the times, they are a changing - ieee computer society · sql, x query sqlj, olap, jdbc software...
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1Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing
The Times, They Are A Changing
Dennis J. Frailey(Retired) Principal Fellow, Raytheon CompanyAdjunct Professor of Computer Science, SMU
[email protected]@Lyle.smu.edu
Presented at CSEET 2014
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Outline The Need for Change
– Economic Data Resistance to Change
– Math vs CS Changes in What we Teach
– Changes in Computing / SW Engineering Changes in How we Teach
– MOOCs, flipped classrooms, and beyond One Way Forward
– Cooperation with Industry– Academic Freedom vs Voice of the Customer
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3Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing
The Need for Change
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Inflation-Adjusted Cost of Various Items Since 1913
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics -- http://www.bls.gov/cpi/data.htm
In 1913, education was less than 0.2%
of a typical family budget.
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Durable Goods, Services and Medical Care (since 1967)
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics -- http://www.bls.gov/cpi/data.htm
By 1967, education was about 0.7% of a typical family
budget.
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Rates of Growth – 1993-2013
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics -- http://www.bls.gov/cpi/data.htm
Since 1993, education has grown from ~ 1.1%
to ~2.5% of a typical family budget.
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Elements of a Typical US Family Budget1919 through 2048 (projected)
Source data: US Dept of Labor Statistics and Johnson, Rogers and Tan, “A century of family budgets in the United States”, Monthly Labor Review, May, 2001
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The Future Family Budget?
Education
Housing
Health Care
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The Future Family Home?
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Other Factors Motivating Change
People are more mobile– They expect to access things from mobile
devices and from anywhere Expansion of knowledge
– The computing field continues to grow– Students can’t learn everything– “Just in Time” training and education are more
common Expansion of knowledge sources
– Internet, for-profit education providers, etc.– Students need ways to integrate the knowledge
into a cogent understanding
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Resistance to Change
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John Silbur’s Research on Organizations that Resist Change Of 68 institutions that have survived
the past 500 years
Silber, John, “Straight Shooting; What’s Wrong with America & How to Fix it”, 1990
• 2 are churches (Catholic, Lutheran)
• 2 are governments (Iceland, Isle of Man)
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64 are Universities
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Choosing a Career in 1966 –Mathematics or Computer Science
Math Faculty
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The Math Curriculum
Real/Complex Analysis
Topology Differential Topology Complex Manifolds Algebra Differential Equations Combinatorics Probability and
Statistics Algebraic Number
Theory Field Theory Etc.
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What Allen H Brady Taught
Turing Machines Symbolic Logic Automata Theory Formal Languages Computational
Complexity
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Reasons to Choose Math over Computer Science
Computing lacks the
intellectual depth of
mathematicsand you would
waste your talents by
going into that field
Computer science is a fad, likely to die out quickly and you would have a
worthless degree
You can be assured of a
stable, interesting, comfortable
career in mathematics
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19Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 19
So What Happened?
Started computing career in 1962 as a
Fortran programmer
PhD in Computer
Science in 1971
Computer Science
Professor for 7 years
Worked in industry for 40+
years:
compiler design, computer design,
operating systems, many
software applications
Adjunct Professor of Computer Science & Software
Engineering for 37 years
(so far)
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Changes in What We Teach
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1966-67 Graduate Computer Science Courses
Computing and Programming Systems Advanced Programming Systems Information Storage and Retrieval Simulation and Information Processing Artificial Intelligence Numerical Analysis Numerical Analysis of Linear Systems Mathematical Programming Introduction to Logic and Boolean Algebra Mathematical Theory of Finite Automata Recursive Functions Mathematical Logic Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations Theory of Approximation
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The Growth of Computer Science
Computer Science
Computer Engineering
Software Engineering
Information Science
Information Technology
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1966-67 Graduate Computer Science Courses
Computing and Programming Systems Advanced Programming Systems Information Storage and Retrieval Simulation and Information Processing Artificial Intelligence Numerical Analysis Numerical Analysis of Linear Systems Mathematical Programming Introduction to Logic and Boolean Algebra Mathematical Theory of Finite Automata Recursive Functions Mathematical Logic Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations Theory of Approximation
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2014 Graduate Computer Science Courses
Systems I and II Databases Simulation and Modeling Artificial Intelligence Numerical Computing Algorithms Bioinformatics Complexity Distributed Systems Geometric Modeling, Visualization & Graphics Recursive
Functions Distributed Systems Data Mining Parallel and Distributed Computing Theory of Approximation Security Software Engineering
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The Changes in Computing 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s
Hardware Technology
Vacuum Tubes
Transistors
Integrated Circuits
LSI VLSI ULSI Nano-systems
Programming Languages
Binary Assembly
Fortran Cobol
Pascal Algol Ada C Lisp
C++ GUI Java
C# PhP XML
J2EE, EJB
Computing Paradigm
1 user Mainframe
Batch Time Sharing
Personal Computer
LAN, WEB .NET, SOA
Mobile
Operating System
none 1 user multi user multi user linked
networked Web, Open
source
Cloud, Android, iPhone
Data Base Methods
none Linear (tapes)
Hier-archical
Relational Object Oriented
SQL, X Query
SQLJ, OLAP, JDBC
Software Design
pad and pencil
Flow Charts
Structured Design
Data Flow Object Oriented
RAD, XP, RUP
MDE
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Computing is a Changing Field
Every ten years the field is very different
The half-life of computer knowledge is five years
One must plan on a career of continuous learning
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Changes in How We Teach
Challenges/Opportunities Cost/Productivity Effectiveness Global Reach & Needs
Assets Technology Creativity Software
Engineers
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Cost and Productivity
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Classroom Evolution
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Classroom Evolution
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Classroom Evolution
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Classroom Evolution
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Classroom Evolution
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Classroom Evolution
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Classroom Evolution?
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Distance Education
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It’s been
around for a while
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Student Observations
I can schedule around personal
obligations.
Recorded is better than
live because I can watch it any time I want to.
I can rerun the
recording if I did not
understand.
Better Organized
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MOOCs
http://www.michaelbransonsmith.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/DAY-OF-THE-MOOC.gif
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Effectiveness
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Innovations in Distance Education
DuoLingo.com– Language education
Code.org– Programming education
TED.com and TED-ed.com– TED is a nonprofit devoted to spreading ideas,
usually in the form of short, powerful talks (18 minutes or less).
– TED-ed is developing courses based on TED topics
…
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My Lessons Learned about Distance Education
Audio is More Important than Video– They don’t care what you look like– But they have to clearly understand what you say
“Real” Time Isn’t Very Important– Students prefer the ability to time shift
You Have to be Well Prepared– Materials ready in advance– FAQs and other helpful aids
You have to Change the Way You Teach– Flexible schedules and due dates– Assignments tailored to the needs of distance
students– Lots of grading and interactive support
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Classroom Flipping
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We Must Innovate!
Re-invent Re-engineer Re-think the way we
educate ... or someone else will
do it for us– they already are!
What We TeachHow We Teach
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Challenges
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The Change Process?
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The Change Process
It gets worse before it gets better
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One Way Forward
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Cooperation Between Universities and Industry
U. of Maryland w Northrop Grumman– New specialization in Cyber Security– (A special track in the Computer Science program)
Ohio State U w IBM– Big Data Analytics center
Murray State University, Kentucky w Local Industry– Retooled Engineering Program
State University of New York w Private Donors– College of Nanoscale Engineering
– Wall Street Journal, April 8, 2014, pp A1, A4
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Q&A
What’s different about these programs?– Aimed at undergraduates
Why are corporations doing this?– They are “concerned about a mismatch
between their needs and graduates’ skills”
What are the benefits to students?– “Pathways to good internships and high
paying jobs.”
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What About Academic Integrity?
Academic Integrity Freedom from bias
and biased influence
Research integrity Honesty and rigor in
the pursuit of knowledge
Adherence to Moral and ethical principles
Honor codes
Voice of the Customer Understanding the
customer’s needs, expectations, preferences and aversions
Proper prioritization Common language
with customer Avoiding
“engineering arrogance”
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53Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing
Engineering Arrogance
The tendency of engineers to think they know better than the
customer.
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54Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 54
A Little Bit of History In the 1970’s many
universities used “dumb” terminals to access “minicomputers” or “mainframe” computers.
Many of those terminals were Teletypes, which had no graphics capability and whose keyboards resembled those of typewriters.
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55Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 55
First Generation Video Terminals
Keyboards resembled typewriter keyboards Did not have cursor control keys.
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56Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 56
Typical Cursor Control in Early Video Terminals
“control” U for “up”
“control” D for “down”
“control” L for “left”
“control” R for “right”
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57Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 57
Bit Mapped Graphics These terminals used “bit mapped”
graphics
Due to limitations on memory size and speed, they displayed mostly text
More sophisticated graphics were difficult to display
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58Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 58
Vector Graphics Terminals
Could draw lines and other primitive geometric shapes automatically– Lines– Curves– Polygons– …
But they were very expensive.– Too expensive for most consumer applications– Few students had access to them
And the early ones still lacked cursor control keys
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59Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 59
Logo and Turtle Graphics In the 1960’s, the MIT AI lab developed a
graphics programming language called Logo … and a method of drawing pictures called
Turtle Graphics … resulting in software that would allow
drawing of pictures on the screens of vector graphics terminals
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60Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 60
Logo and Turtle Graphics on Texas Instruments’ Home Computer
Intended for young children To draw pictures on an inexpensive
computer with bit mapped graphics.
In the 1970’s, TI contracted with MIT to port the LOGO language and many applications to a home computer
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61Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 61
Emerging Personal Computers had Cursor Control Keys
But the MIT students and faculty initially refused to support cursor control keys because “’control’ R is more intuitive than the cursor control key”
Two Keys instead of One?
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62Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing
Our Students Will Make it Happen
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A Special Opportunity for Software Engineers
We are immersed in the technology
We understand the problems
We know how to make applications faster, smaller, & more efficient
We use techniques such as re-engineering, optimization, etc.
And our students are sometimes further ahead than their teachers!
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64Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 64
Concluding Remarks
Education must innovate and change
Software engineers and software engineering educators are uniquely well qualified to help make this happenWe know the technologyWe understand processes
If we don’t, somebody else will
We can lead the way
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As the present nowWill later be past
The order is rapidly fadin'And the first one now
Will later be lastFor the times they are a-changin'.
Bob Dylan, 1964
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66Dennis J. Frailey The Times, They Are A Changing 66
Questions?