... 80
Appendix 3. Data Coding ................................................................................. 81
Appendix 4. Syntactic structures in Tempo English front cover headlines ..... 87
Appendix 5. Rhetorical devices in Tempo English front cover headlines ....... 89
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the background information of the research related
to the subject matter. It consists of research background, research questions,
research significance and definition of terms.
A. Research Background
Language is a vital mean of communication in society as it helps people to
exchange facts and information. There are three roles of language in
communication according to Aitchison (2003). They are the role to persuade and
influence people, to express feelings and emotions, and to give an aesthetic effect.
For example, the role to persuade and influence people can be easily found in
advertisements. Besides, we tend to use interjection to show our feeling rather
than explain it directly. The word “ouch!” can simply express pain even though
we say nothing like “It is painful”. Another example of the language role is the
rhyming words in a poetry which give aesthetic effect as we read the poetry.
Within a language, additionally, there are many specialized varieties or
fields such as academic, science, law, religion, political, and mass media. These
fields have developed their own styles of language. As an example, the language
style which is used in academic field is totally different with the style of language
used in political field. These varieties of language styles require to be studied
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carefully if we want to understand and use them to communicate and exchange for
facts and information with others.
Among those varieties of language styles, the language used in mass media
presents a wider range of linguistically distinctive as it provides information
while, at the same time, entertains the audiences. Magazine, as one of mass media,
is a very popular cultural form as can be easily found. There are a lot of
magazines published in the world appointing to various topics of interest. Through
reviewing at the newsagents, magazines are published in some topics of interest
that reflect their specialist nature such as news and politics, law, computing, do-it-
yourself, household craft and music. There are also ‘in-house’ magazines by the
supermarkets and e-zine which refers to magazine to be found on the internet
which aimed at a much wider audience (McLoughlin, 2002, p. 2).
Since magazines have various topic of interest, the linguistics distinction
which is presented is also vary. The language styles used in magazines depend on
each topic of interest and target market. As an example, Femina is an Indonesian
magazine covering fashion and lifestyles. The style of language of this type of
magazine is different from Tempo magazine which covers facts and the actual
news. Femina magazine obviously intends to reach women, socialite, and
fashionists. Meanwhile, Tempo magazine tends to reach more intellect people
who have interest in the current information and political issues.
Furthermore, in order to attract the readers’ attention, copywriters have to
make their magazines remarkable. According to the Tatler’s editor in
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McLoughin’s book entitled The Language of Magazine “the front cover act as an
advertisement for the magazine since it is the first text that the reader sees” (p.
24). In other words, front cover headline has a role as a persuasive selling tool
which has to be attractive and influencing. However, the pressure of space and
time insists the copywriters to be able to construct compact headlines.
Consequently, the copywriters often break the grammatical rules and use unique
and unusual technique in constructing concise yet appealing headlines.
In addition, Mårdh (1980) stated that headlines are written in a compressed
telegraphic style by using special syntactic conventions. This technique is also
called as headlinese which is the abbreviated form of news writing style (Mårdh,
1980). For example, headlines often omit verb “to be” or linking verbs and the
articles. Some headlines also use uncommon words which are extremely short in
idiosyncratic way to save time and space. Further, Reah (1998) stated that as far
as headline construction is concerned, there are six syntactic properties which are
frequently found. Those properties are the use of active voice, the use of simple
present tense, the omission of grammatical words, the omission of verbs and
auxiliaries, the use of nominalizations, and the use of class shift.
Moreover, a headline also comprises a unique component of news articles
due to its stylistic form. As far as stylistic properties of headline are concerned,
rhetorical devices are applied to give entertaining effect to the audiences.
Rhetorical devices are traditionally described as artful deviation (Corbett, 1990).
It is usually called as figure of speech or rhetorical figures. Deviation here means
different from the ordinary usage. In other words, rhetorical devices “provide
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means to make familiar strange” (McQuarrie & Mick, 1996, p. 426). Starting from
this point, headlines are considered representing the language application in both
structural and functional. Thus, the study of the front cover headline construction,
specifically the syntactic structures and rhetorical devices, is worth to be analyzed
carefully.
This research aims to analyze the syntactic structures and the rhetorical
devices observed in Tempo English front cover headlines. Tempo English is an
English version e-zine of Indonesian magazine, Tempo. Tempo magazine, an
Indonesian weekly magazine covering news and politics, was first published in
March 6th, 1971. Then, in 2000, Tempo started to publish the English version,
namely Tempo English. This magazine covers news and political issues. Thus, the
language styles which is used in the headline must be different as it has to provide
facts and accurate information. The analysis is conducted using the front cover
headlines which is published from June 2016 until June 2018. By analyzing the
syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices observed in Tempo English, this
research is expected to give a clear picture of the language application in headline
construction.
B. Research Questions
According to the background mentioned earlier, there are two research
questions used for the next analysis of this study. The research questions are
formulated as follows:
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1. What syntactic structures are observed in Tempo English front cover
headlines?
2. What types of rhetorical device are found in the data analysis?
C. Research Significance
This thesis reflects my interest and capability. By conducting this research,
I learn how to analyze the syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices in
headlines construction and compose a scientific work. Besides, through reading
various literary works related to this research, I get more knowledge and better
writing skill. Thus, this research is also expected to give some contributions to
several parties as follow:
1. Fellow Readers
This research may provide alternative way to understand syntactic
structures and the use of rhetorical devices. Even though, this research focuses on
headlines construction in magazine, this may also be applicable for other mass
media. This research is also expected to help fellow readers for having a better
understanding about English sentence structures by appointing the syntactic
structures and the stylistic aspect of language by appointing the use of rhetorical
devices in English headlines.
2. English Language Education Study Program Students
This research may provide clearer concept about syntax and sentence
structures derived from the headlines construction. It is also expected to contribute
to a new way to understand the use of rhetorical devices in mass media as it may
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be useful as a new way to enrich the students’ critical thinking and creative
writing. The researcher also expects the students get better understanding on
applied linguistics in advertising and mass media.
3. English Teachers and Lecturers
This research uses magazine’s headlines as the subject. Thus, it is expected
to help English teachers and lecturers to give fresh idea in designing more
interesting teaching material. Since magazine is close to students’ life, it might
become an interesting media to learn linguistics and English. Moreover, this
research is also expected to give additional reference of examples specifically in
English Grammar and Syntax courses, where grammatical and syntactic issues are
discussed. Besides, this research is expected to give additional examples of the
use of rhetorical devices in Sociolinguistics courses where rhetorical devices are
introduced.
4. Future Researchers
This research may also supply necessary information regarding to
linguistic studies. This research is also to inspire future researchers who have the
same interest with this research to find other subjects to be analyzed such as
captions, hash tags, and taglines. Besides, the future researchers might also use
similar subjects but using different focuses and types of analysis. The future
researchers who have interest in similar analysis may use this research as a
reference to obtain relevant information. They are also encouraged to hold a more
comprehensive research in the same field with deeper analysis and research result.
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D. Definition of Terms
There are several definitions of necessary terms to facilitate this research
which are about to be defined to keep the focus of the research and avoid
misunderstanding and misleading interpretation.
1. Headlines
Duff and Shindler (1986) state that headlines mostly become visible, as a
short text, which set up the readers for the news stories and influence them to go
through the news articles and purchase the magazines. Likewise, Hodgson (1998)
adds “headline writing is an exceptionally troublesome job for copywriters” (p.
125). The copywriter has to focus on the most essential event of the story and
deliver it into few words that would attract the readers. However, the pressure of
space and time insist the copywriter could create compact headlines. Therefore, in
constructing headlines, copywriters often use a set of unique grammatical rules.
2. Syntax
Syntax is considered as “the system of rules and categories which underlies
sentence formation in human language” (O'Grady, 1996, p. 181). Similar to other
linguistic systems, syntactic component is creative and systematic. Thus, it is not
just any combination of words which will give a well-formed sentence. In syntax,
words in all human languages are grouped into a relatively small number of
classes so called as syntactic categories. It reflects the type of meaning that words
express, the type of affixes that they take, and the type of structure in which they
can occur. Further, the structures in syntax are formed by simply stringing words
together through hierarchical design into larger structural units. There are two
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focuses in syntactic units which are phrases and sentences. This research focuses
on the syntactic structures observed in the Tempo English front cover headlines
issued on June 2016 – June 2018, which are used as the sample of this research.
3. Rhetorical devices
According to Corbett (1990) rhetorical devices, as well as known as
rhetorical figures or figures of speech, refer to “any artful deviation from the
ordinary mode of speaking or writing” (p. 426). Moreover, they are divided into
schemes and tropes. The members of these schemes and tropes are widely ranged
from the familiar to the obscure one (McQuarrie and Mick, 1996). This research
also focuses on the use of rhetorical devices in the Tempo English front cover
headlines construction.
4. Tempo English
Tempo English is an English version e-zine of Indonesian magazine,
Tempo. Tempo magazine, an Indonesian weekly magazine covering news and
politics, was first published in March 6th, 1971. Then, in 2000, Tempo started to
publish the English version, namely Tempo English. Different from Tempo
magazine which published in printed, Tempo English is published weekly through
www.magz.tempo.co, the official website of Tempo magazine. This English
version magazine can only be reached after joining as a subscriber and doing the
purchase. The magazine will be sent to our account in PDF format after we
finished the transaction.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE
The content of this chapter explains the relevant theories which are related
to the research. There are two main parts of this chapter. Those two are theoretical
description and theoretical framework. In the theoretical description, the
theoretical review of the research is provided. In the theoretical framework, the
researcher explains the relation between the theories and the research question of
this research.
A. Theoretical Description
In this first part, the researcher provides the description of the language of
magazine, headlines, the definition of advertisement, and rhetorical figures in
advertising.
1. The Headline Writing in Magazine
The original meaning of the word magazine is storehouse of information
(McLoughlin, 2002, p. 2). It is a very popular cultural form as can be easily found
everywhere – waiting rooms, houses, shops, and even public transportations. The
language which is used in magazines is different from other mass media.
Magazines often use informal language due to their purpose is not only to give
information, but also to entertain the readers. In other words, the language in
magazines has its own characteristics as it has its own linguistic features. Besides,
magazines have synthetic personalization, a compensatory tendency when
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addressing audiences en masse, which has the effect of creating the impression as
if the writers knows the reader personally (Fairclough, 1989).
In magazine, front cover headline is considered as a mean of advertisement
of the magazine (Arens, 2006). Headline is a text which summarizes the main
point of the whole articles which can be simply called as a title. It promises
information and entertainment at the same time. Even though, visual image and
design might have a very countless effect for the consumers, it is language that
helps consumers to recognize and remember a product (Fumukong, 2016).
However, the pressures of time and spaces insist the copywriters to
construct short, compact, and concise headlines. That is the reason why headline
often uses a unique set of grammatical principles and different language styles. In
line with the use of unusual grammar principles, the use of special vocabularies
and humorous are vital in headline writing. Headlines are often written in
compressed telegraphic style by which some special syntactic conventions are
used (Mårdh, 1980). Telegraphic style is defined as writing style which attempt to
abbreviate words and pack as much information into smallest possible number of
words (Alred, Brusaw, & Oliu, 2003). In other words, writing a headline need to
consider to have connection with the syntactic strategy.
Furthermore, a headline also comprises a unique component of news
articles due to its stylistic form. As far as stylistic properties of headline are
concerned, rhetorical devices are applied to give entertaining effect to the
audiences.in order to make headlines remarkable to the audiences. Rhetorical
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devices, according to Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969), are the devices of
deviation which have the ability to make the familiar things become strange.
2. The Theory of Syntax
In previous part, it is explained that headlines should be short, compact and
concise. Therefore, analyzing the syntactic structures is considered important to
how copywriter apply and maximize their understanding on syntax to construct
headlines. Syntax is considered as “the system of rules and categories which
underlies sentence formation in human language” (O'Grady, 1996, p. 181).
Similar to other linguistic systems, syntactic component is creative and
systematic. Thus, it is not just any combination of words which will give a well-
formed sentence.
a. Categories
In syntax, words in all human languages are grouped into a relatively small
number of classes so called as syntactic categories. It reflects the type of meaning
that words express, the type of affixes that they take, and the type of structure in
which they can occur.
Table 2.1 Syntactic categories
Lexical Categories Examples
Noun (N) Shelly, girl, wealth, regulation, posture
Verb (V) Analyze, conquer, combat, become, sleep
Adjective (Adj) Beautiful, clever, slim, bad, fond
Preposition (P) Between, without, by, for, at, in, near
Adverb (Adv) Slowly, quietly, silently, now
Non-lexical categories Examples
Determiner (det) The, a , an, this, those
Degree word (deg) too, so, very, quite
Qualifier (Qual) Always, perhaps, almost, often
Auxiliary (Aux) Can, may, will, should, could
Conjunction (Con) And, or, but
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Table 2.1 provides the examples of word-level categories which are more central
to the study of syntax. The four most studied syntactic categories are noun (N),
verb (V), adjective (Adj), and preposition (P). These elements are often called as
lexical categories. They play a very important role in sentence formation. Besides,
the adverb (Adv) is the lexical category which is least studied (O'Grady, 1996).
In language, O’Grady (1996) adds that there are also non-lexical or
functional categories which have harder meanings to define. The non-lexical
categories include determiner (det), degree word (deg), qualifier (qual), auxiliary
(aux), and conjunction (con). Additionally, a potential source of confusion in the
area of word classification stems from the fact that some items belong to more
than one category.
Example [1]
Comb (n) vs. Comb (v)
“You need to comb your hair, Sam. Anyone would lend him a comb?”
The example 1) shows that the word “comb” belongs to more than one category.
Furthermore, O’Grady (1996) explains three criteria to determine a word’s
category. The criteria include meaning, inflection, and distribution.
The first criterion in determining a word’s category involves meaning.
Nouns, for instance, normally name entities such as individuals (Billy, girl) and
objects (glass, box). On the other hand, verbs typically designate actions (cook,
drive), sensations (feel), and states (remain). Consistent with this tendency, the
word “comb” in example 1) can be explained further. The italic “comb” presents
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an action as a verb. Meanwhile, the bolded “comb” in the example presents the
word “comb” as an object. Thus, the bolded “comb” belongs to different word
classification, which is a noun. However, the fact that words with similar
meanings in some case belong to different categories. For example, the words like
and fond are very similar in meaning, yet like is a verb and fond is an adjective
which is clearly different in categories.
Thus, the second criterion is needed to categorize words with particular
types of meanings. O’Grady (1996) mentioned that in order to determine a word’s
category, it is needed to analyze the compatibility with various types of
inflections. Inflection is defined as the modification of a word’s form to indicate
the category to which it belongs. For instance, nouns are easily seen when it is in
plural form (it has affix –s). By analyzing the inflection is helpful, but it does not
always provide the information needed to determine the word’s category.
Consequently, it needs more reliable criterion for that matter.
The last criterion according to O’Grady (1996) involves the type of
elements with which it can co-occur (distribution). As far as the distribution are
concerned, nouns are typically modified by a determiner, verbs by an auxiliary,
and adjectives by a degree words. Finally, together with information about word’s
meaning and its inflectional capabilities, this distributional facts help identify the
word’s syntactic category.
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b. Structures
Furthermore, the structures in syntax are formed by stringing words
together through hierarchical design and putting them into larger structural units.
There are two main focuses in syntactic units which are phrases and sentences.
1) Phrases
Phrases are the nature of syntactic units which are built around Ns, Vs, As,
and Ps. They are built around a ‘skeleton’ which consists of two levels; the lowest
level is the head which builds the phrase and the additional to a head called
specifiers which have special semantic and syntactic role (determiners, qualifiers,
and degree words). O’Grady, in his book, does not explicitly explain the types of
phrase which are formed. Meanwhile, Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, &
Finegan (1999) state that based on each type of lexical word, there are five major
types of phrases which are described further as follows.
a) Noun phrase
The first type is noun phrase which in the strict sense consists of a noun as
a head. This head can stand alone or either accompanied by determiners and
modifiers “which describe the entity denoted by the head noun” (Biber,
Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999, p. 97). The head can also be
followed by complements to complete the meaning of a noun. Besides, O’Grady
(1996) states that “the arrangement of the elements which make up a phrase is
regulated by a special type of grammatical mechanism which is called a phrase
structure rule” (p. 189). Then, he mentions the option of the phrase structure rule
of noun phrase is formulated as NP (Det) N (PP).
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Example [2] The woman in black
Det N PP
Since O’Grady mentions that the rule presented above is as an option of the
phrase structure rule, it is considered that there is possibility to figure out other
rules of noun phrase structure.
b) Verb phrase
As in noun phrase, a verb phrase contains a lexical or primary verb as the
head either alone or accompanied by auxiliaries (Biber, Johansson, Leech,
Conrad, & Finegan, 1999). The function of the auxiliaries is to show the way in
which the action, state, or process of the main verb is to be interpreted. Further,
O’Grady (1996) mentions the option rule of verb phrase is formulated as VP
(Qual) V (NP), yet it is not limited to the possibility of other rules which may
occur.
c) Adjective phrase
Adjective phrase contains adjective as the head of the phrase. It is
optionally accompanied by modifiers which can be in a form of single words,
phrases, and clauses (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999). The
option rule of adjective phrase which is offered by O’Grady is formulated as AP
(Deg) A (PP). Similar to the previous phrases, this option rule is not the exact
rule, so there is possibility to figure out other rules of adjective phrase.
d) Adverb phrase
This phrase clearly contains adverb as the head which is optionally
accompanied by modifiers. Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan (1999)
state that the modifiers which can accompany the adverb is in a form of single
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words, phrases, or clauses. However, O’Grady (1996) does not mention the option
of the adverb phrase rule.
e) Prepositional phrase
The last major type of phrase is prepositional phrase which, of course,
contains a preposition as the head of the phrase and a complement. The
complements are typically in a form of a noun phrase. Biber, Johansson, Leech,
Conrad, & Finegan (1999) state that the typical prepositional phrase “may be
viewed as a noun phrase extended by a link showing its relationship to
surrounding structures” (p. 103).
Furthermore, in discussing phrasal structures, the presence of modifiers
cannot be ignored. A modifier is “a class of elements which encode optionally
expressible properties of heads” (O'Grady, 1996). O’Grady adds that, basically, all
lexical categories can have modifiers, yet the two most common lexical categories
which are accompanied by modifiers are noun and verb. In addition, English
modifiers, with respect to the heads, are vary in terms of their position. Thus,
there are two major characteristics in relation to the position of the head across the
phrasal structures (Department of Lingusitics The Ohio State University, 2007).
They are head-initial features and head-final features.
Example [3]:
- Head-initial features : The cover of the magazine
- Head-final features : The magazine’s cover
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2) Sentences
Aitchison (1978) states that “sentences are not simply random words
strung together by means of various devices” (p. 71). Traditionally, sentences are
taken to be the product of the combination of subject which is usually in a form of
subject (commonly in a form of noun phrases) with a predicate or verb phrase
(O'Grady, 1996). However, in practice, some people are still confused between
sentences and clauses.
According to Cambridge Dictionary, a clause is a basic unit of grammar
which must contain a verb. (“Clauses”). Meanwhile, a sentence is a unit of
grammar which must contain at least one main clause, but it can contain more.
Besides, sentence typically begins with a capital letter and ends with a period
(“Sentences”). Clause is divided into two major types which are independent
clause and dependent clause. Independent clauses are clauses which can form
sentences on their own, while dependent clauses cannot. As its name, dependent
clauses dependent on independent clauses to form sentences. Starting from this
point, a sentence is considered as a clause.
Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan (1999) state that clauses are
formed in patterns. These patterns are the combination of the major clause
elements including subject and predicate. Further, the predicate can be broken
down into verb phrase and compliment. There are, basically, seven patterns which
define the major clause types as follows.
a) Subject – Verb Phrase (SV)
b) Subject – Verb Phrase – Object (SVO)
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c) Subject – Verb Phrase – Compliment (SVC)
d) Subject – Verb Phrase – Obligatory Adverbial (SVA)
e) Subject – Verb Phrase – Indirect Object – Direct Object (SVOiOd)
f) Subject – Verb Phrase – Object – Object Complement (SVOCo)
g) Subject – Verb Phrase – Object – Obligatory Adverbial (SVOA)
3. Rhetorical Devices
Barthes (1971) in McQuarrie and Mick (1996) states “since the antiquity
the discipline of rhetoric is about the Western thinking of persuasion” (p. 424).
There are many different terms used for rhetorical devices by experts. Leech
(1969) uses the term rhetorical figures instead of rhetorical devices, then describes
it as linguistic deviation. As seen from Grice’s rules of conversation, deviation
can be defined as violation to the rules; something beyond ordinary (McQuarrie &
Mick, 1996). Meanwhile, Corbett (1990) calls rhetorical devices as figures of
speech. He defines rhetorical devices as a “generic term of any artful deviations
from the ordinary mode of speaking or writing” (p. 426).
Both Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969) state that there are 44 types in
rhetorical devices. They then divide these rhetorical devices into two big
categories – schemes and tropes. Corbett (1990) explains that “schemes deal with
the deviation of the words arrangement. Meanwhile, tropes deal with the deviation
of meaning” (p. 427). On the other hand, Leech (1969) explains schemes as
“foregrounded repetition of expression” and tropes as “foregrounded irregularity
of content” (p. 74). According to Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969), the
classification of rhetorical devices is as follows.
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a. Schemes
As mentioned earlier, schemes deal with the deviation of words
arrangement (Corbett, 1990). Moreover, Leech (1969) defines schemes as
expressional repetition. According to them, schemes are then divided into 30 types
as follows.
1) Prosthesis
Prosthesis is a type of rhetorical devices which gives additional syllable in
the beginning of words. Even this rhetorical device adds syllable in front of the
word, though it is deferent from adding a prefix, which changes the meaning of
the word. The use of prosthesis does not change the meaning or the part of speech
of the word.
Example [4] Loved becomes beloved
2) Epenthesis
Almost similar to prosthesis, this rhetorical device adds a syllable to a
word without changing the meaning or the part of speech. Yet, epenthesis adds a
syllable in the middle of a word. It is mostly functioned as poetic device such as
in poetries, especially in the earlier of the century (Corbett, 1990).
Example [5] Athlete becomes Athalete
(Kurt Vonnegut, Player Piano, 1952)
3) Proparalepsis
Proparalepsis is also formed by giving additional syllable to a word
without changing the word’s meaning or the part of speech. The additional
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syllable is put at the end of the word, but it is different from adding a suffix.
Corbett (1990) explains that proparalepsis is also functioned to give rhyme of a
line in a poetry.
Example [6] Climate becomes climature
4) Aphaeresis
In historical phonetics, aphaeresis refers to the loss of unstressed vowel in
a word. However, aphaeresis, in this case, refers to the deletion a syllable from the
beginning of a word. As in previous devices of rhetoric, this device also does not
affect the meaning or the part of speech of the word.
Example [7] Beneath becomes ‘neath
5) Syncope
This device of rhetoric is also about the deletion of a syllable. Yet, the
syllable is deleted from the middle of a word. Similar to preceding devices, the
deletion does not affect any of the word’s meaning of the part of speech.
Example [8] Prosperous becomes prosperous
6) Apocope
Apocope is the opposite of aphaeresis. This device of rhetoric is formed by
deleting a syllable from the end of a word. It is functioned as a poetic device
which is to facilitate the rhyme of a line in a poetry.
Example [9] A picture becomes a pic
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7) Metathesis
Metathesis is a device of rhetoric which is formed by reordering the letters
in a word. In other words, the device switches the position of the letters in a word.
However, this substitution does not change the word’s meaning. This metathesis
is commonly found in children’s speech, which is unconsciously done. Yet, poets
often do it in purpose to give aesthetic effect to the poetry.
Example [10] Clasp becomes Calpse; Waps becomes Wasp
8) Antisthecon
This rhetorical device is formed by changing the sound of the word to
create rhyme of a line, especially in poetry, without changing the meaning of the
word.
Example [11] Wrong becomes wrang
9) Parallelism
Parallelism is defined as “the similarity of the structure in a pair or series
of related words, phrases, or clauses” (Corbett, 1990, p. 429). This principle is
applied to keep the coherence of the sentence, therefore nouns should be
connected with nouns, verbs with verbs, noun phrases with noun phrases, clauses
with clauses and so on.
Example [12] He tried to make the law equitable, precise, and comprehensible.
10) Antithesis
Antithesis occurs when two contrasting ideas are put together in a parallel
structure. The use of antithesis is aimed to produce the effect of “aphoristic
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neatness”, which is meant to give the sense of “well-organized” to the constructed
sentence (Corbett, 1990).
Example [13] Many things difficult to design prove easy to perform.
11) Anastrophe
Anastrophe is rhetorical device which deals with the unusual arrangement
of words. It is defined as “inversion of the natural or the usual word order”
(Corbett, 1990, p. 431). Beside to gain emphasis, Corbett (1990) explains that this
device is an effective tool to gain attention as the unusual placing of words
receives extraordinary emphasis.
Example [14] People that he had known all his life he didn’t really know.
12) Parenthesis
Corbett (1990) defines parenthesis as “the insertion of some verbal units in
a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence” (p. 431).
This insertion is not necessary in grammar, yet it does reflect rhetorical device.
Moreover, he also describes parenthesis gives emotional sense from the author.
Example [15] But wherein any man is bold – I am speaking foolishly – I also am
bold.
13) Apposition
This device of rhetoric occurs when two co-ordinate elements are put side
by side. The role of the second co-ordinate is to give additional information and
also to modify the first element.
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Example [16] John Morgan, the president of the Sons of the Republic, could not
be reached by phone.
14) Ellipsis
Ellipsis is described as “deliberate omission of word or of words which are
readily implied by context” (Corbett, 1990, p. 432). Besides, Corbett (1990) states
that this device is considered efficient to be used as it is an “arresting means of
securing economy expression” (p. 432). However, the omitted words should be
grammatically compatible.
Example [17] When [you are] in doubt, [you should] play trump.
15) Asyndeton
Asyndeton also deals with omission. The omitted part in asyndeton is the
conjunctions between a series of related clauses. The function of this device is to
produce hurried rhythm in order to create emotional reaction (Corbett, 1990).
Moreover, the use of asyndeton can also create incompleteness, climatic, and
synonymy effects. Example 21) below is the example of asyndeton which create
climatic effect.
Example [18] I came, I saw, I conquered.
16) Polysyndeton
Polysyndeton is the opposite of asyndeton. In polysyndeton, conjunctions
are used in purposes to produce an impressively solemn note and to express
continuity of experience and special emphasis.
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Example [19]:
a) Impressive solemn note
And God said, “Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their
kinds: cattle and creeping things and beasts of the earth according to their
kinds” (Genesis, 1:24)
b) Continuity of experience
I said, “Who killed him?” and he said, “I don’t know who killed him but
he’s dead all right,” and it was dark and there was water standing in the
street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and
trees blown… (Hemingway, “After the storm”)
c) Special emphasis
Last semester I have taken English grammar III and phonetics and
phonology and statistics and sociolinguistics and proposal seminar.
17) Alliteration
Alliteration deals with consonant repetition. Corbett (1990) and Leech
(1969) describe alliteration as the repetition of the initial and medial consonants.
Besides, Leech (1969) adds that alliteration is one of many linguistic tools which
can make text to become more organized. The use of alliteration in poetry,
according to Corbett (1990), is to “bind verses together” (p. 434). Further, he
states that, in modern era, alliteration is used to give humorous effect in
advertisements.
Example [20] The Champagne of Bottle Beer – Brewed only in Milwaukee.
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18) Assonance
As in alliteration, assonance also deals with sound repetition. The
difference is that assonance repeats the similar vowels which are preceded and
followed by different consonants. However, it is only the vowels in the stressed
syllables which are repeated. Consequently, there is a possibility of “the
occurrence of semi-assonance” (Leech, 1969, p. 93). Semi-assonance occurs when
the repeated vowels are not identical, but similar. The examples of both assonance
and semi-assonance are as follows.
Example [21]:
a) Assonance
And old, blind, and despised king.
b) Semi-assonance
For those who can see the scar
19) Anaphora
Anaphora is defined as the repetition of the same words or the group of
words at the beginning of sentences, phrases, or clauses (Corbett, 1990). He adds
that the use of anaphora in a writing is surely to build a special rhythm of a
sequence where the author wants to emphasize on.
Example [22] This is the essence – this is the heart – this is the day-today stuff of
our duty in this Assembly.
20) Epistrophe
In the opposite of anaphora, epistrophe is a “repetition of the same word or
group of word at the end of successive clauses” (Corbett, 1990, p. 435). He also
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mentions the function of this device is to create rhythm as well as to set up special
emphasis to the sentence.
Example [23] When I was a child, I spoke like a child, I thought like a child, I
reasoned like a child.
21) Epanalepsis
Epanalepsis occurs by repeating a word placed in the beginning of a clause
at the end of the clause (Corbett, 1990). He mentions that this device reflects an
intense emotion. Thus, the use of this device must concern to the appropriate time
and context to prevent awkwardness.
Example [24] Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answered blows
22) Anadiplosis
Anadiplosis occurs when the last word of the initial clause is repeated at
the beginning of the following clause. Corbett (1990) explains that the use of this
device is to show connection between clauses. Further, the pattern of anadiplosis,
according to Leech (1969) can be formulated as (…a)(a…).
Example [25] Labor and care are rewarded with success, success produces
confidence, confidence relaxes industry, and negligence ruins
reputation which diligence had raised.
23) Climax
Climax deals with the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses which
occur based on the order of increasing importance. There are two types of climax.
The first type is a climax in which a text is arranged in an order gradually rising
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importance. Then, the second climax is the combination of anadiplosis. Example
[26] below is the example of the first climax.
Example [26] Let a man acknowledge obligations to his family, his country, and
his God.
24) Antimetabole
Antimetabole is a “repetition of words in reverse grammatical order, in
successive clause” (Corbett, 1990, p. 437). He adds that the clauses which use
antimetabole become remarkable since they are “having the air of neatly turned
phrase”. By using this device, the text will reflect the expression of thought.
Example [27] You may like it, it likes you.
25) Polyptoton
Polyptoton is defined as the repetition of words which are derived from the
same root (Corbett, 1990). Additionally, Leech (1969) states that polypototon is
the morphological counterpart of anaphora which means the repetition occurs
within the words’ structure.
Example [28] Their blood bleeds the nation of its sanguine assurance.
26) Symploce
Symploce is a combination of two preceding devices, anaphora and
epistrophe. In other words, this device repeats the initial and the final words of a
clause. Leech (1969) mentions that the structure of symploce can be formulated as
(a…b)(a…b).
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Example [29] I will recruit for myself and you as I go; I will scatter myself
among men and women as I go.
27) Homoioteleuton
Leech (1969) defines homoioteleuton as the repetition of the identical
derivational or inflectional ending on different words. This device is similar to
rhyme, yet it only repeats the identical derivational or inflectional ending.
Whereas, rhyme repeats the similar syllable at the end of words.
Example [30] But for those obstinate questionings
Of sense and outward things,
Fallings from us, vanishings,
Blank misgivings of a creature
Moving about in words not realized…
28) Chiming
Chiming is a rhetorical device which is similar to alliteration. Leech (1969)
explains that the difference between those two devices lies on the sound being
repeated. In chiming, the focus is on the similarity of repeated sound. Leech, then,
points out that chiming somehow connects two or more words beginning with
identical sounds. The phonological bond also gives more emphasis when “it
occurs between words which are grammatically paired, yet contrast in reference
and associations” (Leech, 1969, p. 96).
Example [31] So foul and fair a day I have not seen.
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29) Rhyme
As explained in homoioteleuton, rhyme repeats the similar syllable at the
end of words. This device is the opposite of chiming. Leech (1969) explains that
rhyme is based more on spelling rather than on pronunciation. As far as the
spelling system is phonemic, the phonological correspondences are indeed
reflected in writing. However, there is a possibility of the difference between the
spelling and the pronunciation. For instance, the word great rhymes with the word
mate, but not with the word meat (Leech, 1969).
Example [32] What thou wouldst highly.
That wouldst thou holily.
30) Free verbal repetition
Leech (1969) describes free verbal repetition as the repetition of words.
The repetition is done by repeating the exact words, phrases, or sentences from the
previous part. Compared to the other repetition devices, this device has main
characteristic which is disorderliness. Yet, it still give special or suppressed
intensity of feeling like the other repetition devices. Moreover, Leech (1969) the
repetition of free verbal variation can also “indicate the inadequacy of language”
(p. 79).
Example [33] For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime,
Young Lycidas, and hath not left his peer.
Who would not sing for Lycidas? he know
Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.
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b. Tropes
Tropes, according to Corbett (1990), deal with the deviation of the
meaning of the words. They are also known as the transference of meaning since
they create deviation on the semantic level (Leech, 1969). Further, both Corbett
(1990) and Leech (1969) divide tropes into fourteen categories which are further
described as follows.
1) Metaphor and simile
Metaphor is understood as “an implied comparison between two things of
unlike nature yet have something in common” (Corbett, 1990, p. 438).
Meanwhile, Corbett (1990) defines simile as “an explicit comparison between two
things of unlike nature yet have something in common” (p. 438). He adds that
these two tropes should be treated in the same way since they are so much alike.
In addition, Leech (1969) states that the difference between these two tropes is
only lied on their manner in expressing the comparison.
Example [34]:
Metaphor : Some students went down in flames on the final exam.
Simile : The prosecutor went directly to the point like an arrow.
2) Synecdoche
This rhetorical device is a device where a part stands for the whole thing
(Corbett, 1990). On the other hand, Leech (1969) describes synecdoche as “the
general term for the particular” (p. 150). Both definitions actually have the same
interpretation about synecdoche, yet the terms are different.
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Example [35] Genus substituted for the species: weapon for sword; vehicle for
bicycle; arms for rifles.
3) Metonymy
Metonymy is conventionally described as the substitution of some
attributive words for what they are actually meant. According to Corbett (1990),
metonymy is similar to synecdoche that it needs great effort to differ them.
Besides, Leech (1969) also defines metonymy is “broad enough to include
synecdoche” (p. 152). However, metonymy is treated “as a residual category
including all varieties of transference of meaning apart from those which
separately classed as synecdoche” (Leech, 1969, p. 152).
Example [36] Crown for royalty; wealth for rich people; bottle for wine.
4) Puns
Corbett (1990) defines puns as a rhetorical device which “creates a play on
words” (p. 441). Then, he classifies puns into antanaclasis, paronomasia, and
syllepsis. Leech (1969), meanwhile, classifies puns into more categories which are
repetition, antonyms, asyntactic, etymological pun, syllepsis, and similarity of
pronunciation. This research used the classification offered by Corbett (1990) as
follows.
4.1) Antanaclasis
Basically, Corbett’s antanaclasis and Leech’s repetition are the same. Both
describe puns as the “repetition of word in two different senses” (Corbett, 1990, p.
441; Leech, 1969, p. 210). The different senses here means the word bring two
senses or meanings in sequence.
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Example [37] Learn a craft so that when you grow older, you do not need to earn
your living by craft.
4.2) Paronomasia
Paronomasia is the similarity of pronunciation. This rhetorical device uses
words which are similar in sound yet different in meaning. Leech (1969) uses the
terms “play on similarity of pronunciation” for this device. He argues that this
device cannot be classified into pun since it depends more on approximate
homonymity. Even so, Leech (1969) further explains that this device has the same
effect as puns.
Example [38] It was a foul act to steal my fowl.
4.3) Syllepsis
This pun deals with the words which are understood differently when they
are put together with other different words. Both Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969)
describe syllepsis as the use of a word which is understood differently in relation
to two or more other words, which it modifies of rules.
Example [39] Here thou, Great Anna! Whom three realms obey
Dost sometimes counsel take – and sometime tea.
5) Anthimeria
According to Corbett (1990), anthimeria is “the substitution of one part of
speech for another” (p. 442). This device is used by creating a new word when
there is not an available word which can represent what the author wants to
express.
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Example [40] I will unhair the head.
6) Periphrasis
Periphrasis also deals with substitution. This device substitutes the
descriptive word or phrases with a proper name for the quality associated with the
name (Corbett, 1990). Leech (1969) adds that this proper noun is treated as a
common noun. Further, Corbett mentions that the use of this device is a proof of
the urge in human to express familiar ideas in uncommon ways.
Example [41] She may not have been a Penelope, but she was not as unfaithful as
the gossips made her out to be.
7) Personification
Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969) describe personification as a rhetorical
device which gives inanimate objects the sense of human qualities or abilities. The
function of this device, according to Leech (1969), is to make abstractions real by
identifying them in terms of concrete world. Moreover, by using this device, the
readers can “grasp the nature of inanimate objects more vividly” (Leech, 1969, p.
158).
Example [42] The ground thirsts for rain.
8) Hyperbole
Hyperbole, according to Corbett (1990), is the use of exaggerating terms to
give emphasis to something. Additionally, Leech (1969) describes that hyperbole
has a concern on personal values and sentiments. Further, he argues that the
readers cannot judge the sentences containing hyperbole as true unless they go
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inside the author’s mind. In some cases, hyperbole might be seen as exaggerating
to the readers, yet not for the author because the author is probably serious in
saying that.
Example [43] My left leg weighs three tons that I cannot move for a thousand
year.
9) Litotes
Litotes is understood as rhetorical device which uses understatement to
improve the quality of the statement. This understatement is reflected by using
negative expression in the statement instead of using the positive one. Yet, this
negative expression has no purpose of deceiving.
Example [44] It was a not unhappy crowd that greeted the team at the airport.
10) Rhetorical question
Rhetorical question is traditionally understood as an abnormal question
which does not expect any answers. Yet, it is also described as positive question
which is regarded as negative statement. Corbett (1990) states that rhetorical
question can be used as “an effective persuasive device as it includes readers’
responses” (p. 445).
Example [45] If God be for us, who can be against us?
11) Irony
Corbett (1990) describes irony as the use of words in order to present an
opposite meaning of their literal meaning. Besides, Leech (1969) describes irony
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as a mask which hides what is actually meant. Like in litotes, the use of irony also
has no purpose in deceiving anyone.
Example [46] His designs were honorable, as the saying is; to rob a lady of her
fortune by way of marriage.
12) Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia is rhetorical device where the words which sound reflects
the sense are used in a statement to set emotional or ethical tone of a text (Corbett,
1990). It is “purely mimetic power of language, its ability to imitate other sounds
which are usually non-linguistics sounds” (Leech, 1969, p. 97).
Example [47] The spray was hissing hot.
13) Oxymoron
Oxymoron is a combination of two terms which are contradictory (Corbett,
1990). Further, it is mentioned by Corbett (1990) that the use of this device can
create what he calls as “a startling effect” (p. 447). This effect shows that the
statement using oxymoron has violated the expectation where two contrasting
terms cannot be put together.
Example [48] Sweet pain memory; love hate relationship; cruel kindness attitude.
14) Homonymy and polysemy
Homonym occurs when identical word, with the same form and
pronunciation, happens to have more than one interpretation or meaning.
Meanwhile, polysemy occurs when one word happens to have more than one
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meaning. Leech (1969) states that it is difficult to distinguish polysemy and
homonym.
Example [49]:
14.a) Homonym
Mole (n): a small animal
Mole (n): a spot on the skin
14.b) Polysemy
Prefer : 1. Promote
2. Like better
Considering the example above, people may wonder why the word “mole”
is taken to be two different words and included in homonymy rather than one
word with two meanings. Leech (1969) explains that this is based on the
etymology whether the words are derived from the same source or not. Besides,
he also adds that “homonym and polysemy can be simply distinguished by relying
on a rough criterion of semantic similarity” (Leech, 1969, p. 207). In this case, the
two identical words in example 49.a) has no obvious connection of meaning so
that they are regarded as two separate words.
B. Theoretical Framework
This research aims to analyze the syntactic structures and the rhetorical
devices in Tempo English front cover headlines issued on June 2016 to June 2018.
There are two research questions which need to be answered. The first research
question is what syntactic structures are observed in Tempo English front cover
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headlines? Besides, the second research question is what types of rhetorical device
are found through the data analysis? Thus, the two major theories about the theory
of syntax and rhetorical devices stated previously are used as guidelines in
analyzing the data.
In answering the first research question about the syntactic structures of
Tempo English front cover headlines, this research used the theory of syntax
offered by O‘Grady (1996) and Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, and Finegan
(1999). As stated previously, headlines should be created in short, compact, and
concise form. Thus, the theory was used in order to figure out how the copywriter
maximize the use of syntax to create compact headlines in the limited space in the
cover magazine.
O’Grady (1996) states that the syntactic structures are divided into two
major units namely phrases and sentences. Besides, Biber, Johansson, Leech,
Conrad, and Finegan (1999) adds up that phrases are further divided into five
smaller structures namely noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional phrase,
adjective phrase, and adverb phrase. Moreover, Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad,
and Finegan (1999) mentions that a sentence is considered as a clause which also
has some patterns which define the major clause types. By using this theory, this
research aimed to analyze the syntactic structure which are observed in the Tempo
English front cover headlines.
Furthermore, in answering the second research question related to the types
of rhetorical devices which are found in Tempo English front cover headlines, the
combination of Corbett’s (1990) and Leech’s (1969) theory about rhetorical
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device was used. Previously, headlines were stated to remain short, compact and
concise because of the limited space. Besides, Arens (2006) mentions that
headlines are the advertisement tools of the magazine. He adds that headlines are
the persuasive selling tools of the magazine. Therefore, copywriters often use
special strategy in constructing the headlines. A headline also comprises a unique
component of news articles due to its stylistic form. As far as stylistic properties
of headline are concerned, rhetorical devices are applied to give entertaining
effect to the audiences.
Rhetorical devices, according to Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969), are the
devices of deviation which have the ability to make the familiar things become
strange. Furthermore, Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969) state that rhetorical
devices consist of 44 devices of rhetoric which are traditionally divided into
schemes and tropes. By using Corbett’s (1990 and Leech’s (1969) theory, this
research is aimed to find out the types of rhetorical devices found in Tempo
English front cover headlines edition June 2016 to June 2018.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology of the research. The research
methodology consists of the research method, the research setting, the research
data source, the research instruments and data gathering technique, and the data
analysis technique.
A. Research Method
This research was conducted to analyze the syntactic structures and the
rhetorical devices which are observed in Tempo English front cover headlines
construction. Thus, the text analysis was employed as the method to do the
analysis. Neuendorf (2002) explains that a text analysis is one of the types in
content analysis which is conducted to analyze and interpret documents to give
meaning around an assessed topic. The difference between the text analysis to the
other content analysis types is that the text analysis focuses more on analyzing
written texts (Neuendorf, 2002). In text analysis, the documents were in a form of
public records, text books, letters, films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other
documents.
Furthermore, since content analysis is included in a qualitative research, a
text analysis is also considered to be included in qualitative research. Qualitative
research is studies which investigate the quality of relationships, activities,
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situations, or materials. The data collected are in the form of descriptive rather
than numerical or statistical data. However, the use of numerical data can be
provided to make the result more comprehensible (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2003).
This research deals with the written front cover headlines of Tempo
English. The qualitative goal is to get the holistic picture and deep understanding
related to the syntactic structures of the headlines and the rhetorical devices
carried on the construction. Therefore, this research employed a qualitative
research because it aimed to figure out the total picture of syntactic structures and
the rhetorical devices which are observed in Tempo English front cover headlines.
B. Research Setting
This research was conducted from February to August 2018. To begin
with, the research was started by finding the data source on February 2018. As a
result, Tempo English was chosen as the main data source for the research. Then,
all front covers issued on June 2016 until June 2018 were gathered. Last, the data
analysis and the report writing were done from June to August 2018. The specific
place was not required since the research did not deal with human interaction and
field study.
C. Research Data Source
There are two types of magazine publication which are printed and
electronically published, which refers to online magazine (e-zine). This research
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focused on the magazine with electronic publication. The written front cover
headlines of Tempo English have been chosen as the subject of the research.
Tempo English is an online magazine which is weekly published in
www.magz.tempo.co in PDF format. This e-zine is the English version of Tempo
magazine, an Indonesian famous magazine, which covers news and politics.
Besides, by considering its target readers and the carried information, Tempo
English plays with the language styles and particular syntactical structures in its
front cover headlines to give attraction. Therefore, this research was aimed to
analyze the syntactic structures and the rhetorical devices which are observed in
the written front cover headlines of Tempo English.
D. Research Instruments and Data Gathering Technique
This section describes the research instruments which were used and the
data gathering technique employed in this research. This research used three
instruments in order to obtain valid data sample to answer the research questions.
Besides, the data gathering technique explains how the data were collected using
selected sampling technique.
1. Research Instruments
This research used three instruments. They were human instrument, digital
tools, and document. Since the research employed text analysis which is a type of
content analysis, the main instrument of the research is the researcher as the
human instrument and the source of data gathering instrument.
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a. Human Instrument
Lincoln and Guba in Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen (2010), human can take
role as an instrument because the research needs a flexible instrument to portray
the complexity of human experiences (p. 424). Moreover, Poggenpoel and
Myburgh (2003) adds that researcher as research instrument means the researcher
becomes the key in obtaining the data. Regarding to these concepts, it is
concluded that the researcher is considered as an effective and valid data
gathering instrument.
b. Digital Tools
Since Tempo English is an e-zine which can only be browsed and accessed
online, the researcher visited its official website – www.magz.tempo.co through
certain search engine. Herron and Young (2000) urge that web is an effective
medium for collecting data and gathering subjects. Thus, the digital instrument
was also optimized in order to obtain the data needed. Google search engine is the
digital tool which was used to browse and access Tempo English official website
to collect the front cover displays.
c. Document
Furthermore, O’Leary (2014) states that the researcher may use various
types of documents to obtain the data. There are three primary types of documents
that can be used. They are public records, personal document, and physical
evidence. Therefore, documents were also used as the instrument of the research.
Considering that the documents are in a form of ‘Display Picture’ of the front
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cover magazines which are provided online and free to access, the documents are
involved in public record documents.
2. Data Gathering Technique
This research used purposive sampling which is referred to judgment
sampling. Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen (2010) stated that the sample elements in
purposive sampling are judged to be “typical, or representative, are chosen from
the population” (p.156). Since not all editions of Tempo English front cover
headlines were analyzed, the purposive sampling was considered as the most
suitable to be used in the research. There were only the latest two years editions of
front cover headlines of Tempo English were analyzed in this research.
The data of this research was in a form of public record documents dealing
with written headlines found in the Tempo English front covers. The data mostly
contains short headline in the front covers of the magazine. To obtain reliable and
valid results, the newest Tempo English front cover headlines which were
published on June 2016 until June 2018 (105 headlines) were chosen. The
consideration was the research started at the middle of 2018; therefore the data
were the current edition of Tempo English. Consequently, the data collected for
this research are considered up-to-date and reliable.
E. Data Analysis Technique
In this research, analytic phases by Yin (2011) were employed as the steps
to analyze data. There are five steps that must be done in analytic phases
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according to her. They are compiling, disassembling, reassembling, interpreting,
and concluding (Yin, 2011, p. 177).
1. Compiling
Compiling was the first phase where the researcher sorted the collected
data based on the data gathering process. This phase is important to recognize the
data in qualitative data analysis process (Yin, 2011). The data of this research is in
a form of written discourse. In this phase, 105 Tempo English front cover
headlines were collected as the data of the research.
2. Disassembling
The next phase in this qualitative data analysis was disassembling which,
in other words, the compiled data from compiling phase were separated.
Disassembling involve a formal data coding procedure. Yin (2011) suggests that
the researcher “divided the compiled data into smaller fragments of pieces” (p.
178).
Therefore, the data coding categories was used in the process of analyzing
the data. According to Fraenkel and Warren (2016), the use of coding categories is
a common technique which is used in conducting a qualitative research. Besides,
the coding categories could be determined to get the data before or during the
analysis (p. 485). In this research, the coding strategy was done during the data
analysis. Table 3.1 shows how the codes are given to the data gathered.
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Table 3.1
Data Coding
Data
Code Headline
The coding category is given based on the headline’s syntactic structure and its
occurrence. Since the focus of syntactic units are phrases and sentences, there
were only two codes which are P and S. Then, the code was followed by numbers
chronologically. In other words, the first data with phrasal structure was labelled
using [P1] code while the first data with sentential structure was labelled using
[S1].
3. Reassembling
Reassembling is the process to rearrange and recombine the pieces of data
into one particular theme. In this case, the disassembled data were analyzed in
order to figure out the syntactic structures and the structure formula which are
observed in Tempo English front cover headlines. Then, by figuring out the
structures, the rhetorical devices which were found on the headlines were also
analyzed.
Likewise, there were two methods used to validate the data analysis. First,
the researcher verified the data which was provided in the table with other
researchers conducting the similar research topic. It is also known as member
checking. The second was peer debriefing. In this method, the data was verified to
research advisor. The researcher then got reviews after the data being checked by
other researchers and research advisor. Further, the research report was written
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based on the interpretation and the reviews from the other researchers and the
research advisor.
4. Interpreting
Interpreting phase is the step where the reassembled data were interpreted
and described into narrative. As Yin (2011) suggests, in this phase “the researcher
used the reassembled data to create a new narrative accompanying with relevant
tables and graphics” (p. 179). Thus, the reassembled data were interpreted
according to their syntactic structures and the structure formula which were
exercised along with the types of rhetorical devices which are found. Further, the
result was described into narrative text and supported by the numerical data.
5. Concluding
The last phase in this qualitative data analysis was concluding. In this
phase, the result of the previous four phases was compiled to draw the research
conclusion. What needs to be noted was that the conclusion has to be related to
the fourth phase and through all of the phases (Yin, 2011, p. 179). Hence, the
conclusion of this research was drawn from the interpretation which has been
described into narrative text.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the analysis of the research based on the two research
questions formulated in Chapter I. The first research question aims to analyze the
syntactic structures observed in Tempo English front cover headlines issued on
June 2016 until June 2018. Besides, the second research question aims to figure
out the rhetorical devices found in the data analysis. The data used to answer those
two research questions were obtained from 105 Tempo English front cover
headlines which were issued on June 2016 until June 2018 by using two major
theories presented in Chapter II.
A. Syntactic Structures of Tempo English Front Cover Headlines
As described earlier, syntactic structures deal with the sentence
construction. There are two basic constructions which are phrases and sentences.
In analyzing the data, this research divided the data based on those two
constructions.
Figure 4.1 Syntactic structures in Tempo English front cover headlines
76%
24%
Phrasal structures Clausal structures
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Based on the analysis, it was found that the most frequent used structure observed
by Tempo English front cover headlines was the phrasal structures. As can be seen
in Figure 4.1, phrasal structures were found being used in the 76% from the total
105 front cover headlines of Tempo English. Meanwhile, the sentential structures
were found being used in the rest 24% from the total.
1. Phrasal Structures
Phrases are the nature of syntactic units which are built around Ns, Vs, As,
and Ps (O’Grady, 1996). This structure was the most frequently used in Tempo
English front cover headlines issued on June 2016 until June 2018, based on the
analysis. Biber et al (1999) states that based on each type of lexical word, there
are five major types of phrases which are noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective
phrase, adverb phrase, and prepositional phrase.
Table 4.1 Phrasal structures in Tempo English front cover headlines
Phrasal structures Frequency Percentage
Noun phrase 71 88.75%
Verb phrase 3 3.75%
Prepositional phrase 4 5.00%
Adjective phrase 2 2.50%
Total 80 100%
Among those types, there are only four types of phrase found being observed by
Tempo English front cover headlines as presented in Table 4.1 above.
a. Noun Phrases
Noun phrase is a structure with noun as the head which are usually
preceded by determiners and accompanied by modifiers (Biber et al, 1999). Based
on the analysis, this structure was found as the most frequently used in Tempo
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English among the other phrases. There were 72 front cover headlines which were
found using noun phrase construction.
Tabel 4.1.1 Noun phrase patterns
Pattern Frequency Percentage
NP (Det) N (PP) 26 36.7 %
NP NP (Conj.) NP 2 2.8 %
NP (det) (Mod) N (Mod) 21 29.6 %
NP (det) (Adj) N 17 23.9 %
NP (det) (Adj) N (PP) 4 5.6 %
Parallel NP 1 1.4 %
Total 71 100 %
O’Grady (1996) mentions the option of the phrase pattern rule of noun
phrase is formulated as NP (Det) N (PP). In fact, some variances of
combination were also in their patterns. Thus, these structures were further
divided into six noun phrase patterns based on the analysis.
1) NP (Det) N (PP)
The first noun phrase pattern found in Tempo English front cover headlines
was noun phrase by the combination of noun phrase and prepositional phrase.
Based on the analysis, there were 26 front cover headlines which were found
using this combination. Since they commonly share the same combination, three
front cover headlines were taken as the representatives of this combination.
[P7] LETTER FROM THE GRAVE
N PP
[P20] CENTER OF THE STORM
N PP
[P47] THE ENEMY WITHIN
Det N PP
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Basically, the patterns of the headlines above are just the same. Based on
the analysis, the presence of the determiner in noun phrase structure was optional.
As in chapter II, it has been mentioned that articles are often omitted in headline
writing (Moe, 2014). For instance, in headline [P7] and [P20], the determiners
were not written while in headline [P47] was. This omission was done in order to
keep the headline short and concise without changing the meanings. This also
represents the rest of the noun phrases which were found in Tempo English front
cover headlines (see Appendix 4).
2) NP NP (Conj) NP
The second noun phrase pattern was the combination of the noun phrases
connected by conjunction. This pattern was less common in Tempo English
headline structure as it was found only in 2 front cover headlines based on the
analysis. The headlines are presented as follows.
[P2] FRIENDS OR FOES
NP Conj NP
[P38] FAITH OR FEAR
NP Conj NP
Considering the form of the noun phrases above, the copywriter used
conjunction “OR” in the headlines to connect the two NPs. The effect is that to
make the headline remains short. Besides, by using conjunction “OR”, the
headlines become remarkable. It also gives additional effect as it influences the
audiences to think that the two nouns are choices the article offers.
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3) NP (Det) (Mod) N (Mod)
The third pattern was the combination of noun phrase which was
optionally preceded or followed by modifier. In this case, the modifier was found
in a form of noun. Based on the analysis, this combination was observed in 21
front cover headlines in Tempo English. The analysis showed that this type of
combination had two types based on its head feature. The types were head-initial
features and head-final features.
[P40] THE PREACHER’S GAME
Det NP (Mod) N
[P52] THE GENERAL’S MANEUVER
Det NP (Mod) N
[P61] DRUG, INC.
(Mod) N
[P44] THE DEBT FACTOR
Det Mod N
As can be seen, the three headlines [P40] and [P52] have exactly the same
pattern. The noun head was placed at the back and was preceded by a modifier in
a form of a possessive noun. Thus, this type was called a noun phrase with head-
final feature. The use of the inflection was to make the headlines straight forward
as it kept them remains short. Besides, the headline [P61] and [P44] were the
same, but there was no possessive inflection. The phrase directly put the noun
together as a head and modifier. The head was also placed in front while the
modifier preceded the head – as it is called pre-modifier. Therefore, this type of
pattern was also called as a phrase with head-final feature.
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4) NP (Det) (Adj) N
Another combination was the noun phrase which modified by determiners
and adjectives. This combination is actually a common structure of noun phrase.
The analysis showed that the use of this combination was found in 17 front cover
headlines of Tempo English. The representatives of the headlines are presented as
follows.
[P27] THE FINAL COUNTDOWN
Det Adj N
[P41] INDECENT EXPOSURE
Adj N
[P67] GREAT EXPECTATION
Adj N
[P73] THE CONVERSATION
Det N
Similar to the previous pattern, the use of this pattern is to keep the
headline remains short. Besides, the presence of adjective had given additional
information to the noun head. The representative headlines above were have the
same basic pattern. The difference was that there was the occurrence of article in
[P27] and [P73], while in [P41] and [P67] was not. However, headline [P73] was
a bit different because it had no adjective. The possible purpose was, of course, to
make the headline remained short, at the same time, straight forward.
5) NP (Det) (Adj) N (PP)
Besides, in analyzing the data, it was also found a complex form of pattern
which has noun as its head which was preceded by determiner and adjective,
while was also followed by prepositional phrase. This pattern was found in 4 front
cover headlines which are presented below.
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[P19] WILD CARD IN THE WHITE HOUSE
Adj N PP
[P23] THE DARK SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Det Adj N PP
[P45] THE TWISTED TALE OF AMIR HAMZAH
Det Adj N PP
[P65] OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE AFFAIR
PP Det Adj N
As can be seen, those headlines have the same pattern. However, the
headline [P65] seemed to be different because the preposition was inverted to the
front part of the phrase. The rest headlines, [P19], [P23], and [P45], were the same
only headline [P23] which omitted the determiner from the phrase.
6) Parallel NP
The last form of noun phrase found in Tempo English front cover headlines
was the parallel of noun phrases. As in previous form, this form was the least used
in Tempo English front cover headlines. There is only one front cover headline
found, based on the analysis, using parallel noun phrases.
[P64] SEX, DRUGS, & LOSING CONTROL
NP NP Conj. NP
Corbett (1990) states that parallelism is about the coherence of a statement
where nouns should be connected to nouns, verbs to verbs, or clauses to clauses.
Thus, in this case, the phrases are considered coherent parallel since the phrase
contains noun phrases being connected. The use of parallelism here, helps the
copywriter to save the spaces by using commas and symbol. The headline [P65]
was also accompanied by a display picture of nightclub which automatically
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helped to explain why the three things – sex, drugs, and losing control – were
highlighted.
b. Verb Phrases
The second phrasal structure found in the analysis was verb phrase. A verb
phrase contains a lexical or primary verb as the head either alone or accompanied
by auxiliaries (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999). The function
of the auxiliaries is to show the way in which the action, state, or process of the
main verb is to be interpreted. Based on the analysis, there were three occurrences
of verb phrase.
[P56] PROTECT AND SAVE
VP Conj. VP
[P78] PLAY AND PRAY
VP Conj. VP
[P59] GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED
VP Conj. VP
As mentioned earlier, a verb phrase has a verb as the head. Even O’Grady
(1996) has mentioned the option of the formulated pattern, though the analysis
showed that the verb phrases observed in Tempo English front cover headlines
were the presence of verb phrases connected by a conjunction. The data [P56] and
[P78] had the exact pattern which is the combination of two verb phrases
connected by conjunction. Meanwhile, [P59] had the same pattern with the other
two, yet had different form of verb phrases. The verb phrases in [P59] were in a
form of active voice and passive voice.
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c. Prepositional Phrases
The next phrase is prepositional phrase, which has preposition as the head
of the phrase. The common pattern of prepositional phrases was the preposition
followed by noun phrases (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan, 1999).
Based on the analysis, the preposition phrases were found in two patterns. The
first pattern was the common prepositional phrase construction with preposition
followed by noun phrases. This pattern was found in two front cover headlines.
Besides, the second pattern was preposition followed by another prepositional
phrase. This type was also found in two front cover headlines.
1) PP P (NP)
The first pattern of prepositional phrase was the combination between
prepositional phrase and noun phrase. This is the very common form of
prepositional phrase. Based on the analysis, there were two headlines which were
constructed using this pattern. They were headline [P32] and [P55].
[P31] BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE
P NP
[P54] AGAINST ALL ODD
P NP
Both headline [P31] and [P54] were a prepositional phrase followed by
noun phrases. The different was lied only on the form of the noun phrase. The
noun phrase in headline [P31] was a compound noun phrase connected by a
conjunction “AND”. Meanwhile, the noun phrase in the headline [P54] was a
simple noun phrase.
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2) PP P (PP)
The second pattern of prepositional phrase was the combination between
prepositional phrase and another prepositional phrase. There were also two front
cover headlines found using this pattern which were data number [P54] and [P61].
[P53] UP IN ARMS
P PP
[P60] DOWN IN THE SLUMPS
P PP
These headlines were found consisting the same pattern of prepositional phrase.
Both phrase [P53] and [P60] were followed by prepositional phrases which were
indicating place.
d. Adjective Phrases
Adjective phrases are explained as phrases with an adjective as the head of
the phrases. Based on the analysis, this phrasal structure was less common. It was
only found in two front cover headlines. They were data number [P30] and [P59].
[P29] TOO CLOSE TO HOME
Deg Adj PP
[P58] SLEEPLESS IN SENAYAN
Adj PP
Both headlines were found to have the same pattern, yet the head of the phrase
[P29] was preceded by a specifier “degree” while phrase [P58] was not. This may
be uncommon to read a stand-alone adjective phrase because it has to be
completed with additional information. Yet, it becomes common considering
headlines need to be constructed in short, compact, and concise form.
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2. Clausal Structures
Aitchison (1978) states that “sentences are not simply random words
strung together by means of various devices” (p. 71). Traditionally, sentences are
taken to be the product of the combination of subject which is usually in a form of
subject (commonly in a form of noun phrases) with a predicate or verb phrase
(O'Grady, 1996). However, in practice, some people are still confused between
sentences and clauses. Yet, considering the theory of Biber, Johansson, Leech,
Conrad, & Finegan (1999), sentence is considered as a clause. Further, Biber,
Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan (1999) has stated that clauses has seven
major clause patterns. Based on the analysis, there were only three clause patterns
found being observed in Tempo English front cover headlines edition June 2016 to
June 2018.
a. Subject – Verb Phrase (SV)
The first clause pattern which was also the most frequently used pattern
found in Tempo English front cover headlines was SV pattern. According to
Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan (1999), this pattern expresses the
proportions to answer the question “what do/does/did?” It is also seen that this
clause pattern contains an intransitive verb. Based on the analysis, there were 9
headlines which were found to be using SV patterns. Three out of nine headlines
were taken as the representatives of this pattern.
[S1] THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING!
NP VP
[S8] TABLES TURNED
NP VP
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[S11] DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED
The three headline above represented the SV pattern found in the analysis. The
headline [S1] and [S8] were the same. Yet, the headline [S11] was different
because the subject and the auxiliary verb were implicit. The front cover headline
was accompanied by a picture of a woman. In other words, the headline aimed to
tell about that women in the cover was the one who was being duped, damned,
and detained in the article. The absence of subject and the auxiliary verb was fine
because it did not confuse the audiences as it was accompanied by a picture. This
omission was included in ellipsis which was explained further in rhetorical
devices in the next part.
b. Subject – Verb Phrase – Object (SVO)
The second pattern of clause which was found in the analysis was SVO
pattern. This became the least used pattern in Tempo English front cover healdines
as it was only found in 7 headlines. Thus, as the representatives of this pattern,
three headlines were pointed out as follows.
[S6] BAILING OUT BUMIPUTERA
[S16] LOSING GAME
[S23] MULLING OVER VEEP
This pattern was formed by a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase and then
followed by another noun phrase which acted as the object of the clause. As in the
previous clause pattern, the subject in this pattern was majority omitted. Then, the
verb phrases were changed into nominal, or it is called as nominalization. This
was done because the subject of the clause was already presented in the cover
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picture. For example [S16], the headline was written “losing game” and
accompanied by the picture of Setya Novanto. In short, the audiences directly
understood that what the headline meant was Novanto loses the game. This kind
of omission was also included in ellipsis.
c. Subject – Verb Phrase – Obligatory Adverbial (SVA)
The last clause pattern found in the analysis was the SVA pattern. This
pattern were found in 8 Tempo English front cover headlines. There were three
headlines taken as the representatives of this pattern.
[S18] BREAKING FROM CLICHÉS
[S20] DRIVEN TO WIN
[S25] GEARING UP FOR 2019
This pattern was formed by a noun phrase as a subject followed by a verb phrase,
but then followed by an obligatory adverbial. This adverbial gave the additional
information to the action which showed in the verb phrase. Similar to the previous
two clause patterns, ellipsis and nominalization were also found in this clause
pattern.
B. Rhetorical Devices in Tempo English Front Cover Headlines
As stated in Chapter II, the rhetorical devices are often used in order to
give persuasive effect to the headlines. However, considering the focuses of
Tempo English magazine is news and politics, there are 13 headlines which were
found not using any rhetorical devices. The 13 headlines were written based on
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facts and real condition or situation. Therefore, those headlines considered as non-
rhetoric headlines.
Table 4.2 rhetoric and non-rhetoric headlines in Tempo English
Headlines Frequency Percentage
Non-rhetoric 13 12.4%
Rhetoric 92 87.6%
Total 105 100%
In analyzing the data, this research used the rhetorical device classification
by Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969). According to their classification, there are 44
types of rhetorical device which are divided into schemes and tropes. However,
based on the data analysis, there were only twelve devices found being used in
Tempo English front cover headlines.
Figure 4.2 Rhetorical devices in Tempo English front cover headlines.
1 1
11
2
43
5 4
22
5 5
1 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
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Based on the analysis, the rhetorical devices which were used in Tempo English
were parallelism, anastrophe, ellipsis, asyndeton, alliteration, assonance, rhyme,
metaphor, metonymy, periphrasis, litotes, and polysemy.
1. Parallelism
The first device of rhetoric found in Tempo English front cover headlines
issued on June 2016 to June 2018 was parallelism. Parallelism is defined as “the
similarity of the structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses”
(Corbett E. P., 1990, p. 429). This principle is applied to keep the coherence of the
sentence. Based on the analysis, there was only one front cover headline using this
device.
[P65] SEX, DRUGS, & LOSING CONTROL
Since the use of this device is to keep the coherence of the sentence, this
headline was considered using parallelism device. It can be seen that headline
[P65] was formed by the series of related noun phrases. The headline was
accompanied by a visual cover of nightclub where these three things – sex, drugs,
and losing control – were commonly related.
2. Anastrophe
Anastrophe is rhetorical device which deals with the unusual arrangement
of words. It is defined as “inversion of the natural or the usual word order”
(Corbett E. P., 1990, p. 431). Beside to gain emphasis, Corbett (1990) explains
that this device is an effective tool to gain attention as the unusual placing of
words receives extraordinary emphasis. Based on the analysis, there was only one
headline using this device of rhetoric.
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[P66] OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE AFFAIR
PP Det Adj N
Since anastrophe deals with word arrangement, this headline was simply analyzed
through its syntactic pattern. The headline [P66] was actually a noun phrase which
used pattern NP (Det) N (PP). However, the copywriter inversed the
prepositional phrase and moved it to the beginning of the phrase. By applying
anastrophe, the copywriter was able to create a remarkable headline and
emphasize the point of that the article was discussing about an “affair”.
3. Ellipsis
The third type of rhetorical device which was found in data analysis was
ellipsis. This device was quite common to be used in Tempo English front cover
headlines edition June 2016 to June 2018 especially in clausal structure headlines.
There were 11 headlines used this principle. Previously, ellipsis is described as
“deliberate omission of word or of words which are readily implied by context”
(Corbett, 1990, p. 432). Besides, Corbett (1990) states that this device is
considered efficient to be used as it is an “arresting means of securing economy
expression” (p. 432). However, the omission should be grammatically compatible.
[S16] CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED
[S18] VYING FOR VEEP
Based on the analysis, the variation of ellipsis found in Tempo English
front cover headlines was presented in two headlines above. The omission was
done commonly by omitting the subjects or the agents and the auxiliary verbs.
Yet, it did not confuse the audiences since the headlines were accompanied by
visual image in the cover. The headline [S16] was the example of an ellipsis
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where the subject and the auxiliary verb were omitted. The headline was
accompanied by a picture of a parrot which is one of the protected animals. Thus,
by seeing this, the audiences understood that there were some protected animals
which were still captured, caged, and then condemned by irresponsible person.
Moreover, the headline [S18] was an example of an ellipsis of subject. The
headline was written vying for veep and accompanied by an illustration of hand
raising. This was interpreted that some people were vying for becoming the veep.
4. Asyndeton
Asyndeton also deals with omission. The omitted part in asyndeton is the
conjunctions between a series of related clauses. The function of this device is to
produce hurried rhythm in order to create emotional reaction (Corbett, 1990).
Moreover, the use of asyndeton can also create incompleteness, climatic, and
synonymy effects.
[S10] DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED
[S16] CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED
These two headlines, [S10] and [S16], were the example of asyndeton found in
Tempo English. The headlines were previously explained to be included in ellipsis
since they omitted the subject and the auxiliary verb. Besides, it was also found
that these headline omitted the conjunction. This omission was clearly in purpose
on making the headlines remained short and persuasive at the same time.
5. Alliteration
Corbett (1990) and Leech (1969) describe alliteration as the repetition of
the initial and medial consonants. Besides, Leech (1969) adds that alliteration is
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one of many linguistic tools which can make text to become more organized. This
device of rhetoric was the most frequently used in Tempo English front cover
headlines. There were 43 headlines found to be using this principle. Even though,
Corbett (1990) states that alliteration is the repetition of initial and medial
consonant, it was found that only the initial consonant of the front cover headlines
in Tempo English were repeated.
[P4] MINISTERS’ MUSICAL CHAIRS
[P10] FAST FOOD FIASCO
[P19] TEST OF TOLERANCE
As can be seen, the headlines above were in a form of phrases. They repeated the
initial sounds of the words in the headlines. The headline [P4] repeated the initial
sound /m/, the headline [P10] repeated the initial sound /f/, and the headline [P19]
repeated the initial sound /t/. This was also found in the rest of the headlines
applying alliteration in the analysis.
6. Assonance
As in alliteration, assonance also deals with sound repetition. The
difference is that assonance repeats the similar vowels which are preceded and
followed by different consonants. However, it is only the vowels in the stressed
syllables which are repeated. Compared to alliteration, this sound repetition was
less used in Tempo English as it was found only in 5 front cover headlines.
[P30] TOO CLOSE TO HOME
[P34] TRIAL BY FIRE
[P60] GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED
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These three headlines represented the assonance in the Tempo English. They did
not actually repeat the similar vowel, but diphthong in each word in the headline.
The headline [P30] repeated the diphthong /əu/ in the word close and home, the
headline [P34] repeated the diphthong /aɪ/ in the word trial and fire, and the
headline [P60] also repeated the diphthong /aɪ/ in the word online and sidelined.
This was done to make the headlines became more catchy and easy to listen.
7. Rhyme
Rhyme repeats the similar syllable at the end of words. Leech (1969)
explains that rhyme is based more on spelling rather than on pronunciation. As far
as the spelling system is phonemic, the phonological correspondences are indeed
reflected in writing. This principle was found in 4 front cover headlines.
[P11] BAKRIE’S BUSINESS BLUES
[P60] GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED
[S10] DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED
[S16] CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED
As can be seen the headlines was constructed to create rhyme. The headline [P11]
and [P60] were constructed by using similar ending to create rhyme. Besides, the
headline [S10] and [S16] were constructed in a form of passive voice to create
rhyme. This was done to make the headlines became remarkable and catchy.
8. Metaphor
Metaphor is understood as “an implied comparison between two things of
unlike nature yet have something in common” (Corbett, 1990, p. 438). Based on
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the analysis, this device of rhetoric was found in 22 front cover headlines. Three
of them were taken as the representatives of this principle.
[P61] DOWN IN THE SLUMPS
[S6] THE RACE IS ON!
[S15] LOSING GAME
These three headlines represented the metaphor which was found in the analysis.
The metaphor was done by comparing the truth to a thing. For instance, the
headline [P61] used the word “slumps” to replace “problems”, the headline [S6]
used the word “race” to replace “election”, and the headline [S15] used the word
“game” to replace “case”. This was done to make the headline became persuasive
and remarkable.
9. Metonymy
Metonymy is conventionally described as the substitution of some
attributive words for what they are actually meant. According to Corbett (1990),
metonymy is similar to synecdoche that it needs great effort to differ them.
However, metonymy is treated “as a residual category including all varieties of
transference of meaning apart from those which separately classed as synecdoche”
(Leech, 1969, p. 152). Based on the analysis, there were 5 front cover headline
found to be using this principle. Three of them were taken as the representatives.
[P23] TERROR BEHIND THE VEIL
[P36] KILLERS AMONG US
[S12] THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN
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As can be seen, those three headlines used attributive word to implicitly describe
what actually meant. For instance, the headline [P23] used the term “veil” to
indicate that the terrors came from the group who claimed themselves as Muslims.
Besides, the headline [P36] used the term “killers” to indicate terrorists which
actually live with us. The headline [S12] used term “people” to generalize the
citizen of Jakarta who participate in the governor election. This principle was used
to trigger a question from audiences thus it was persuasive.
10. Periphrasis
Periphrasis deals with substitution. This device substitutes the descriptive
word or phrases with a proper name for the quality associated with the name
(Corbett, 1990). Leech (1969) adds that this proper noun is treated as a common
noun. Based on the analysis, there were five headlines found to be using this
principle. Three of them were taken as the representatives.
[P1] CLASH OF WILLS
[P12] THE AHOK CHALLENGE
[P52] FEAR FACTOR
These three headlines were taken because they were representing the periphrasis
found in the analysis. The headline [P1] used the term that similar to game name
which was popular at that time which was Clash of Clans (COC). The use of this
term indicated that there was a competition to win regarding to personal or
organizational wills. Therefore, the headline substituted a term from a game.
Further, the headline [P12] used the proper name of Basuki Tjahaya Purnama as
known as Ahok as a challenge. The proper noun was substituted to describe that
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to be like Ahok was challenging. Finally, the headline [P52] used the term which
taken from the title of a famous American TV series.
11. Litotes
Litotes is understood as rhetorical device which uses understatement to
improve the quality of the statement. This understatement is reflected by using
negative expression in the statement instead of using the positive one. Yet, this
negative expression has no purpose of deceiving. There was only one headline
found to be using this principle.
[P15] THE UNSUNG HERO
Based on the analysis, this headline, edition 16th of October 2016, told about an
activist who had relation to the student movement in New Order named Soe Hok
Gie. He was considered as a hero after his tragic death at 27. The word “unsung”
here did not have purpose of deceiving Seo Hok Gie, instead, this was used to
remember him as a hero which was almost forgotten.
12. Polysemy
Polysemy occurs when one word happens to have more than one meaning.
Leech (1969) states that it is difficult to distinguish polysemy and homonym.
Then, he explains that this is based on the etymology whether the words are
derived from the same source or not. Besides, he also adds that “homonym and
polysemy can be simply distinguished by relying on a rough criterion of semantic
similarity” (Leech, 1969, p. 207). Based on the analysis, there was only one
headline found to be using this device of rhetoric.
[P53] THE GENERAL’S MANEUVER
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The word “maneuver” in the headline was considered as polysemy because it can
be defined into two different meaning. Maneuver can be defined as an adroit or
cunning action and/or as a large training field-exercise of military troops
(“Maneuver”). As can be seen, the subject of the headline was a general which, of
course, has a relation to military. However, in this context, the general was not in
a military field. Thus, the word “maneuver” in the headline was considered
polysemy.
Furthermore, the 19 non-rhetoric headlines (18.1%) were described to give
direct linkage to the real condition and the situation in the article. Besides, through
the analysis, it was found that one headline can employ more than one rhetorical
devices. Yet, there were only 11 of 105 headlines found to be using more than one
rhetorical device.
Table 4.3 Lists of Tempo English front cover headlines using multiple
rhetorical devices
Data
code Headline
Types of rhetorical
devices
P10 BAKRIE’S BUSINESS BLUES Alliteration, Rhyme
P14 THE UNSUNG HERO Litotes, Metaphor
P19 WILD CARD IN THE WHITE HOUSE Alliteration, Metaphor
P20 CENTER OF THE STORM Alliteration, Metaphor
P51 FEAR FACTOR Alliteration, Periphrasis
P59 GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED Assonance, Rhyme
P65 OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE
AFFAIR Anastrophe, Metaphor
S2 QUESTIONING QUOTAS AGAIN Alliteration, Ellipsis
S6 BAILING OUT BUMIPUTERA Alliteration, Ellipsis
S11 DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED Alliteration, Asyndeton,
Rhyme
S18 CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED Alliteration, Asyndeton,
Rhyme
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From the discussion above, it can be concluded that Tempo English front
cover headlines used the variation of syntactic structures and types of rhetorical
devices. The pressure of space in the cover insist the copywriter to create a short,
compact, and concise headlines, yet still have persuasive and remarkable effect to
the audiences.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the major findings of the research
and their limitations. Besides, this chapter presents the implications of the result
of this research to educational field. Finally, this chapter also offers
recommendations for the future research and current practice.
A. Conclusions
After conducting the data analysis presented in Chapter IV, Findings and
Discussions, this research arrived in drawing the conclusion. As formulated in
Chapter I, there were two research questions which needed to be answered. The
research questions were devoted to figure out the syntactic structures and the
types of rhetorical device which were observed in Tempo English front cover
headlines issued on June 2016 to June 2018.
Previously, this research had mentioned that in answering the first
research question about the syntactic structures of Tempo English front cover
headlines, this research used the theory of syntax offered by O‘Grady (1996) and
Biber, et al. (1999). O’Grady (1996) states that the syntactic structures are divided
into two major units namely phrases and sentences. Biber, et al. (1999) adds up
that phrases are further divided into five smaller structures namely noun phrase,
verb phrase, prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, and adverb phrase. Moreover,
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Biber, et al. (1999) mentions that a sentence is considered as a clause which also
has seven patterns which define the major clause types.
The analysis showed that to construct short, compact, and concise
headlines, the copywriter of Tempo English front cover headlines edition June
2016 to June 2018 were found to be using four phrasal structures and three clauses
patterns. The phrasal structures were noun phrase, verb phrase, prepositional
phrase, and adjective phrase. Besides, the clausal patterns which were found in the
analysis were SV pattern, SVO pattern, and SVA pattern.
Furthermore, in order to answer the second research question, this research
used the combination of Corbett’s (1990) and Leech’s (1969) theory about the
classification of the types of rhetorical devices. After analyzing the headlines,
there were found twelve types of rhetorical devices which were used in Tempo
English front cover headlines. They were parallelism, anastrophe, ellipsis,
asyndeton, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, metaphor, metonymy, periphrasis,
litotes, and polysemy.
B. Implications
The English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) of Sanata
Dharma University has Morphology - Syntax and Sociolinguistics courses. The
Morphology - Syntax course focuses on studying the word construction and
sentence structure. The course also involves the various patterns of phrases and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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clauses. Therefore, the lecturers can use headlines as the exercises to figure out
the phrasal and the clausal patterns.
Besides, the Sociolinguistics course focuses on studying the language in
relation to social factors, including regional, class, occupation of dialect, gender,
and discourse in literary works and even in mass media. The course involves some
rhetorical devices in its material. Thus, lecturers can use media headlines as the
media in teaching the relevant topic in rhetorical devices. By using familiar media
such as media headlines, the students might find the variations of rhetorical
devices which they do not find in Sociolinguistics textbooks or handouts.
Likewise, the lecturer can also put media headlines in exercises. Therefore,
the students are able to analyze the various types of rhetorical devices by
themselves through the media headlines they find. Moreover, using media
headlines as teaching materials enables the students to have critical thinking and
gain new vocabularies.
C. Recommendations
After conducting the research, the researcher has recommendations for
related parties. The recommendations are addressed to media headline copywriters
and future researchers.
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1. Media Headline Copywriters
This research focused on the syntactic structures and the types of rhetorical
devices. Headline construction could not be separated to copywriting. As
mentioned earlier, headline plays the most important role in advertising the
magazine. Thus, copywriters need to be able to create attractive and appealing
headlines. In this case, considering the linguistic aspect of the headlines might be
useful in improving customers’ interest. Therefore, the researcher suggests that
language training should be implemented as preparation for copywriters,
specifically, language training on stylistic. By mastering the linguistic aspect,
especially stylistic, copywriters are facilitated to get easier ways in constructing
attractive headlines.
2. Future Researchers
This research focused on the syntactic structure and the types of rhetorical
devices which are employed in online mass media headlines, specifically in
Tempo English front cover headlines. Thus, the researcher suggests to the future
researchers to conduct research related to language in advertising in other online
mass media such as business-based Instagram captions, online shops
advertisement or phone apps advertisement. By conducting the research, there are
possibilities that other variance of syntactic structures and the types of rhetorical
devices will be found in the caption and advertisements.
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Online Resources:
Beare, K. (2017, March 17). Understanding newspaper headline. Retrieved
March 16, 2018, from Thought Co.:
https://www.thoughtco.com/understanding-newspaper-headlines-p2-
1211336
Tempo English Magazine Website https://www.magz.tempo.co
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APPENDICES
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Appendix 1. TEMPO English Website
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Appendix 2. Samples of Tempo English Front Cover Headlines
Issued on January 2, 2017 Issued on February 6, 2017
Issued on March 6, 2017
Issued on May 1, 2017
Issued on April 3, 2017
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Appendix 3. Data Coding
Data Code Headlines
S1 THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING!
NP VP
P1 CLASH OF WILLS
N PP
P2 FRIENDS OR FOES
NP Conj NP
S2 QUESTIONING QUOTAS AGAIN
V NP Adv
S3 SEEKING PEACE AND PLURALISM
V NP
P3 A PACKETFUL OF PROMISES
Det (Quant) N
P4 MINISTERS’ MUSICAL CHAIRS
NP (Mod) Adj N
P5 DEATH OF A TERRORIST
N PP
P6 THE RETURN OF REASON
Det N PP
P7 LETTER FROM THE GRAVE
N PP
P8 A TALE OF TWO CITIZENSHIP
Det N PP
P9 TEST OF POWER
N PP
P10 FAST FOOD FIASCO
Adj N NP (Mod)
P11 S4 BAKRIE’S BUSINESS BLUES
NP VP
P11 THE AHOK CHALLENGE
Det NP (Mod) N
P12 JAKARTA’S THREE-LEGGED RACE
NP (Mod) Adj N
P13
ONE CARD FOR ALL
Det(Quant) N PP
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Data Code Headlines
P14 AN UNSUNG HERO
Det Adj N
P15 FOES IN FACEBOOK
N PP
P16 2017 ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
N NP (Mod)
P17 MUNIR’S MURDER MISTERY
N NP (Mod)
P18 TEST OF TOLERANCE
N PP
P19 WILD CARD IN THE WHITE HOUSE
Adj N PP
P20 CENTER OF THE STORM
N PP
S5 TRANSFORMING POLITICAL DISCOURSE
V NP
P21 TEST CASE FOR TREASON
N PP
P22 TERROR BEHIND THE VEIL
N PP
S6 BAILING OUT BUMIPUTERA
V NP
P23 THE DARK SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Det Adj N PP
P24 SLAVERY AT SEA
N PP
S7 THE RACE IS ON!
NP VP
S8 TABLES TURNED
NP VP
P25 COURT OF LOW ESTEEM
N PP
P26 PLEASANT PRISON
Adj N
P27 THE FINAL COUNTDOWN
Det Adj N
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Data Code Headlines
P28 FIGHT TO THE FINISH
N PP
P29 TOO CLOSE TO HOME
Deg Adj PP
P30 COUNTDOWN TO ARBITRATION
N PP
S9 WHERE THE STEALING NEVER STOPS
Adv NP VP
P31 BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE
P NP
P32 THE LOOMING CREDIT CRUNCH
Det Adj N Mod
S10 SAVE KPK
V NP
S11 DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED
VP VP VP
S12 WHY RELIGION STILL COUNTS
Adv NP VP
S13 THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN
NP VP
S14 A CORRUPT PAST REVISITED
NP VP
S15 THE POLITICIANS STRIKE BACK
NP VP
P33 TRIAL BY FIRE
N PP
P34 PEATLAND PREDICAMENT
Adj N
P35 KILLERS AMONG US
N PP
P36 TERROR FROM THE NORTH
N PP
P37 COLD CASE
Adj N
P38 FAITH OR FEAR
NP Conj NP
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Data Code Headlines
P39 ROAD TO REDEMPTION
N PP
P40 THE PREACHER’S GAME
Det NP (Mod) N
P41 INDECENT EXPOSURE
Adj N
P42 DANGEROUS LIAISONS
Adj N
S16 LOSING GAME
V NP
P43 RICE RAID
NP(Mod) N
P44 THE DEBT FACTOR
Det NP (Mod) N
P45 THE TWISTED TALE OF AMIR HAMZAH
Det Adj N PP
P46 MARLIEM’S MYSTERY
NP (Mod) N
P47 THE ENEMY WITHIN
Det N PP
P48 THE END GAME
Det Adj N
P49 A TALE OF TWO ISLANDS
Det N PP
P50 SETYA’S ESCAPE PLAN
NP (Mod) N
P51 FEAR FACTOR
Adj N
P52 THE GENERAL’S MANEUVER
Det NP (Mod) N
P53 UP IN ARMS
P PP
P54 AGAINST ALL ODDS
P NP
P55 NO MAN’S LAND
NP (Mod) N
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Data Code Headlines
P56 PROTECT AND SAVE
VP Conj VP
P57 DEVIL IN THE DETAILS
N PP
P58 SLEEPLESS IN SENAYAN
Adj PP
S17 CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED
VP VP VP
P59 GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED
VP Conj VP
S18 BREAKING FROM CLICHÉS
V NP
S19 VYING FOR VEEP
V PP
P60 DOWN IN THE SLUMPS
P PP
P61 DRUG, INC.
NP(Mod) N
P62 FEARLESS FIGHTER
Adj N
S20 DRIVEN TO WIN
V PP
S21 SADDLE UP FOR 2019
V PP
P63 PLIGHT ON RICE
N PP
P64 SEX, DRUGS, & LOSING CONTROL
NP NP Conj NP
P65 OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE AFFAIR
PP Det Adj N
P66 PAPUA’S PREDICAMENT
NP (Mod) N
P67 GREAT EXPECTATIONS
Adj N
S22 CENDANA RETURNS
NP VP
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Data Code Headlines
S23 MULLING OVER VEEP
V NP
S24 LIE AT ANCHOR
V PP
P68 COFFEE CALLING
NP (Mod) N
P69 GATOT’S GAMBIT
NP (Mod) N
P70 MINE GAMES
NP (Mod) N
P71 BALIKPAPAN BAY DISASTER
NP (Mod) N
P72 INDECISIVE PROPOSAL
Adj N
S25 GEARING UP FOR 2019
V PP
P73 THE CONVERSATION
Det N
P74 PRISON BREAK
Mod N
P75 TALES OF TERROR
N PP
P76 RADICALS IN THE MAKING
N PP
P77 HASHTAG WELFARE
NP (Mod) N
P78 PRAY AND PLAY
VP Conj VP
P79 DIGITAL PREACHERS
Adj N
P80 REGIONAL BATTLES
Adj N
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Appendix 4. Syntactic structures in Tempo English front cover headlines
1. Phrasal Structures
a. Noun Phrases
Pattern Frequency List of Data
NP (det) N (PP) 26 P1, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P13, P15,
P18, P20, P21, P22, P24, P25,
P28, P30, P33, P35, P36, P39,
P47, P49, P57, P63, P75, P76
NP NP (Conj.) NP 2 P2, P38
NP (det) (Mod) N
(Mod)
21 P4, P10, P11, P12, P16, P17, P40,
P43, P44, P46, P50, P52, P55,
P61, P66, P68, P69, P70, P71,
P74, P77
NP (det) (Adj) N 17 P3, P14, P26, P27, P32, P34, P37,
P41, P42, P48, P51, P62, P67,
P72, P73, P79, P80
NP (det) (Adj) N (PP) 4 P19, P23, P45, P65
Parallel NP 1 P64
Total 71
b. Verb Phrases
Pattern Frequency List of Data
VP VP (Conj.) VP 3 P56, P59, P78
Total 3
c. Prepositional Phrases
Pattern Frequency List of Data
PP P (NP) 2 P31, P54
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PP P (PP) 2 P53, P60
Total 4
d. Adjective Phrases
Pattern Frequency List of Data
Adj. P Adj. (PP) 2 P29, P58
Total 2
2. Clausal Structures
Pattern Frequency List of Data
S – V 10 S1, S4, S7, S8, S11, S13, S14,
S15, S22, S17
S – V – O 7 S2, S3, S5, S6, S10, S16, S23
S – V – A 8 S9, S12, S18, S19, S20, S21, S24,
S25
Total 25
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Appendix 5. Rhetorical devices in Tempo English front cover headlines
Data
Code Text Rhetorical Devices
P1 CLASH OF WILLS Periphrasis
P2 FRIENDS OR FOES Alliteration
P3 A PACKETFUL OF PROMISES Alliteration
P4 MINISTERS’ MUSICAL CHAIRS Alliteration
P5 DEATH OF A TERRORIST -
P6 THE RETURN OF REASON Alliteration,
P7 LETTER FROM THE GRAVE Metaphor
P8 A TALE OF TWO CITIZENSHIP Alliteration,
P9 TEST OF POWER Metaphor
P10 FAST FOOD FIASCO Alliteration,
P11 BAKRIE’S BUSINESS BLUES Alliteration, Rhyme
P12 THE AHOK CHALLENGE Periphrasis
P13 JAKARTA’S THREE-LEGGED RACE Metaphor
P14 ONE CARD FOR ALL Metaphor
P15 AN UNSUNG HERO Litotes, Metaphor
P16 FOES IN FACEBOOK Alliteration,
P17 2017 ECONOMIC OUTLOOK -
P18 MUNIR’S MURDER MISTERY Alliteration,
P19 TEST OF TOLERANCE Alliteration
P20 WILD CARD IN THE WHITE HOUSE Alliteration,
Metaphor
P21 CENTER OF THE STORM Alliteration,
Metaphor
P22 TEST CASE FOR TREASON Alliteration
P23 TERROR BEHIND THE VEIL Metonymy
P24 THE DARK SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA Metaphor
P25 SLAVERY AT SEA Alliteration
P26 COURT OF LOW ESTEEM Metaphor
P27 PLEASANT PRISON Alliteration
P28 THE FINAL COUNTDOWN -
P29 FIGHT TO THE FINISH Alliteration
P30 TOO CLOSE TO HOME Assonance
P31 COUNTDOWN TO ARBITRATION -
P32 BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD
PLACE
Metaphor
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P33 THE LOOMING CREDIT CRUNCH Alliteration
P34 TRIAL BY FIRE Assonance
P35 PEATLAND PREDICAMENT Alliteration
P36 KILLERS AMONG US Metonymy
P37 TERROR FROM THE NORTH Metonymy
P38 COLD CASE Alliteration
P39 FAITH OR FEAR Alliteration
P40 ROAD TO REDEMPTION Alliteration
P41 THE PREACHER’S GAME Metaphor
P42 INDECENT EXPOSURE Alliteration
P43 DANGEROUS LIAISONS -
P44 RICE RAID Alliteration
P45 THE DEBT FACTOR -
P46 THE TWISTED TALE OF AMIR
HAMZAH
Alliteration,
P47 MARLIEM’S MYSTERY Alliteration
P48 THE ENEMY WITHIN -
P49 THE END GAME Metaphor
P50 A TALE OF TWO ISLANDS Alliteration
P51 SETYA’S ESCAPE PLAN Metaphor
P52 FEAR FACTOR Alliteration,
Periphrasis
P53 THE GENERAL’S MANEUVER Polysemy
P54 UP IN ARMS Alliteration
P55 AGAINST ALL ODDS Metaphor
P56 NO MAN’S LAND Metaphor
P57 PROTECT AND SAVE -
P58 DEVIL IN THE DETAILS Alliteration
P59 SLEEPLESS IN SENAYAN Alliteration
P60 GO ONLINE OR BE SIDELINED Assonance, Rhyme
P61 DOWN IN THE SLUMPS Metaphor
P62 DRUG, INC. -
P63 FEARLESS FIGHTER Alliteration
P64 PLIGHT ON RICE Assonance
P65 SEX, DRUGS, & LOSING CONTROL Parallelism,
P66 OVER THE RAINBOW: A PRIVATE
AFFAIR
Anastrophe,
Metaphor
P67 PAPUA’S PREDICAMENT Alliteration
P68 GREAT EXPECTATIONS -
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P69 COFFEE CALLING Alliteration
P70 GATOT’S GAMBIT Alliteration
P71 MINE GAMES Metaphor
P72 BALIKPAPAN BAY DISASTER Alliteration
P73 INDECISIVE PROPOSAL -
P74 THE CONVERSATION Metonymy
P75 PRISON BREAK -
P76 TALES OF TERROR Alliteration
P77 RADICALS IN THE MAKING -
P78 HASHTAG WELFARE Periphrasis
P79 PRAY AND PLAY Alliteration,
Assonance
P80 DIGITAL PREACHERS Metaphor
P81 REGIONAL BATTLES Metaphor
S1 THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING! Periphrasis
S2 [SOMEONE IS] QUESTIONING
QUOTAS AGAIN
Alliteration, Ellipsis
S3 [PEOPLE ARE] SEEKING PEACE AND
PLURALISM
Ellipsis
S4 [SOMEONE IS] TRANSFORMING
POLITICAL DISCOURSE
Ellipsis
S5 [SOMEONE IS] BAILING OUT
BUMIPUTERA
Alliteration, Ellipsis
S6 THE RACE IS ON! Metaphor
S7 TABLES TURNED Alliteration
S8 WHERE THE STEALING NEVER
STOPS
-
S9 #SAVEKPK -
S10 DUPED, DAMNED, DETAINED Asyndeton, Rhyme,
Alliteration
S11 WHY RELIGION STILL COUNTS -
S12 THE PEOPLE HAVE SPOKEN Metonymy
S13 A CORRUPT PAST REVISITED -
S14 THE POLITICIANS STRIKE BACK -
S15 [SETYA NOVANTO IS] LOSING GAME Ellipsis, Metaphor
S16 CAPTURED, CAGED, CONDEMNED Asyndeton, Rhyme,
Alliteration
S17 [THE MOVIE IS] BREAKING FROM
CLICHÉS
Ellipsis
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S18 [SOME PEOPLE ARE] VYING FOR
VEEP
Alliteration
S19 [SOMEONE IS] DRIVEN TO WIN Ellipsis
S20 [EVERYONE] SADDLE UP FOR 2019 Ellipsis
S21 CENDANA RETURNS -
S22 [PEOPLE ARE] MULLING OVER VEEP Ellipsis
S23 [SOMETHING IS] LIE AT ANCHOR Ellipsis
S24 [EVERYONE IS] GEARING UP FOR
2019
Ellipsis
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