PURPOSE

“The thoughts of the righteous are right-ruling, The counsels of the wrong are deceit.”

Proverbs 12:5 - ISR

What was being reconstructed during the

period of “Reconstruction”?

From Webster’s Dictionary, 1913 edition:Re`con*struc"tion (-str?k"sh?n), n.

1. The act of constructing again; the state of being reconstructed.

2. (U.S. Politics) The act or process of reorganizing the governments of the States which had passed ordinances of secession, and of reëstablishing their constitutional relations to the national government, after the close of the Civil War.

Limits of CreditPDF Page 314

“The true Limits of Credit may be seen by the etymology of the word. Because all Credit is a promise to pay or do something in future: and that something, whatever it may be, is the Value of the promise. That “something” need not necessarily be money. It may be anything else. It may be a promise to do something.”

THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF BANKING

byHenry Dunning MacLeod, M.A.

Fifth Edition Vol 1, 1892

PDF Page 30 Every sort and description of Corporeal and Incorporeal Property - INCLUDING; Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness - are "Exchangeable Quantities: . . . the Principles and Mechanism of Commerce in all its forms“.

Life, Liberty and the

pursuit of Happiness

PDF Page 31 "measured",

"bought and sold",

"exchanged separately and

independently of anything else",

"measured in Money".

A “Quantity” or “Wealth” can be

;

PDF Page 32

" . . . (T)o discern what is and what is not separate and independent Exchangeable Property: requires a thorough knowledge of some of the most abstruse branches of Law and Commerce."

Discernment

PDF Page 33 "Wealth . . . depends entirely upon Human Wants and Desires: that everything is Wealth where it is Wanted and Demanded: and that it is not Wealth where it is not Wanted and Demanded."

Socrates on Wealth

.

Questions:

Is “coveting” always a “sin”?

1 Corinthians 12:31

“But covet earnestly the best gifts; and yet show I unto you a more excellent way.”

In a republic with a democratic process; to whom has “wealth” been endowed?

How does media stir the demands of the people?

Whose responsibility is it to assure they get what they pay for?

PDF Page 34

" . . . Labour in Economics is any exertion of Human Ability or Thought which is wanted, demanded, and paid for. . . . "

Labour

PDF Page 34 Socrates "exactly agrees" with Aristotle who is said to have defined "everything" as "Wealth whose Value can be measured in money, . . . as exactly as if it were a material chattel."

 And, because "Wealth . . . is a general term for Labour"; " . . . any exertion of Human Ability or Thought which is wanted, demanded, and paid for. . . . " is Labour.

Is “Everything”

“Labour”?

PDF Page 36 and A QuestionIn this paragraph MacLeod seems to equate rent with wages and Personal Capital with Education.

“ . . . The bulk of the national revenue is profit: and of that profit the portion which is merely interest on Material Capital probably does not amount to one-third. The rest is the result of Personal Capital, or, in other words, of Education.”

If the author correctly equates "Education" with "Personal Capital", a quantity of Wealth; Who hold marketable title to a student’s “intellectual property” when his education is funded with the Federal Reserve Bank's debt-based, fiat-monetary system's “notes”?

PDF Page 38

"General Rule of Roman Law":

"Rights" are "Wealth".

Roman Law

PDF Page 42

"General Rule of Greek Law":

"Rights" are "Wealth".

Greek Law

PDF Page 43

9. We have thus seen that all ancient jurists include abstract Rights of all sorts, and among them Rights of action, under the terms Wealth, Goods, Chattels, Property, and Merchandise. But the subject is of such great importance, and is so little understood by lay writers, that it will be of use to say something more about it.

English Law"In English Law Property OR Rights are included under the terms Goods and Chattels."

PDF Page 44

It is exactly the same in every system of Jurisprudence. In English Law, . . . A "Right of action for a sum of money, termed a Debt or Chose-in-action, is included under the terms "Goods," "Chattels," "Effects." It is an article of Merchandise or a Saleable Commodity. . . .  “All Obligations, Bills, Statutes, Recognizances, Judgments, shall be as a Chattel in the executor. . . . All Right of action to any personal action is a Chattel."

English Law (Con’t)

PDF Page 44 "So Blackstone says - 'For it is to be understood ... (... Goods and Chattels) is a term used to express any property which, having regard either to subject matter or quantity of interest therein, is not freehold.'

Blackstone on Goods and Chattels

Continued . . . A Question FREE''HOLD, a. That land or tenement which is held in fee-simple, fee-tail, or for term of life. It is of two kinds; in deed, and in law. The first is the real possession of such land or tenement; the last is the right a man has to such land or tenement, before his entry or seizure. Freehold is also extended to such offices as a man holds in fee or for life. It is also taken in opposition to villenage. In the United States, a freehold is an estate which a man holds in his own right, subject to no superior nor to conditions.

Prior to 1913, what was the definition of

“freehold”?

From Webster's Dictionary, 1828

edition:

Ecclesiastes 3:20

All are going to

one place – all

came from the

dust, and all

return to dust.

PDF Page 47 Commerce or Economics consists of Six distinct kinds of Exchange . . .

1. Material for Material 

2. Material for Labour 3. Material for Right 4. Labour for Labour 5. Labour for Right 6. Right for Right

Exchange

"For anything to be

Exchangeable it is necessary

that some one else should want and Demand it."

PDF Page 48 "And of the general science of Economics the business of Banking consists in the two species of Exchange: 1. Money for Rights of action, or

Credit, or Debts 2. Right of action for another

Right of action: or one kind of Credit or Debt for another kind of Credit or Debt"

Species o

f Exchan

ge

PDF Page 50

"PROPERTY" . . . MEANS RIGHT, TITLE, INTEREST, or OWNERSHIP: . . . TO CALL MATERIAL THINGS LIKE LANDS, HOUSES, MONEY, CATTLE, ETC., PROPERTY, IS AS GREAT AN ABSURDITY AS TO CALL THEM RIGHT, TITLE, INTEREST, OR OWNERSHIP!

What every jurist needs to know

.

“The word Property in

English means a

Right and not a

Thing.”

DefinitionsFrom Webster's Dictionary, 1828 edition:

ABSURD''ITY, n.1. The quality of being inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment. Want of judgment, applied to men; want of propriety, applied to things. 

2. That which is absurd; in this sense it has a plural; the absurdities of men.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

A Dictionary of the English Language - A Digital Edition of the 1755 Classic by Samuel Johnson - Property.

PDF Page 231

"As the feudatary could not alien the feud without the consent of the Lord, so neither could the Lord alien or transfer his seignory or superiority to another without the consent of the feudatary. For the obligations of the superior and inferior were mutual and reciprocal . . . as the Lord could not alien, so neither could he exchange, mortgage, or otherwise dispose of his seignory without the consent of his Vassal. Again, as the vassal or feudatary could not alien, so neither could he devise or dispose of the feud by will, or by any means (when feuds were become hereditary) prevent or vary the feudal course of succession."

31. “ ... Rights held in Contract, or Obligation are of two kinds ...

(a) … Unilateral Contract ... (and)

(b) ... Bilateral or Synallagmatic Contract..”

AlienableFrom the 1913 edition: Alienable . . .

Capable of being alienated, sold, or transferred to another; as, land is alienable according to the laws of the state.

 From the 1828 edition: A''LIENABLE, a. That

may be sold, or transferred to another; as, land is alienable according to the laws of the State.

 From A Dictionary of the English Language 1755 by Samuel Johnson:

A'LIENABLE, adj. [from To alienate.] That of which the property may be transferred.

 Land is alienable, and treasure is transitory, and both must, at

one time or other, pass from him, either by his on\wn voluntary act, or by the violence and injustice of others, or at least by fate. (Dennis's Letters).

Webster's Revised

Unabridged Dictionary

(1913 + 1828)

PDF Page 232Questions

"So in the case of Master and Servant . . . a master cannot transfer his household to any one else without their own consent, as if they were cattle or slaves. . . . " 13th Amendment:1. Neither slavery nor involuntary

servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

 2. Congress (Democrats and

Republicans) shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Feudal Law

What is a "Franchise"?

What does it mean to be

“enfranchised” and

"disenfranchised"?

PDF Page 237Question

Given the aforementioned facts; What do you suppose is/was the intent of the 14th Amendment, Sections 4 and 5 under “reconstruction”?

 14th Amendment, Section 4.The validity of the public debt of the United

States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

 5. The Congress (Democrats and Republicans)

shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Common Law of England

" . . . (T)he source and original of the Common Law of England. . . . with regard to the Sale of Debts . . .

. . . Gaius, . . . published a constitution in the year 224 A.D., by which the absolute freedom of the Sale of Debts without the knowledge or consent of the Debtor was recognised and allowed."

PDF Page 239 Webster's 1913 - Maintenance: 3. (Crim. Law) An officious or unlawful intermeddling in a cause depending between others, by assisting either party with money or means to carry it on. See . . . Champerty. 

Champerty: 2. (Law) The prosecution or defense of a suit, whether by furnishing money or personal services, by one who has no legitimate concern therein, in consideration of an agreement that he shall receive, in the event of success, a share of the matter in suit; maintenance with the addition of an agreement to divide the thing in suit. See . . . Maintenance. . . . By many authorities champerty is defined as an agreement of this nature. From early times the offence of champerty has been forbidden and punishable.

Buying lawsuits

"It is customary . . . to make the most of a suit which they commence with a foreigner or . . . any person who is not used to law transactions: as soon as they have any advantage in the process, they find means to sell it to certain persons, who make a trade of buying lawsuits."

PDF Page 245Questions

In the U.S. has a Military Feud been “created” by appropriately legislating an "all volunteer" (mercenary force) under the Social Security Number? To whom has been given the authority to grant this "force" to Assigns?  “For many centuries after the Conquest, England was essentially a feudal and military nation. Its Law also was almost entirely feudal, and related to the tenure of land. . . . “

Military Feud

"A . . . Military Feud was, . . . inalienable . . . But gradually . . . relaxed, and Feuds were created alienable and saleable. . . .

Thus, . . . wherever the Grantor created or constituted the Feud alienable, by granting it to the Grantee and his Assigns, it was assignable, and the Assignee might sue the Grantor in his own name.”

PDF Page 245 “The original contract between Lord and Vassal was Bilateral : because it involved Rights and Duties on both sides : and, consequently, the Lord could not alienate his seignory without the consent of his Vassal : he could not turn over, or Attorn, as it was termed, the homage or service of his Vassal to another person against his will : and if the tenant refused to attorn, the grant was void. . . . “

Feudal contract and Attournment

ATTO'URNMENT - An yielding of the tenant to a new lord, or acknowledgment of him to be his lord; for, otherwise, he that buyeth or obtaineth any lands or tenements of another, which are in the occupation of a third, cannot get possession.

PDF Page 246Questions

When we "register" to vote are we voluntarily transferring our "seigniory"?

If so, to whom are we transferring our seigniory? From Webster's 1913 edition: Seigniory . . . 1. The power or authority of a lord; dominion.

. . . 

2. The territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor. [Written also seigneury, and seignory.]

 From Webster's 1828 edition: SEIGNIORY, n. 1. A lordship; a manor. 2. The power or authority of a lord; dominion.

O''Neal never had any seignory over that country, but what he got by encroachment upon the English.

Seigniory'If a vassal agreed to the transfer of seigniory, he was said to Attorn to the new seignor. By this public declaration he recognised the right of the new seignior to his homage or service.'

PDF Page 246Questions

Have Democrat and Republican leaders been implementing the rhetoric and policies outlined in Henry George's 1879 book, Progress and Poverty? Has the Federal Reserve Bank, "enforced by appropriate legislation", implemented George's policies through a system of capitalizing land and labor in the distribution of rent, wages and interest? (See previous PDF Pages 34, 47-48 and PDF Pages 47 and 83 of Anna Bowman Dodd's 1887 book The Republic of the Future, Or, Socialism a Reality)

Progress and Poverty - Henry GEORGE (1839 - 1897) What I (Henry George) have done in this book, if I have correctly solved the great problem I have sought to investigate, is, to unite the truth perceived by the school of Smith and Ricardo to the truth perceived by the schools of Proudhon and Lasalle; to show that laissez faire (in its full true meaning) opens the way to a realization of the noble dreams of socialism; to identify social law with moral law, and to disprove ideas which in the minds of many cloud grand and elevating perceptions. (Summary by Henry George)

Why the Confederacy Failed

“PAPER MONEY”By

Duncan Rose

Re-Published by Courtest of the Century Magazine

The Cape Fear PressFayetteville, N.C.

Nov. 1896

Go to British History Online to learn about emigration (immigration) and the 18th Century paper money schemes.

Revelation 17:18 “And the woman whom you saw is that great city having sovereignty over the sovereigns of the earth.”

PDF Page 247

Rules of the Common Law of England relating to the Transfer of Choses-in-action

.

PDF Page 504Question

For what purpose was the 1776 Declaration of Independence drafted and submitted?

From whom was "separation" declared? 

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands (Whigs and Tories) which have connected them with another (bankers and other “Lords”), and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

Considering paragraph 43 ("The Bank of England was a Whig project . . . ") how do you think political parties are used by bankers to support their feudalistic schemes? To whom do we transfer our seigniory when we apply to become politically enfranchised?

Questions Considering the historical information provided; in 1776, on a scale of one to 10 (ten being very confident), how confident are you that the "Lord", i.e., the "Creator" mentioned in the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence is the same as the “God” mentioned in the first? What is the 1st commandment?

What contributes to a Bank's downfall

? 

Paragraph 140: "Unjustifiable

monopoly" and "monopolising selfishness".

PDF Page 414

The Lackawanna Jurist“There is an evident confusion of two claims, the nature and character of which are very different. One is of common law origin sounding in contract; the other is purely statuary and quite independent of contract. In one the issue is the amount of profits actually realized by an agent outside of his own personal use and enjoyment of the property; in the other it is the rental value regardless of any actual income or rents received.”