THE SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODYSCIENCE

JUAN FRANCISCO GARCÍA

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM“Remember to breathe. It is after all, the secret of life.”

― Gregory Maguire, A Lion Among Men

RESPIRATION AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Breathing and respiration are often used to mean the same

thing. However, breathing is only one part of respiration.

It´s divided into two parts:

Breathing: involves inhaling and exhaling.

Cellular respiration: involves chemical reactions that release

energy from food.

RespirationIs the process by which a body gets and uses oxygen and releases

carbon dioxide and water.

RESPIRATION AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiration

• The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living cells and their environment.

• Includes breathing and cellular respiration.

Respiratory System

• A collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Nose Throat • Pharynx and• Larynx

TracheaPassageways• Bronchi• Bronchioles

Lungs

NOSE, PHARYNX AND LARYNX

LARYNX

Here are contain the vocal cords.

The vocal cords area pair of elastic bands

that stretch across the larynx.

When air flows between the vocal cords, the

cords vibrate producing sounds.

PHARYNXAir, food and drink travel through the

it.

It branches into two tubes.•The esophagus, leads to the stomach.•The larynx, leads to the lungs.

NOSEIs the main passageway into and out

of the respiratory system. Air can enter and leave through the

nose and the mouth.

TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND ALVEOLI

ALVEOLIIn the lungs, each bronchiole

branches to form tiny sacs called alveoli (sg. Alveolus)

Here is where the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange happens.

BRONCHIThe trachea splits into two branches called

bronchi (sg. Bronchus).

One bronchus connects to each lung.

Each bronchus branches into smaller

tubes called bronchioles.

TRACHEAThe larynx guards the entrance to

a large tube called trachea.

The trachea is the passageway for air traveling from the larynx to the

lungs.

LUNGS

BREATHING

When you breathe, air is sucked into or forced out of your lungs.

It is done by the diaphragm and the rib muscles.

When you inhale, the diaphragm

contracts and moves down.

The chest cavity´s volume

increases.

At the same time, some of

your rib muscles contract and lift your rib cage.

As a result, your chest cavity gets

bigger and a vacuum is

created. Air is sucked in.

Exhaling is this

process in reverse.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

INHALING AIR takes OXYGEN

It is diffuse in the blood stream from the alveoli

to the capilars.

Red blood cells pick the oxygen using a molecule

called hemoglobin.

They deliver the oxygen to the tissues through

the blood stream.

Oxygen is release from the red blood cells into the blood stream and

diffuses into the tissues.

Cells grab the oxygen from the interstitial

space and they start to use it inside the cells.

The mitochondria use the oxygen to transform

the glucose into ATP.

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (ALSO REFER AS CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)

EXERCISE1.- •Take your pulse while remaining still. (Take your pulse by placing your fingers on the inside of your wrist just below your thumb).

2.- •Using a watch with a second hand, count the number of heart beats in 15 s. Then, multiply this number by 4 to calculate the number of beats in 1 minute.

3.- •Do some moderate physical activity, such as jumping jacks or jogging in place, for 30 s.

4.- •Stop and calculate your heart rate again.

5.- •Rest for 5 min.

6.- •Take your pulse again.

ANALYSIS

1. How did exercise affect your heart rate? Why do you think this happened?

2. How does your heart rate affect the rate at which red blood cells travel throughout your body?

3. Did your heart rate return to normal (or almost normal) after you rested? Why or why not?

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis.

YOUR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

HEART

BLOOD

BLOOD VESSELS

LUNGS

YOUR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:

Helps mantain homeostasis by performing many functions.

Helps mantain your body by carrying nutrients to your cells and by removing wastes from your cells.

Helps in regulation by carrying chemical signals called hormones throughtout the body.

THE HEART

ATRIUM

VENTRICLE

TH

E F

LOW

OF

BLO

OD

TH

RO

UG

H

TH

E H

EA

RT

BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES

• A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

• Thick walls, a layer of smooth muscle.

• Artery walls stretch and are ussually strong enough to stand the pressure.

CAPILLARIES

• Is a tiny blood vessel that allows these exchanges between body cells and blood.

• Capillary walls are only one cell thick.

VEINS

• Is a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

• Valves in the veins keep the blood from flowing backward.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system is a group of organs and tissues that work together to digest food so that it can be used by the body.

In all there's about 9 meters of these convoluted pipeworks, starting with the mouth and ending with the anus.

Along the way, food is broken down, sorted, and reprocessed before being circulated around the body to nourish and replace cells and supply energy to our muscles.

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

OTHER MAJOR ORGANS

PANCREAS GALLBLADDER LIVER

LARGE INTESTINEAbsortion of water and minerals.

SMALL INTESTINE3 sections. Digestion and absortion of majority nutrient

content.

STOMACHDigestion of proteins and lipids.

ESOPHAGUSPeristaltic movements

MOUTHTongue Teeth Saliva

THE MOUTH: THE TEETH

Food on the plate needs to become a mashed-up, gooey liquid for the digestive system to be able to split it up into its constituent parts: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.

Our teeth start the process by chewing and grinding up each mouthful, while the tongue works it into a ball-shaped bolus for swallowing.

THE MOUTH: SALIVA

Moistening saliva fed into the mouth from nearby glands starts the process of chemical digestion using specialized proteins called enzymes.

Secreted at various points along the digestive tract, enzymes break down large molecules of food into smaller molecules that the body is able to absorb.

THE ESOPHAGUS Once we swallow, digestion becomes

involuntary. Food passes down the throat to the esophagus, the first of a succession of hollow organs that transport their contents through muscular contractions known as peristalsis.

THE STOMACH The esophagus empties into

the stomach, a large, muscular chamber that mixes food up with digestive juices including the enzymes pepsin, which targets proteins, and lipase, which works on fats.

Hydrochloric acid likewise helps to dissolve the stomach contents while killing potentially harmful bacteria.

The resulting semifluid paste—chyme—is sealed in the stomach by two ringlike sphincter muscles for several hours and then released in short bursts into the duodenum.

THE SMALL INTESTINE The first of three sections of

the small intestine, the duodenum produces large quantities of mucus to protect the intestinal lining from acid in the chyme.

Measuring about 6 meters in length, the small intestine is where the major digestion and absorption of nutrients take place.

These nutrients are taken into the bloodstream, via millions of tiny, fingerlike projections called villi, and transported to the liver.

THE LARGE INTESTINE

What's left in the digestive tract passes into the large intestine, where it's eaten by billions of harmless bacteria and mixed with dead cells to form solid feces. Water is reabsorbed into the body while the feces are moved into the rectum to await expulsion.

THE PANCREAS

The pancreas is a gland organ located behind the stomach that manufactures a cocktail of enzymes that are pumped into the duodenum.

INSULIN.

THE GALLBLADDER

A duct also connects the duodenum to the gallbladder.

This pear-shaped sac squeezes out green-brown bile, a waste product collected from the liver that contains acids for dissolving fatty matter.

THE LIVER

The liver itself is the body's main chemical factory, performing hundreds of different functions.

It processes nutrients absorbed into the blood by the small intestine, creating energy-giving glycogen from sugary carbohydrates and converting dietary proteins into new proteins needed for our blood. These are then stored or released as needed, as are essential vitamins and minerals.

The liver also breaks down unwanted chemicals, such as any alcohol consumed, which is detoxified and passed from the body as waste.