The Thirty Years WarThe Thirty Years War

1618-16481618-1648

The Lead-UpThe Lead-Up

The Peace of Augsburg (1555), passed by The Peace of Augsburg (1555), passed by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, ended war in Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, ended war in Germany between Lutherans and Catholics.Germany between Lutherans and Catholics.

What was the main thing that the Peace did?What was the main thing that the Peace did? This Peace did not last, because the root cause This Peace did not last, because the root cause

was not addressed…this was more of a band-was not addressed…this was more of a band-aid solution.aid solution.

There was unrest among and between There was unrest among and between territories and tensions were at a boiling point.territories and tensions were at a boiling point.

Protestant areas had formed into a Protestant areas had formed into a “Protestant Union” and allied “Protestant Union” and allied themselves with other enemies of themselves with other enemies of Spain (England, the Dutch, the Spain (England, the Dutch, the French). French).

Why would the French have been Why would the French have been interested in fighting for the interested in fighting for the Protestants?Protestants?

By 1617, the Holy By 1617, the Holy Roman Emperor was Roman Emperor was close to death and there close to death and there was no apparent heir. was no apparent heir. His cousin, Ferdinand His cousin, Ferdinand II of Austria was the II of Austria was the next in line.next in line.

He was very Catholic He was very Catholic (educated by Jesuits). (educated by Jesuits). The Protestant The Protestant population in Bohemia population in Bohemia was angered by this.was angered by this.

Ferdinand II sent representatives to Prague Ferdinand II sent representatives to Prague in 1618 to meet with some Protestant lords in 1618 to meet with some Protestant lords about abuses of the religious freedoms they about abuses of the religious freedoms they had previously been promised. had previously been promised.

The representatives were being accused of The representatives were being accused of being responsible for the abuses. The being responsible for the abuses. The representatives tried to stall the meeting.representatives tried to stall the meeting.

The protestant delegation grabbed the The protestant delegation grabbed the representatives and threw them out of the representatives and threw them out of the third-story window into a pile of manure third-story window into a pile of manure down below. This is known as the down below. This is known as the Defenestration of PragueDefenestration of Prague..

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipediahttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_/commons/7/7d/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg1648.svg

Outbreak of WarOutbreak of War

A) General DetailsA) General Details 1) The war is usually divided into four periods:1) The war is usually divided into four periods: a) Bohemian (B)a) Bohemian (B) b) Danish (D)b) Danish (D) c) Swedish (S)c) Swedish (S) d) Swedish – French (S –F)d) Swedish – French (S –F) 2) The B and D periods were fought by Protestants (P) and Catholics 2) The B and D periods were fought by Protestants (P) and Catholics

over the practice of religion. over the practice of religion. 3) The S, and S – F periods were political. The first was to diminish 3) The S, and S – F periods were political. The first was to diminish

the power of the Hapsburg house and the second was an attempt the power of the Hapsburg house and the second was an attempt by S and F to take land from Germany,by S and F to take land from Germany,

Bohemian PeriodBohemian PeriodB)B) 1618-16251618-1625 1) Bohemia is in modern day Slovakia and Czech Republic1) Bohemia is in modern day Slovakia and Czech Republic 2) P churches were attacked and power in the area shifted to the 2) P churches were attacked and power in the area shifted to the

C’sC’s 3) Count Mathias of Thurn led a P revolt in Prague.3) Count Mathias of Thurn led a P revolt in Prague. 4) The “Protestant Union” sent Count Mansfeld to assist.4) The “Protestant Union” sent Count Mansfeld to assist. 5) The Holy Roman Emperor (HRE) sent imperial forces from 5) The Holy Roman Emperor (HRE) sent imperial forces from

Silesia and Lusatia to assist the Catholics but were defeated Silesia and Lusatia to assist the Catholics but were defeated by Mathias and Mansfeldby Mathias and Mansfeld

6) Thurn marched twice on Vienna while developments kept 6) Thurn marched twice on Vienna while developments kept bringing more entrants to the war.bringing more entrants to the war.

7) The Spanish attacked the County Palatine which resulted in 7) The Spanish attacked the County Palatine which resulted in the Treaty of Ulm in 1620 which made the Protestant Union the Treaty of Ulm in 1620 which made the Protestant Union neutral while Lutherans retook Silesia and Lusatia.neutral while Lutherans retook Silesia and Lusatia.

8) The “Catholic League” and HRE joined forces in B where they 8) The “Catholic League” and HRE joined forces in B where they won the Battle of the White Mountain. This resulted in the defeat won the Battle of the White Mountain. This resulted in the defeat of the P’s and a counter-reformation in B followed by Austria.of the P’s and a counter-reformation in B followed by Austria.

9) The County Palatine was occupied by Spanish forces and the 9) The County Palatine was occupied by Spanish forces and the Protestant League was dissolved.Protestant League was dissolved.

C)C) Danish PeriodDanish Period 1) The centre of fighting moved from Bohemia and Southern 1) The centre of fighting moved from Bohemia and Southern

Germany to north-western Germany and Denmark.Germany to north-western Germany and Denmark. 2) The leader of the “Lower Saxon Circle” (A protestant group) was 2) The leader of the “Lower Saxon Circle” (A protestant group) was

the King of Denmark, (Christian IV, Duke of Holstein)the King of Denmark, (Christian IV, Duke of Holstein) 3) The Duke of Freidland was born a P in B, but was raised a C and 3) The Duke of Freidland was born a P in B, but was raised a C and

was the commander of an Imperial army, also known as Albert of was the commander of an Imperial army, also known as Albert of Wallenstein.Wallenstein.

4) Wallenstein beat Mansfeld in 1626 at the Bridge of Dessau and 4) Wallenstein beat Mansfeld in 1626 at the Bridge of Dessau and then chased him into Hungary where, with reinforcements, he then chased him into Hungary where, with reinforcements, he killed him.killed him.

5) Later in 1626, Tilly defeated Christian IV in Brunswick.5) Later in 1626, Tilly defeated Christian IV in Brunswick. 6) The next year Tilly and Wallenstein occupied Holstein, Schleswin, 6) The next year Tilly and Wallenstein occupied Holstein, Schleswin,

Jutland and forced Pomerania to submit to themJutland and forced Pomerania to submit to them

7) In 1628, Wallanstein laid siege to Straslund but he had to stop 7) In 1628, Wallanstein laid siege to Straslund but he had to stop because CITIZENS put up a very strong defence because CITIZENS put up a very strong defence

8) This second phase was brought to an end through the:8) This second phase was brought to an end through the: a) Edict of Restitutiona) Edict of Restitution b) Treaty of Lubeckb) Treaty of Lubeck c) Electoral Assembly of Regensbergc) Electoral Assembly of Regensberg9) The “Edict of Restitution” saw all confiscated religious estates 9) The “Edict of Restitution” saw all confiscated religious estates

returned. This affected 2 archbishoprics, 12 bishoprics, and 120 returned. This affected 2 archbishoprics, 12 bishoprics, and 120 monasteries, while only recognizing the areas who agreed to the monasteries, while only recognizing the areas who agreed to the Augsburg Confession. All other areas were killed by Augsburg Confession. All other areas were killed by Wallenstein’s troops.Wallenstein’s troops.

10) The Treaty of Lubeck was signed in 1629 by Christian IV and 10) The Treaty of Lubeck was signed in 1629 by Christian IV and the Emperor who agreed that Christian IV would get his lands the Emperor who agreed that Christian IV would get his lands back while abandoning his allies and accepting that some cities back while abandoning his allies and accepting that some cities would be given to Wallenstein.would be given to Wallenstein.

11) The Electoral Assembly of Regensberg assumed a determined 11) The Electoral Assembly of Regensberg assumed a determined position in opposition to Wallenstein’s methods in Germany position in opposition to Wallenstein’s methods in Germany which included tax extortion and cruelty that led the Emperor to which included tax extortion and cruelty that led the Emperor to dismiss the commander and much of his army.dismiss the commander and much of his army.

Swedish PeriodSwedish PeriodD)D) 1630-16351630-1635 1) King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden used the excuse of protecting the 1) King Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden used the excuse of protecting the

P’s to justify invading PomeraniaP’s to justify invading Pomerania 2) King Gustavus had other concerns which included, among other things, 2) King Gustavus had other concerns which included, among other things,

concerns about the HRE’s naval plansconcerns about the HRE’s naval plans 3) Politically, S controlled most of the territory around the Baltic Sea, but 3) Politically, S controlled most of the territory around the Baltic Sea, but

they wanted to make the Baltic a Swedish sea.they wanted to make the Baltic a Swedish sea. 4) Gustavus reached a monetary agreement with France (Cardinal 4) Gustavus reached a monetary agreement with France (Cardinal

Richelieu) and used the funds to drive the Imperial towards the RhineRichelieu) and used the funds to drive the Imperial towards the Rhine 5) In May 1631, Tilly captured Magdeburg but his troops sacked and 5) In May 1631, Tilly captured Magdeburg but his troops sacked and

burned the city to the ground against Tilly’s orders – only the Cathedral burned the city to the ground against Tilly’s orders – only the Cathedral survived.survived.

6) Tilly went on to capture and sack several other cities resulting in 6) Tilly went on to capture and sack several other cities resulting in Gustavus forming an alliance with the Elector of SaxonyGustavus forming an alliance with the Elector of Saxony

7) The Swedish-Saxon alliance put 40,000 troops against an equal force of 7) The Swedish-Saxon alliance put 40,000 troops against an equal force of Imperial troops near Leipzig under TillyImperial troops near Leipzig under Tilly

8) At the Battle of Leipzig, Tilly put the Saxons to rout but was defeated by 8) At the Battle of Leipzig, Tilly put the Saxons to rout but was defeated by Gustavus’s brilliant leadership.Gustavus’s brilliant leadership.

9) Following the Battle of Leipzig the Saxons occupied B and Prague while 9) Following the Battle of Leipzig the Saxons occupied B and Prague while Gustavus occupied Thuringia, Franconia, and the City of Mainz on the Gustavus occupied Thuringia, Franconia, and the City of Mainz on the Rhine RiverRhine River

10)Emperor Ferdinand II attempted to negotiate with the Saxons without 10)Emperor Ferdinand II attempted to negotiate with the Saxons without success which resulted in him reactivating Wallenstein.success which resulted in him reactivating Wallenstein.

11)Wallenstein was given permission to raise an army that he would control 11)Wallenstein was given permission to raise an army that he would control without any limits placed upon his command by the Emperorwithout any limits placed upon his command by the Emperor

12)The Saxons were driven from Prague and Bohemia by Wallenstein12)The Saxons were driven from Prague and Bohemia by Wallenstein

13)In 1632 Gustavus first defeated Tilly, who died from his wounds, and then 13)In 1632 Gustavus first defeated Tilly, who died from his wounds, and then attacked Maxmillian near Munichattacked Maxmillian near Munich

14)Gustavus attacked Wallenstein’s trenches and was bloodily beaten.14)Gustavus attacked Wallenstein’s trenches and was bloodily beaten.

15)Following this battle, Gustavus moved to the Danube River while 15)Following this battle, Gustavus moved to the Danube River while Wallenstein invaded and sacked SaxonyWallenstein invaded and sacked Saxony

16)The Elector of Saxony called upon Gustavus for help and a battle was 16)The Elector of Saxony called upon Gustavus for help and a battle was fought between 18,000 Imperial troops and 20,000 Swedish troops near fought between 18,000 Imperial troops and 20,000 Swedish troops near Lutzen.Lutzen.

17)The Battle of Lutzen was won by the Swedish but Gustavus was killed17)The Battle of Lutzen was won by the Swedish but Gustavus was killed

18)Following Gustavus’s death, military operations continued but with 18)Following Gustavus’s death, military operations continued but with Wallenstein trying to create an independent position for himself, possibly Wallenstein trying to create an independent position for himself, possibly the rulership of Bohemia. Afterwards, he purged his officer corpsthe rulership of Bohemia. Afterwards, he purged his officer corps

19)The Imperial court was under the influence of the “Spanish Party,” which 19)The Imperial court was under the influence of the “Spanish Party,” which wanted Wallenstein removed from his command.wanted Wallenstein removed from his command.

20)Wallenstein was opposed to the “Spanish Party” influence and began 20)Wallenstein was opposed to the “Spanish Party” influence and began planning to “liberate” the Emperor from their influence through foreign planning to “liberate” the Emperor from their influence through foreign alliances and even open revolt.alliances and even open revolt.

21)Emperor Ferdinand II restricted Wallenstein’s powers through two 21)Emperor Ferdinand II restricted Wallenstein’s powers through two proclamationsproclamations

22)Wallenstein was assassinated on February 24, 163422)Wallenstein was assassinated on February 24, 1634

23)May 30, 1635 the Elector of Saxony and the Emperor agreed to the Treaty 23)May 30, 1635 the Elector of Saxony and the Emperor agreed to the Treaty of Prague which:of Prague which:

a) gave Lusatia and the Archbishopric of Magdeburg to the Electora) gave Lusatia and the Archbishopric of Magdeburg to the Elector

b) returned confiscated lands to their ownersb) returned confiscated lands to their owners

c) offered an extensive amnestyc) offered an extensive amnesty

d) established a common cause against the Swedes,d) established a common cause against the Swedes,

e) and once again established Lutheranism as the only version of e) and once again established Lutheranism as the only version of Protestantism afforded freedom of religionProtestantism afforded freedom of religion

Swedish – French PeriodSwedish – French PeriodE)E) 1635-16481635-1648

1) The leadership of many of the protagonists changed:1) The leadership of many of the protagonists changed:

a) Cardinal Richelieu was succeeded by Mazarin in Francea) Cardinal Richelieu was succeeded by Mazarin in France

b) Ferdinand II died in 1636 and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand b) Ferdinand II died in 1636 and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand III, who wanted peace III, who wanted peace

c) Baner, the commander of the Swedish army, died and was replaced c) Baner, the commander of the Swedish army, died and was replaced by Torstenson by Torstenson

d) George William, the Elector of Brandenburg was succeeded by d) George William, the Elector of Brandenburg was succeeded by Frederick William “the Great Elector” of Brandenburg Frederick William “the Great Elector” of Brandenburg

2) Initially, the French remained out of the war but signed a treaty of 2) Initially, the French remained out of the war but signed a treaty of subsidy with Bernhard of Saxe-Coburg, who sought to replace the subsidy with Bernhard of Saxe-Coburg, who sought to replace the Dutchy of Franconia, which he had lost in 1638, with Alsace.Dutchy of Franconia, which he had lost in 1638, with Alsace.

3) Bernhard died in 1639 and France took command of his army3) Bernhard died in 1639 and France took command of his army

4) It was agreed that a congress of peace be held.4) It was agreed that a congress of peace be held.

5) Torstenson directly attacked the lands of the Emperor in 1642 and was 5) Torstenson directly attacked the lands of the Emperor in 1642 and was very successful thus gaining the jealousy of King Christian IVvery successful thus gaining the jealousy of King Christian IV

6) This resulted in war between the D and S which drew Torstenson’s forces 6) This resulted in war between the D and S which drew Torstenson’s forces to northern Germanyto northern Germany

7) A series of marches in 1643 resulted in Torstenson being able to capture 7) A series of marches in 1643 resulted in Torstenson being able to capture Schleswig, Holstein, and Jutland while the F pushed into southern Schleswig, Holstein, and Jutland while the F pushed into southern Germany until their commander was killed and they defeated.Germany until their commander was killed and they defeated.

8) Peace negotiations begun in 1643 all over the area.8) Peace negotiations begun in 1643 all over the area. 9) Fighting continued through 1644 with Torstenson nearly annihlating the 9) Fighting continued through 1644 with Torstenson nearly annihlating the

Imperial forces in a very rare winter battle near Magdeburg in January Imperial forces in a very rare winter battle near Magdeburg in January 16451645

10)D sued for peace with S after several defeats and was agreed to in May.10)D sued for peace with S after several defeats and was agreed to in May.11)Torstenson and his army were sick from plague and he chose to retire to B 11)Torstenson and his army were sick from plague and he chose to retire to B

and give his command to Wrangeland give his command to Wrangel12)Wrangel unified the various protestant/anti-Hapsburg armies and invaded 12)Wrangel unified the various protestant/anti-Hapsburg armies and invaded

Bavaria where forced the Treaty of UlmBavaria where forced the Treaty of Ulm13)Under this treaty, Maximillian was forced to abandon the Imperialist cause 13)Under this treaty, Maximillian was forced to abandon the Imperialist cause

which he took up again as soon as the army had been returned to different which he took up again as soon as the army had been returned to different parts of Europe.parts of Europe.

14)This resulted in F and S launching the second invasion of Bavaria where 14)This resulted in F and S launching the second invasion of Bavaria where the ravages were fierce and resulted in terrible losses of men, the the ravages were fierce and resulted in terrible losses of men, the destruction of towns and trade, and an increase in povertydestruction of towns and trade, and an increase in poverty

Treaty of WestphaliaTreaty of WestphaliaF)F) October 24, 1648October 24, 1648 1) Negotiations lasted five years (1643-1648)1) Negotiations lasted five years (1643-1648) 2) Several treaties were the result with the following major points:2) Several treaties were the result with the following major points: a) a) IndemnitiesIndemnities – various nations received lands and titles in payment for – various nations received lands and titles in payment for

damagesdamages b) b) Secular Affairs of the EmpireSecular Affairs of the Empire – a general amnesty was put into place that – a general amnesty was put into place that

extended back to 1618, with a further exchange of titles and extended back to 1618, with a further exchange of titles and lands internally to lands internally to the HRE the HRE

c) c) Ecclesiatical Affairs Ecclesiatical Affairs i) the Treaty of Augsburg was confirmedi) the Treaty of Augsburg was confirmed ii) C and P states were accepted as equals within the empireii) C and P states were accepted as equals within the empire iii) the Imperial court was restored with equal numbers of C and P membersiii) the Imperial court was restored with equal numbers of C and P members iv) some states (B and Austria) remained C by force while others were iv) some states (B and Austria) remained C by force while others were

allowed to revert to P (Lower Palatinate, Wurtemburg, allowed to revert to P (Lower Palatinate, Wurtemburg, Baden…) if they Baden…) if they had been P by 1618 had been P by 1618

v) property was to be restored if taken after Jan. 1, 1624 (v) property was to be restored if taken after Jan. 1, 1624 (annus normalis)annus normalis) vi) the “jus referandi” stated that rulers could decide the religion of their vi) the “jus referandi” stated that rulers could decide the religion of their

subjects by fiat with the citizens having the right to subjects by fiat with the citizens having the right to emigrate for religious emigrate for religious freedom. freedom.