the system of rice intensification...
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The System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
An Available Response to Rice Price Hikes, Water Shortages,
Climate Change, Rising Fuel Costs
Ministry of Agriculture, JakartaJune 13, 2008
Norman Uphoff, CIIFAD Cornell University, USA
21st
century conditions differ significantly from 20th
century
• Arable land
for agriculture declining• Land per capita in 2050 = 1/3 of 1950 level
• Water
will be less and less reliable• Climate change
affects agriculture
• Extreme events
are increasing –
more droughts, more storms, extreme temperatures
• Energy costs
are higher and rising• Modern agriculture was developed with petroleum price of $10-20 per barrel
21st
century conditions differ significantly from 20th
century
• Environmental constraints
are greater than before
• Concern for quality of water, soil and air• Concern for greenhouse gas emissions
• Poverty alleviation
is continuing concern –
need accessible technology
which has beneficial income effects• Food quality
and nutrition
concerns
• Challenge is to produce healthy people
Rice sector needs in 21st
century listed by IRRI for Intl. Year of Rice 2004:
• Land productivity
must be increased • Water productivity
- more crop per drop
• Technology
accessible to the poor• Environmental friendliness• Pest and disease resistance• Tolerance of abiotic
stresses
(climate)
• Better grain quality
-- for consumers• Greater profitability
-- for farmers
SRI practices meet all these needs:• Higher
yields -- usually 50-100% higher
• Water reductions -- 25-50% less water• Capital expenditures -- not necessary• Agrochemical inputs – also not needed• Pest and disease resistance evident• Resistance to drought and lodging• Better grain quality – more nutritious?• Lower costs of production -- by10-20%
Additional benefits of SRI practice:• Time to maturity reduced by 1-2 weeks• Milling outturn -- higher by about 15%• Other crops’ performance are being improved by SRI concepts and practices, e.g., sugar cane, millet, wheat, other crops?• Human resource development for farmers through participatory approach• Diversification and modernization of smallholder agriculture
SRI was developed in Madagascar in the1980s -- after 20 years of work
Fr. Henri de Laulaniémaking field visit,shortly before his
death in 1995
First validations outside Madagascar in: -- China
(1999): Nanjing Agricultural University,
followed by China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), China Hybrid Rice Center, Sichuan Academy of Agric. Sciences, etc., then -- Indonesia
(1999-2000): MOA’s Agency for
Agricultural Research and Development (AARD), then National IPM Program, etc., then -- Many other countries followed: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Cuba, etc.
Prof. Yuan Long-ping, director, China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, with SRI plot in 2001
SICA field in Cuba, 2003 –
12 t/ha (Los Palacios 9 cv)
First SRI farmer in Brazil, Señor Juarez -- double yield,Rio Grande do Sul state, 2007
Before 1999: Only Madagascar – Now: China, Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand; India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bhutan; Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Gambia, Guinea, Senegal, Mali,
Sierra Leone, Benin, Mozambique, Zambia; Cuba, Peru, Brazil
SRI has been spreading among countries in Asia,Africa, and Latin America –
now up to 30
SRI Spreading within Countries, e.g., China
• 2005: about 20,000 ha
of SRI in Sichuan and Zhejiang Provinces each, and perhaps 10,000 ha
elsewhere; total = 50,000 ha
• 2007: 120,000 ha
in Sichuan Province and 110,000 ha
in Zhejiang Province, due to
Sichuan Academy of Agric. Sciences and China National Rice Research Institute working with Provincial Depts. of Agriculture• Extension service reports SRI spreading most rapid among larger farmers, because of savings
of seed, water, cost and labor
Bu Tou village, Tian Tai county, Zhejiang Province, ChinaDemonstration area for China National Rice Research Institute
INDIA –
started slowly, but now expanding rapidly
• GOI National Food Security Mission has allocated $40 million for SRI extension to 5 million hectares• 2008: SRI demonstrations in 136 districts across 14 states
• Support for SRI methods from Directorate of Rice Research,
Indian Council for Agric. Research
Tamil Nadu State of India2007-08 main season: SRI used on
430,000 ha, according to the TN Minister of Agriculture (20% of area)
(The Hindu, 1/1/08)2008-09 target set for 750,000 ha
-- SRI area was 4,638 ha in 2005-06 and 11,320 ha in 2006-07 --
WHY THE EXPANSION?SRI yields are averaging 50% higher -- with less seed, less water, and less manual labor
Two Districts in Tamil Nadu• Tiruchi
District
(The Hindu, 4/26/08):• 2007-08: 17,000 ha• 2008-09: target of
30,000 ha
assigned • 2008-09: district
proposed target of 61,000 ha (100%)
• SRI yield in 2007-08 averaged 8.4 t/ha, some up to 13 t/ha
• Erode District (The Hindu, 5/23/08)
• 2006-07: 500 ha• 2007-08: 13,570 ha• 2008-09: 40,000 ha• 10.7 t/ha
average
SRI yield in 2007-08 vs. yield using regular methods of 8.4 t/ha
• Increase of 3.3 t/ha -- with reduced inputs
SRI is Not a Technology = 6 Core Ideas1.
Use young seedlings
to preserve growth potential
[however --
DIRECT SEEDING
is becoming an option]2.
Avoid trauma to the roots
--
transplant quickly,
shallow, no inversion of root tips that will slow growth3.
Give plants wider spacing
–
one plant per hill
and in square pattern to achieve ‘edge effect’4.
Keep paddy soil moist but unflooded
– mostly
aerobic --
not continuously saturated, then5.
Actively aerate the soil
--
as often as possible
6.
Enhance soil organic matter
as much as possiblePractices 1-3 stimulate plant growth; while practices 4-6
enhance the growth and health of roots and soil biota
Two Paradigms for Agriculture: • GREEN REVOLUTION
strategy was to:
(a) Change the genetic potential
of plants, and(b) Increase the provision of external inputs
--
more water, more fertilizer and insecticides, etc.
• SRI / AGROECOLOGY
instead changes the management of plants, soil, water & nutrients
to:
(a) Promote the growth of root systems, and(b) Increase the abundance and diversity
of
soil organisms
to better enlist their benefits
Get better PHENOTYPES
from all genotypes
Cambodia, Takeo Province:rice plant grownfrom single seed,with SRI methodsand trad. variety
Nepal,MorangDistrict:
Single riceplant grown
with SRI methods
India, AP: Single SRI plant –
Swarna, normally ‘shy-tillering’
India, Maruteru
Research Station, AP: roots of a single rice plant (MTU 1071)
Cuba:
Two plants, same variety(VN 2084) and same age (52 DAP)
SRI plant rootsgrowing profusely
in soil in Cuba
Sister plants,both 80 dayssame variety
Vietnam: FFS farmer in Dông
Trù
village, Hanoi Province –
after typhoon
Indonesia,Lombok Province:
Rice plants ofsame varietyand same age
INDONESIA: Dried rice plants in Nippon Koei office, Jakarta
INDONESIA: Results of 9 seasons of on-farm comparative evaluations of SRI
in E. Indonesia, by Nippon Koei, 2002-06
• No. of trials: 12,133• Total area: 9,429.1
hectares
• Ave. increase in yield: 3.3 t/ha -- 78%• Reduction in water requirements: 40%• Reduction in fertilizer use: 50%• Reduction in costs of production: 20%Bali, DS 2006: 24 farmers on 42 hectares: 13.3 t/ha with SRI + Longping hybrids; standard = 8.4 t/ha
SRI
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
IH H FH MR W R YRStage
Org
an d
ry w
eigh
t(g/
hill)
CK
I H H FH MR WR YR
Yellowleaf andsheathPanicle
Leaf
Sheath
Stem
47.9% 34.7%
“Non-Flooding Rice Farming Technology in Irrigated Paddy Field”Dr. Tao Longxing, China National Rice Research Institute, 2004
CNRRI factorial trials, 2004 and 2005, using two super-rice hybrid varieties, seeking to break the plateauing
of S-R yields
Standard Rice Mgmt• 30-day seedlings• 20x20 cm spacing• Continuous flooding• Fertilization:
– 100% chemical
New Rice Mgmt (SRI)• 20-day seedlings• 30x30 cm spacing• Alternate wetting
and drying (AWD)• Fertilization:
– 50% chemical, – 50% organic
Average super-rice YIELDS (kg ha-1) with new rice management (SRI) vs. standard rice management
at different plant densities ha-1
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
10000
150,000 180,000 210,000
NRMSRM
Rapid Spread with Higher Yield
Area under paddy
(ha)
Paddy produc-
tion
(mt)
Ave. yield
(mt/ha
)
Area under SRI (ha)
SRI produc-
tion
(mt)
Ave. SRI
yield (mt/ha)
No. of
fami-
lies2005-
0615,613 49,976 3.009 24.5 170.08 6.942 122
2006-
0715,632 50,976 3.261
(2.65)2,300 15,669.9 6.813 5,335
INDIA: data from Department of Agriculture, Rajnagar
Subdistrict
Office, State of Tripura
Reduced Water Use• Application of minimum of water to meet the plants’
needs –
either by:
• Small daily applications
to maintain soil moisture, according to soil type, with some periods of soil drying, or• Alternate wetting and drying
– may
give lower yield but saves on labor• Higher yield with less water means greater water productivity
achieved,
toward goal of ‘more crop per drop’
Trend in Decreasing Water Table Level in Punjab State of IndiaYearYear Affected areaAffected area Depth of water Depth of water
level (in feet)level (in feet)
19731973--7474 3%3% 3030
20052005--0606 30%30% 70 70
20232023 Whole of Whole of Punjab?Punjab?
160160
Statistics of DOA PunjabStatistics of DOA Punjab
SRI Saving of Irrigation Water in PunjabMethod of Method of cultivationcultivation
No. of No. of irrigations irrigations per acreper acre
Time to irrigate Time to irrigate one acreone acre(4(4””
delivery pipe)delivery pipe)
Saving of Saving of water under water under SRISRI
ConvenConven-- tional tional
methodsmethods
2525 4 hours4 hours
5050--55 %55 %SRISRI 1313 2 hours2 hours
If we apply SRI method of cultivation on 26 lakh If we apply SRI method of cultivation on 26 lakh hectares of rice area in Punjab, then it is estimated hectares of rice area in Punjab, then it is estimated that 50% of water can be saved.that 50% of water can be saved.
Dr. Amrik Singh, MANAGE, GurdaspurDr. Amrik Singh, MANAGE, Gurdaspur
India: Punjabi farmer showing difference in rice phenotypes
Punjab Chief Minister Requests Assistance for Introducing SRI
“Badal also referred to System of Rice
Intensification (SRI) that had already been
introduced in some districts of the state and
the results were also very encouraging in terms of
saving 30-35% of irrigation water and higher yield
potential than the traditional method of
planting paddy.”
Accessibility for Poor Households• SRI requires no purchase
of external
inputs, although these can be used• All varieties respond to SRI practices –
so no need to purchase new seeds, although highest yields with HYVs/hybrids• Decomposed biomass is sufficient for soil nutrition –
so no need to buy fertilizers;
fertilizer gives good results but not best • No/little need for agrochemical protection
• Since credit is not necessary –
there is no need for households to go into debt
Dimatali
– tribal village in Rajnagar Subdivision, South Tripura District – in 2006-07, 21/78 farmers were using SRI and getting 6.5 t/ha
yield vs. 2.5 t/ha
conventional
-- Two years earlier were not even doing row planting
Paddy Yield in Three Socially-Marginal Villages of Teliamura Agricultural Sub-Division, Tripura State, India, by season, 2006-07
CAMBODIA: SRI introduced by LDS Charities in 2006-07to 146 households whose previous average yield was 1.06 t/ha:
when using SRI methods, they averaged 4.02 t/ha
Hang Hein’s sons (left) transplanted his whole SRI field in 1 day (0.9 ha) -- Hein’s neighbors (right) using traditional methods of transplantingnot only required more labor
per hectare
but also got lower yieldsHang Hein’s previous yield = 1.2 t/ha
-- with SRI methods = 5.0 t/ha
Environmental Benefits
• Lower water requirement reduces pressure on natural ecosystems• Reduced N fertilizer applications preserve water quality
(less NO3
)• Reduced use of agrochemicals benefits both soil and water quality• Not flooding reduces methane (CH4
) (GHG), although need to assess N2 O
Pest and Disease Resistance• SRI rice plants are more resistant
to pests and diseases• Little/no need for agrochemical protection –
not worth expense
• IPM crop management activities are always recommended, however
• Some agrochemical protection may be used on an as-needed basis
Vietnam National IPM Program: average of data from trials in 8 provinces, 2005-06:
Spring season Summer seasonSRI
PlotsFarmerPlots
Differ-
enceSRI
PlotsFarmerPlots
Differ-
enceSheath blight
6.7% 18.1% 63.0% 5.2% 19.8% 73.7%
Leaf blight -- -- -- 8.6% 36.3% 76.5%
Small leaf folder
63.4* 107.7* 41.1% 61.8* 122.3* 49.5%
Brown plant hopper
542* 1,440* 62.4% 545* 3,214* 83.0%
AVERAGE 55.5% 70.7%* Insects/m2
Insects (their damageor population)
SRI cultivation(mean ±
SE)Conventional
cultivation(mean ±
SE)
t value(difference)
(SRI reduction)Cut worm
(% damaged leaves per seedling)
0.0 ±
0.0(0.0)
20.4 ±
4.8(19.1)
16.1**( ∞
)
Thrips(per seedling)
0.5 ±
0.2(0.9)
6.1 ±
0.5(2.5)
19.3**( 92% )
Green leaf hopper
(per seedling)
0.1 ±
0.0(0.8)
0.4 ±
0.1(0.9)
14.8**( 75% )
BPH(per seedling)
0.0 ±
0.0(0.0)
0.2 ±
0.0(0.8)
11.5**( ∞
)Whorl maggot
(% damaged leaves per seedling)
0.8 ±
0.2(0.9)
9.3 ±
2.6(9.1)
12.5**( 91% )
Pest incidence in nursery (TNAU)
Figures in parentheses are transformed values ** Significant difference (P<0.001)
Insects(their damageor population)
SRI cultivation(mean ±
SE)Conventional
cultivation(mean ±
SE)
t value(difference)
(SRI reduction)Whorl maggot(% damaged
leaves per hill)
17.9 ±
1.9(18.0)
23.2 ±
2.0(19.1)
6.6**( 23% )
Thrips(per hill)
6.6 ±
0.1(2.2)
20.2 ±
2.0(4.1)
12.2**( 67% )
Green leaf hopper(per hill)
0.6 ±
0.1(1.0)
1.1 ±
0.2(1.2)
10.7**( 45% )
BPH(per hill)
1.1 ±
0.2(1.2)
2.7 ±
0.2(1.8)
14.4**( 60% )
Whorl maggot(% truncated
leaves per hill)
5.6 ±
1.8(5.9)
8.8 ±
1.4(9.1)
4.5**( 36% )
Pest incidence in main field (TNAU)
Figures in parentheses are transformed values ** significant difference (P<0.001)
Resistance to Abiotic Stresses• DROUGHT resistance• Little or no LODGING
•Less effect of extreme temperatures
WHY? Larger, stronger root systems
and possibly because more uptake of silicon
when paddy soils are not kept saturated Need climate-proofing
for climate change
Sri Lanka: rice fields of same variety, same irrigation system,and same drought --
left, conventional methods; right, SRI
Vietnam: FFS farmer in Dông Trù
village, Hanoi Province –
after typhoonRice fields Dong Tru, Hanoi Province, Vietnam after typhoon: ‘normal’
rice field on right; SRI practices in middle and on left
VIETNAM SRI declared ‘technical advance’
by Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development, Oct. 15, 2007
Grain Quality• More milled rice
per bushel of SRI paddy
• Fewer unfilled grains –
less chaff• Fewer broken grains –
less shattering
• Less chalkiness
–
maybe other quality improvements? Should be studied• More nutritional value? Not studied yet
• Possibly more protein
due to more N uptake and maybe also higher quality protein• Possibly more micronutrients
--
given larger
deeper root systems and denser grains
Data from China on Grain QualityConventional SRI Methods
Characteristic Methods (3 spacings) Difference
Chalky kernels(%)
39.89 – 41.07
23.62 – 32.47↓30.7%
General chalkiness (%)
6.74 – 7.17
1.02 – 4.04↓65.7%
Milled rice outturn (%)
41.54 – 51.46
53.58 – 54.41↑16.1%
Head milled rice (%)
38.87 – 39.99
41.81 – 50.84↑17.5%
Paper by Prof. Ma Jun, Sichuan Agricultural University,presented at 10th conference on Theory and Practice for
High-Quality, High-Yielding Rice in China, Haerbin, 8/2004
Higher ProfitabilityWhen production is increased with
lower costs of production, this means
even greater net income
for farmers
Average reduction in cost/ha
across10 evaluations in 8 countries = 25%
(N = 4,214: IRRI, IWMI, GTZ, etc.)
Less Time to Maturity51 SRI farmers in Morang district, Nepal,
monsoon season, 2005, who planted popular Bansdhan (145-day) variety
Age of
N of
Days to Reductionseedling
farmers
harvest
(in days)
> 14 d 9 138.5
6.510 -
14 d 37 130.6
14.4
8 -
9 d
5 123.6
21.4
With doubling of yield
from 3.1 to 6.3 t/ha
Extension to Other CropsFarmers are taking SRI concepts and
practices and are now starting to apply them to other crops:
• Sugar cane (Andhra Pradesh)• Finger millet (Elusine coracana)
(Jharkand, Karnataka)• Wheat (Himachal Pradesh, Poland)SRI IS NOT A TECHNOLOGY –
it is a set
of insights and concepts
that can benefit the whole agricultural sector
Winter wheat in Poland before going into winter dormancy
System of Finger Millet Intensificationon left; regular management of improvedvariety and of traditional variety on right,picture courtesy of PRADAN, Jharkand
SRI crop of G. Moghanraj Yadhav, Nagipattanam district, Tamil Nadu
“Productivity is increased [with SRI], and at the same time the environment is saved. . . . I want to urge everybody, starting with
the Minister of Agriculture and everyone else -- let us support this SRI method with our maximum capacity.”
--
Indonesian President S. B. Yudhoyono speaking atSRI Harvest Festival, Cianjur, July 30, 2007
What Can Be Done to Support SRI Dissemination?SRI strategy is have an alliance
among:
• Government agencies• Research institutes and universities• Farmer organizations/cooperatives• Civil society organizations/NGOs• Private sector• Interested individuals
Measures to Support SRI Dissemination
• Premium price
for SRI paddy? –
10%?• Justified by higher milling outturn (15-20%)• Paid by millers, not by government
• Improved water control
to provide reduced but reliable irrigation supplies
• Value of water saving
justifies investment in hardware and ‘software’
for irrig. mgmt.
• Training and certification
of SRI skills• 25% higher wage for skilled SRI labor
Measures to Support SRI Dissemination
• Schemes
to facilitate access to markers and weeders (hire-purchase)• Evaluate SRI grain quality
which could
justify higher price, because of milling out-turn rate, and nutritional value• Continue agronomic research and evaluation; also economic evaluations• Support farmer-to-farmer exchanges and farmer innovation
SRI/SICA Dissemination Is Problem-Solving > Extension
• Need to have ‘can-do’
agronomists and extensionists –
not ‘can’t-do’
• Old Chinese proverb: Those who say that something cannot be done should stop interrupting those who are doing it.• SRI = opportunity > technology
THANK YOU
• Web page: http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/
• Email: [email protected] or [email protected] or
Sri Lanka:Cono-weeder
Sri Lanka:MotorizedWeeder
Indonesia: Marker rake
Indian Punjab: Marker roller