the things that matter architecture and chemistry · pmd crc architecture and chemistry the things...
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![Page 1: The Things that Matter Architecture and Chemistry · pmd CRC Architecture and Chemistry The Things that Matter Peter Neumayr, John Walshe, Steffen Hagemann](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022021711/5b37738a7f8b9abd438c36c1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
pmd CRC
Architecture and ChemistryArchitecture and ChemistryThe Things that MatterThe Things that Matter
Peter Neumayr, John Walshe, Steffen Hagemann
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Glen Glen MastermanMasterman, , Embedded ResearcherEmbedded ResearcherKanownaKanowna BelleBelle
Joanna Hodge, Joanna Hodge, PhDPhDAlterationAlteration--Fluid FrameworkFluid Framework
MehrdadMehrdad HeydariHeydari, , PhDPhDUltramaficUltramafic RocksRocks
Leo Horn, Leo Horn, Embedded ResearcherEmbedded ResearcherSt IvesSt Ives
Kate Moran, Kate Moran, HonoursHonoursSt IvesSt Ives
Sian Nichols*, Sian Nichols*, HonoursHonoursNew CelebrationNew Celebration
Louis Gauthier, Louis Gauthier, PhDPhDGolden MileGolden Mile
Fire BrigadeFire BrigadePeter Peter NeumayrNeumayrJohn John WalsheWalsheSteffen Steffen HagemannHagemann
20042004Susan Susan DriebergDrieberg, , Embedded Res.Embedded Res.WallabyWallaby
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRC
Eastern GoldfieldsEastern Goldfields
GoalGoal:More Cost effective More Cost effective explorationexplorationMethodMethod:•• Answer 5 Questions Answer 5 Questions
•• KalgoorlieKalgoorlie--KambaldaKambalda•• LavertonLaverton
•• Scale IntegrateScale Integrate•• Quantitative Quantitative
UnderstandingUnderstanding
•• Empowered by embedded Empowered by embedded researchers on site and researchers on site and UniversityUniversity--based research and based research and trainingtraining
Key Themes:
• Scale integrated structural-hydrothermal alteration models
• Chemical gradients• Contrasting fluid systems
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Aim: Develop Ore Systems View of Goldfields
5 QUESTIONS: AGCRC heritage• Architecture• Geodynamic• Reservoirs • Fluids drivers • Transport /deposition
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRC
Architecture of Architecture of depositional site &depositional site &intrusive complexesintrusive complexes
Integrate upper Integrate upper crustal architecture crustal architecture with deepwith deep--crustalcrustalarchitecturearchitecture
Mixing Box Mixing Box
Au??
Seal
Au??
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCBlewett, 2003
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3D Architectural 3D Architectural controls on controls on reservoirs fluid reservoirs fluid pathways, chemical pathways, chemical gradientsgradients
Challenge:Challenge:District District --Terrane Terrane Scale ModelsScale Models
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCRedox Range of AlterationRedox Range of Alteration
-28
-26
-24
-22
-3 -2.6 -2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1 -0.6 -0.2
Sum S { log(H2S+sulfate) }
Red
ox(lo
g fO
2)
Oxidized MagmaticVolatiles
Reduced Fluids
High V/Al in magnetite
Low V/Al in magnetite
Pyrrhotite PyriteMagnetite Po
CO2g-CH4g
SO2g - H2Sg
HSO4 -H2S
HematiteMagnetite
Hematite
Pyrite
OxidizedFluids
Volatiles
SIG: Ep
SIG: Fsp-Au
SIG: Wallrock approx.
KB: V-rich Phengite+/- Fsp
KB: Fsp +/-V-poor Phengite
400ºC, 500 bars
KB: Felsic Hosts; SIG: Mafic Hosts
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRC
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25Na
0
200
400
600
800
Sr
0carbepfspun
Early EpidoteEarly Epidote--CarbonateCarbonate--Magnetite Alteration Magnetite Alteration –– WR GCWR GC
0 1000 2000 3000Au
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Te
0carbepfspun
0 10 20 30 40 50Bi
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Te
0carbepfspun
• associated with porphyries• pre-dates gold• Bi-tellurides• Sr-rich, Na-poor
1
2
3
Ep-carb-mag
Fsp-carb-py-Au
St. Ives
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCExploration: TeExploration: Te--AuAu• Most Te separate event
to Au• But spatially similar• Te still good proxy for Au 100
150200
250300
350
Dow
n Hole D
epth (m).
1000
12000
23000
LD7114
050
100150
200250
300
2000
6000
10000
LD7113A 280300
320340
360
400
1000
1600
LD70026A
AuTe
St. Ives
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCEarly EpidoteEarly Epidote--CarbonateCarbonate--Magnetite Magnetite Alteration Alteration –– FC (PIXE)FC (PIXE)
Ca K
Fe Sr
0 50 100 150Cu
0
50
100
150
Zn
Ep-MagSyn-Au
10000 30000 50000 70000Ca
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Sr
Ep-MagSyn-Au
St. Ives
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCFspFsp--CarbCarb--PyPy--AuAu alteration alteration ––WR GCWR GC
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Fe/(Fe+Mg)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Cs
biochlchl_biono
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0K.Al
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Na.
Al
biochlchl_biono
Albite
K feldsparMuscovite
Size of symbol indicates Au grade
• Na/Al vs K/Al plots map out biotite/chlorite alteration zones
•Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios map out Au-related biotite/chlorite: Au occurs with intermediate compositions
• Cs does not correlate with Au-related biotiteSt. Ives
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Au
10 p
pm Probed Chlorite Compositions
200
250
300
350
400
0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Fe/Fe+Mg
Dep
th(m
)
CD10095W2 (Conqueror)• Au Grades correlate with
zoning in chlorite compositions picked up by PIMA
PIMAPIMA
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCRedox Range of AlterationRedox Range of Alteration
-28
-26
-24
-22
-3 -2.6 -2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1 -0.6 -0.2
Sum S { log(H2S+sulfate) }
Red
ox(lo
g fO
2)
Oxidized MagmaticVolatiles
Reduced Fluids
High V/Al in magnetite
Low V/Al in magnetite
Pyrrhotite PyriteMagnetite Po
CO2g-CH4g
SO2g - H2Sg
HSO4 -H2S
HematiteMagnetite
Hematite
Pyrite
OxidizedFluids
Volatiles
SIG: Ep
SIG: Fsp-Au
SIG: Wallrock approx.
KB: V-rich Phengite+/- Fsp
KB: Fsp +/-V-poor Phengite
400ºC, 500 bars
KB: Felsic Hosts; SIG: Mafic Hosts
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCPorphyries and magnetitePorphyries and magnetite
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCRedoxRedox--mappingmapping
PBSPBS
DFDDFD
PorphPorph..DCBDCB
KAMKAM
PorphPorph..LUNLUN
MagnetitePyrrhotitePyrrhotite (no seds)*
Magnetite (no seds)
BFSBFS
2km.2km.
KSLKSL
Exploration “near mine”Exploration “near mine”
?
Extremely reduced?
Reduced
?
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRC
KB_Reg_PIMA_modified by Chlorite_yFeOH
2,255 to 2,261.3 Fe-chlorite (170)2,250 to 2,255 Int-chlorite (615)2,245 to 2,250 Mg-chlorite (399)2,238.7 to 2,245 (97)
2 km
Exploration “district scale”Exploration “district scale”
Mapping with PIMA, bottom of hole geochemistryKanowna Belle
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCWholeWhole--rock and Fluid Chemistry rock and Fluid Chemistry -- ConceptConcept
Whole-rock geochemical
analysis
Fluid analysis
Geochemical Modelling
INPUTINPUT
Genetic Model
Exploration Model
1kmKB_Reg_PIMA_modify by mica_xt
5 to 14.2 (157)2 to 5 (554)1 to 2 (550)0 to 1 (488)
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pppredictiveredictiveredictive mmmineralineralineral dddiscoveryiscoveryiscovery
pmd CRCConclusionsSpatial and temporal variations in fluid Spatial and temporal variations in fluid
chemistry chemistry Gradients win!!!Gradients win!!!Map flow paths & reservoirsMap flow paths & reservoirsBuild Scale Integrated Models!!!Build Scale Integrated Models!!!
Tools: Tools: Alteration mapping (PIMA, Core Logger)Alteration mapping (PIMA, Core Logger)
WholeWhole--rock geochemistryrock geochemistryIsotopes S,C & OIsotopes S,C & O