the tlingit canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › the-tlingit-canoe.pdf · canoe...

44
The Tlingit Canoe Grade Level 7-12 Goldbelt Heritage Foundation “Drink from the Vessel of Traditional Knowledge.” & the story of Kaax'achgóok Photo Credit: JoAnn Jackson, Kake Alaska 2014

Upload: others

Post on 03-Jul-2020

14 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

The Tlingit CanoeGrade Level 7-12

Goldbelt Heritage Foundation“Drink from the Vessel of Traditional Knowledge.”

& the story of Kaax'achgóokPhoto Credit: JoAnn Jackson, Kake Alaska 2014

Page 2: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

This unit was brought to you by the Demonstration Grant, Award # S299A90070.

The Demonstration grant supports the Tlingit culture and language being taught to

Southeast Alaska’s Youth. This project develops and disseminates culturally responsive

science and math curriculum to Alaska schools.

Page 3: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

The Tlingit Canoe7 - 12 History/Literature/Writing/Math

Author: Paul BergEditor: Tiffany La Rue

Company:Goldbelt Heritage Foundation

Credits

Page 4: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

CreditsVocabularyTlingit Canoe FactsDisplay Hull SpeedHull Designs

Lesson One(Oral Narrative Worksheet)Activity 1 - - - - -

Lesson Two(Boat/Canoe Dimensions)Activity 1 - - - - - Activity 2 - - - - - Activity 3 - - - - -

Lesson Three(Hull Speed & Paper Canoe)Activity 1 - - - - - Activity 2 - - - - - Activity 3 - - - - - Lesson 3 Review- - - - -

Lesson Four(Canoe Analysis & Short Story Planning)Activity 1 - - - - - Activity 2 - - - - - Activity 3 - - - - -

Unit Test(The Tlingit Canoe)

IIIVVIVIIIX

1

3

6

7911

12

15131720

21

222530

31

Table of Contents

Page 5: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

IIIVVIVIIIX

1

3

6

7911

12

15131720

21

222530

31

Beam the most extreme width of a vesselBoat Capacity the maximum carrying capacity of a vessel expressed in

the number of passengers or in units of weightBow the most forward part of a boatBow Wave the wave that forms at the bow of a vessel as it moves

through the waterBuoyancy the upward force that water exerts on a vessel’s hullCapacity Plate a metal plate usually found near the helm station which

designates the maximum weight of people, fuel and gear that can be safely loaded aboard the vessel

Chine a sharp handle in the hullDisplacement the weight of water a vessel displaces as it floats Displacement Hull a hull designed to move through the water displacing an

amount of water equal to the weight of the vesselFollowing Sea the wave direction matches the direction of the boat, the

waves are coming from the sternFreeboard the distance from the waterline to the upper surface of

the hull amid shipGunwale the top edge of the side of a boatHero’s Journey the narrative account of a person going forth on an

arduous journey, faces and overcomes perilous challeng-es, undergoes transformational change, and returns to bestow benefits on his community

Hull Speed the speed at which the wave length of the boat’s bow wave is equal to the length of the boat

Knot a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile: 1.121 miles per hour

Oral Narrative refers not only to the story but the telling of the story in contrast to written literature

Port the left side of a vesselProportion two ratio that are equal to each otherProw forward part of a vessel’s bow which cuts through the

waterRatio a relationship between two numbers, such as 3:5Sea Anchor a device used to stabilize a vessel in rough weather by

increasing drag through the waterStarboard the right side of a vesselStern the rear or aft most part of a vesselStern Wave a wave approaching from or breaking over the stern or

aft part of a vesselTender a smaller boat usually used to transport people or sup-

plies from a larger vessel to shoreThwart a structural crosspiece sometimes forming a seat for a

rower

Vocabulary

V

Page 6: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Head Canoe: A large ocean-going canoe that was up to 70 feet long with a large prow and stern, used for long voyages and warfare. As trade flourished along the Northwest coast, this type of canoe became less prominent.

Northern Canoe: Designed for long journeys over open-ocean. It had flaring sides and a rounded bottom, designed for buoyancy and speed; the beam was from 5 to 9 feet and ranged from 40 to 60 feet in length. The Northern canoe had the ability to cut through small waves and ride over large swells. The large Northern canoe allowed for long voyages and the trans-port of goods and supplies. It also supported trade along the Northwest coast.

Small Canoes: From 10 to 20 feet in length, they were used for local transport and fishing. They were usually paddled in the kneeling position and used in protected bays and estuaries.

Seamanship Notes: Among the Tlingit, both men and women would row a canoe. The posi-tion of steersman was a place of honor and it was reserved for an older person of rank, fre-quently a woman. On long journeys, even children were allowed to paddle. The rowers sang paddle songs to maintain rhythm and keep up their spirits on long voyages. On approaching a village, rowers would strike the butt-end of their paddles against the side of the canoe to keep time with the rowing song and announce their arrival.

The Canoe as a Symbol for Community: The Tlingit canoe, with the exception of the small-est vessels, was used for community endeavors. Everyone had to work together to make a canoe. The canoe became a visual symbol of the community.

Tlingit Canoe Facts

VI

Page 7: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Facts cont.Canoe Culture: Archaeological evidence suggests that a vibrant canoe using culture existed along the Northwest coast of North America for at least the last 10,000 years. By the early 18th century, there were over 10,000 canoes of various types along the coast. By the early 20th century, the canoe culture had virtually disappeared.

Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic shape desired for the canoe. Western Red Cedar was the preferred material for large canoes. The wood is strong with a straight grain, few knots, and light in weight. A cubic foot of dried red cedar weighs 22 pounds. A board foot of red cedar weighs 2 pounds. (A board foot of wood is 12 inches by 12 inches by 1 inch.) A master canoe maker and his assistants would spend several months making a large canoe. A log of appropriate length would be split in two. The inside of the canoe would be shaped with stone adzes and by burning out the ex-cess wood. The sides of the canoe would be carved out to a standard thickness to lighten the vessel. Water would be placed in the canoe and hot rocks added to create steam. The canoe builders then covered the steaming canoe with woven mats.

As the cedar became more pliable from the steam, the builders would stretch out the sides, increasing the beam of the canoe. Frequently, on large canoes, prow and stern sections would be added from a separate piece of wood. The builders then painted the finished vessel as a visual symbol of the community.

Tlingit Canoe Dimensions: Hulls were generally slightly over twice as wide as they were deep. A modern cabin cruiser, skiff, or small boat may have a width to length to width ratio as low as 3 to 1 or 4 to 1, giving the boat a broad, stubby appearance. Tlingit canoes, being made from a single large log, were very slender in comparison. The Tlingit canoe length to width ratio usually fell between 6 to 1 to as high as 8 to 1. The most typical ratio was a length that was close to 7 times the width, a length to beam (width) ratio of 7 to 1.

VII

Page 8: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Display Hull SpeedThree Types of HullsBoats come in one of three basic hull types: the displacement, semi-displacement, and the planing, dis-placement, and semi-displacement.

A planing hull rides on top of the water. A fast planing hull, as on a hydroplane actually skims along the sur-face of the water. Planing hulls are usually found on smaller, high powered craft. Planing hulls usually have a shallow V or flattened bottom. Many small skiffs and pleasure boats have planing hulls. Planing hulls are fast, but they require large amounts of power and may be fuel inefficient.

A displacement hull actually goes through the water rather than skimming the surface. The water is dis-placed by the hull as the vessel goes through the water. Displacement hulls require less power to move through the water and are slower.

A semi-displacement hull occupies the area between the other two hull designs. A semi-displacement hull will, as high speed, partially lift out of the water. But part of the hull is still displacing a significant amount of water. Many cabin cruisers and pleasure boats near Juneau are semi-displacement hulls.

The hulls of the Tlingit canoes were displacement hulls. The displacement hull on a small craft such as a ca-noe is typically very efficient at slow speeds. As these craft were rowed by hand, this made for an energy-effi-cient means of transportation. As the speed of a small craft increases, the water resistance increases substan-tially, and the displacement hull becomes less efficient. The maximum efficient speed of a displacement hull is related to the length of the hull and can be calculated mathematically.

Theoretical Speed of a Displacement HullThe theoretical speed of a displacement hull can be determined mathematically. The formula for determin-ing maximum hull speed is:

HS = 1.34 x the square root of LWL

HS is hull speed in knots (nautical mile equal to 6,000 feet)LWL is length of the boat or canoe at the waterline

Example 1: A Tlingit canoe is 22 feet in total length, and 18 feet long at the waterline. What is the poten-tial maximum hull speed?

Answer:HS = 1.34 x the square root of 18 HS = 1.34 x 4.2 Hull Speed = 5.6 knots

VIII

Page 9: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Display Hull Speed Cont.Example 2: A Tlingit trading canoe is 38 feet long. What is the potential maximum hull speed?

Answer:HS = 1.34 x the square root of 38HS = 1.34 x 6.2 Hull Speed = 8.3 knots

Additional Note: The long narrow hulls of Tlingit canoes were exceptionally efficient. The Tlingit canoe designs frequently exceeded their theoretical hull speed.

Where did this strange number, 1.34, come from?The hull of a displacement boat travels through the water. As it moves, it displaces a significant amount of water and creates two waves, one at the bow and another at the stern. There is a law of natural physics which states that the speed of a series of waves in knots is 1.34 times the square root of their wavelength. The wave-length is the distance between wave crests (the tops of the waves). In the ocean when wave lengths increase the waves get larger. And as the waves get larger, they increase their speed.

The bow waves created by a boat, travel at the speed of the boat. At low speeds, there are multiple bow waves traveling down the length of the boat. As the boat increases in speed, the wavelength of the bow wave even-tually increases to equal the length of the boat. There is now only room for one wave cycle as the boat moves along. The bow waves and the stern waves now come together. When that happens the displacement hull is moving along in a trough it has made in the water—sometimes described as a hole in the water. At the most efficient hull speed, the bow and the stern are well supported. But if the boat surpasses hull speed, the stern wave is pulled to the rear of the boat and the stern falls into the trough. Resistance to the hull increas-es as the stern tries to climb out of the trough. Boats can exceed their hull speed, but it takes an enormous amount of energy and it is very inefficient.

Sailboat at Hull Speed →

IX

Page 10: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Hull Designs

X

Page 11: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Lesson 1

1

Tlingit Phrase: Kaax’achgóok át nakuxji yé áyá. English Translation: This is the place where Kaax’achgóok hunts.

Page 12: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

The history included in this unit is that of the Northwest canoe, one of the most enduring symbols associated with the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska. The canoe, in its various forms, was the technological foundation of the Tlingit way of life. According to anthropologists, these wooden dugout vessels have been around for at least 10,000 years. Canoes provided access to the wealth of the ocean and allowed the Tlingit to overcome the geographical isolation created by the mountains, glaciers, and fjords of the northwest coast of North America.

Construction of a canoe was a specialized skill, transmitted from generation to generation. The large Northwest canoe appears to have originated among the Haida, who had access to the large red cedar trees which grew in what today is British Columbia. As a result of the continuous contact brought about by trade and intermarriage, the Tlingit gradually adapted the Haida canoe designs to their own needs. Traditional carvers made use of stone adzes and fire to burn and hew out the center of a large spruce or cedar log. The Tlingit artisans then would shape the sides and ends of the canoe.

Until the end of the 19th century, thousands of canoes of various sizes traversed the channels, inlets, and the open ocean along the northwest coast. However, during the 20th century, the traditional Tlingit canoe has been replaced by motorized skiffs and a variety of other vessels. But the traditional Tlingit canoe remains an important marine technological development which allowed the Native people of the northwest coast to survive and prosper, despite the challenges posed by climate and geography.

Lesson 1 Overview

Page 13: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Directions

The Tlingit Canoe in Oral History, you will be introduced to the oldest form of human literature, the oral narrative. Read and listen to the Tlingit oral narrative, Kaax’achgóok, which gives an account of a long ocean voyage in a Tlingit canoe. Take notes and analyze the meaning of the narrative in a series of writing activi-ties.

———————————————————————————————————

Question 1It is estimated that a hunting party consisted of up to 9 men. They would return home with supplies and many furs. What does this tell us about the Tlingit canoe in terms of size, sturdiness, and seaworthiness? Be as specific as you can. (Do some calculations and estimate dimensions.)

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

3

Activity 1, Directions & Question 1

Page 14: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Question 2Based on the information in the narrative, identify at least two possibilities where the hunting party made landfall. Make a case for one of these as the ‘most likely.’ Calculate the round trip distance for the voyage.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Question 3What does the oral narrative tell us about Kaax’achgóok’s character? Is he a heroic figure? Give examples and support your statement.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1, Question 2 & 3

4

Page 15: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Question 4Explain how the themes of this oral narrative is universal - applicable to situations and people today. Identify the theme(s) and give examples.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Question 5Identify other important cultural and historical information included in this narrative?

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1, Question 4 & 5

5

Page 16: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

6

Lesson 2

Tlingit Phrase: Tle a káa yan yasatán!

English Translation: Set your bow on it!

Page 17: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Activity 1 - Boat Capacity

Introduction

Read about the following nautical events:

• A ferry boat designed to carry no more that 350 passengers sinks while carrying over 500 people between two islands in the Philippine archipelago.

• A 32 foot tour boat on an Illinois lake capsizes when the 28 tourists gather at one side of the boat watch a water skier pass by.

• In 1945 the German cruise liner, Willhelm Gustloff, sinks in frigid Baltic Sea waters with 10,600 people aboard, resulting in the largest loss of life (over 9,000) ever recorded in a single maritime disaster. (Note: Google Wilhelm Gustloff. There are several excellent web sites about this greatest of all maritime trage-dies.)

QuestionWhat did all these incidents have in common?

Have you ever observed small skiffs or boats which have been overloaded in the waters near Juneau?If so, explain.

Overloading a small skiff, especially during rough weather, is especially dangerous. Small overloaded skiffs with square sterns are susceptible to being swamped by waves from a following sea breaking over the stern.

ExploreMost modern boats, from Lund skiffs to large vessels like the Malaspina, all have either a small metal capacity plate or a large sign which indicates the vessels maximum capacity. The Tlingit people didn’t have a capacity plate on their canoes, but through hundreds of years of trial and error, they developed a sophisticated under-standing of the capacity limitations of various sizes and types of canoes.

From years of experience, the Tlingit adapted the canoe to the sea conditions of the northern west coast of North America. Modern pleasure boats generally have a square stern which makes them unstable in a following sea. The Tlingit Canoe was double-ended which made them much more stable in a following sea. They were capable of cutting through and riding over a following sea, with much less danger of being swamped by a wave over the stern. The Tlingit designed their canoes from a building tradition that was thousands of years old. Canoe building skills were passed down from generation to generation. Canoes were built without the aid of higher mathe-matics, complex drawings or metal tools. Yet the vessels were well adapted to the rapidly changing currents and coastal weather conditions of Alaska.

7

Page 18: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Modern boat builders use mathematics in the process of designing and construction boats. One of the mathematical aids is a simple formula for calculating the potential capacity of small boat or canoe. The formula for calculating boat capacity is: Length x Width/15 = Capacity. Capacity is expressed as the number of adults who can safely be accommodated aboard the vessel. The formula assumes that the average person weighs about 150 pounds. Demonstrate this formula for on the board with the following example:

A Red Cedar canoe has a length of 20 feet and a width of 3 feet. (Length) 20 feet x (Width) 3 feet = 60 feet / 15 = 4 person capacity.

Directions: Using the formula, Boat Capacity = Length X Width/15, calculate the capacity of the following boats. (The maximum number of adults each craft can safely accommodate)

1. A small wooden rowing skiff is 14 feet in length and 4 feet wide.

_________________________ (answer)

2. A motorized skiff is 18 feet long and 6 feet wide.

_________________________ (answer)

3. A Tlingit canoe is 34 feet long and 5.8 feet wide.

_________________________ (answer)

4. A large Tlingit head canoe is 68 feet long. The sides have been steamed out to a maximum width of 9.7 feet.

_________________________ (answer)

Activity 1 - Boat Capacity

8

Page 19: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Activity 2 - Beam to Length Ratio

Introduction

1. Tlingit canoe builders designed their canoes to be very seaworthy. Since they were dugout canoes from a single log, they were long and thin. Consequently, one of the distinguishing features of the Tlingit canoe hull was the distinctive beam to length ratio.

2. Modern powerboats usually have a beam to length ratio between 1 to 3 and 1 to 4. Consider a power boat with a length to beam to length ratio of 1 to 3. If the beam (the maximum width of the boat at the widest part) were 6 feet, the length would be 18 feet. Consider what the length of a power boat would be with a beam to length ratio of 1 to 4 if the beam were 8 feet.

3. The Tlingit canoe usually had a beam to length ratio somewhere in the neighborhood of 1 to 7. (This ratio varied from a low of 1 to 6 to as high as 1 to 8.) This ratio was one of the reasons for the seaworthiness of the Tlingit canoe. The long, thin shape gave the Tlingit canoe remarkable seaworthy characteristics. The larger canoes could cut through waves, yet were long enough to rock over ocean swells. The design proved seawor-thy enough to take Kaax’achgóok and his nephews on a long voyage on the open ocean.

4. Assume that the ideal Tlingit canoe of any length has a 1 to 7 beam to length ratio. Given the beam, cal-culate the length of several canoes. Do this activity in groups or as a class.

9

Page 20: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

10

Directions: Here are four Tlingit canoes. Do the following calculations to determine length or beam.

Canoe #1This small canoe is designed to be used in a protected estuary by one to two people. Assuming that this ca-noe has a beam to length ratio of 1 to 6, and a length of 12 feet, what is the beam?

_________________________ (answer)

Canoe #2 The people who lived at Dzantik’i Heeni built a canoe with a beam of 5.25 feet and a beam to length ration of 1 to 7. What is the length of the canoe?

_________________________ (answer)

Canoe #3A large canoe built for hauling trade goods over long distances has a beam to length ration of 1 to 6. The beam is 7 feet. What is the length of the trading canoe?

_________________________ (answer)

Canoe #4Let us assume that Kaax’achgóok’s hunting can had a beam to length ratio of 1 to 8. Assuming that the beam was 6.5 feet, what was the length?

_________________________ (answer)

Activity 2 - Beam to Length Ratio

Page 21: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

The dimensions of the Tlingit canoe generally fell within the following perimeters:

1. Length to Width Ratio: The canoes were generally seven times longer than wide (7 to 1), although this varied from a length to width ratio of 6 to 1 and up to 8 to 1. We will use the 7 to 1 ratio.2. Hull Depth to Width Ratio: The Tlingit canoes were about twice as wide as they were deep, a 2 to 1 ratio. A canoe which was six feet wide would be about three feet deep.

Directions: Determine the approximate dimensions of following Tlingit canoes to the nearest tenth of a foot.

Canoe #1 A Tlingit canoe cut from a single red cedar tree is 38 feet long. Determine approximate width of the beam and the hull depth and the capacity of the canoe (the number of adults who can be safely board the canoe--see Activity 1).

Beam Width: ______________________ Hull Depth: ______________________

Canoe Capacity: ______________________

Canoe #2An ocean going Northern canoe has a length of 46 feet. Determine the approximate width of the beam, hull depth and number of adults who can safely board the canoe (canoe capacity).

Beam Width: ______________________ Hull Depth: ______________________

Canoe Capacity: ______________________

Canoe #3An elaborately decorated war canoe is 58 feet long. Determine the width of the beam, the hull depth, and the canoe capacity.

Beam Width: ______________________ Hull Depth: ______________________

Canoe Capacity: ______________________

Read/Review page VIII to learn about Display Hull Speed.

11

Activity 3 - Hull Dimensions & Capacity

Page 22: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

12

Lesson 3

Tlingit Phrase: Aadéi yanal.á!

English Translation: Steer toward it!

Page 23: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Directions: Using the formula, HS = 1.34 x the square root of LWL, where HS = Hull Speed and LWL = Length at WaterLine, compute the theoretical hull speed of each of the following displacement hulls. Show your work.

1. A canoe which is 12 feet long with a LWL of 11 feet 3 inches.

_______________________ (answer)

2. A 34 foot long Tlingit canoe has a LWL of 31 feet 6 inches.

_______________________ (answer)

3. A harbor tug has a LWL of 63 feet.

_______________________ (answer)

4. The Raven Canoe at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington DC has an overall length of 26 feet. The LWL fully loaded is 21 feet 6 inches.

_______________________ (answer)

Activity 1 - Display Hull Speed

13

Page 24: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

5. A Lund skiff 18 feet long with a 60 hp motor travels between Auke Bay and Shelter Island at a speed of 24 knots. Is this watercraft performing according to the mathematical model for a displacement hull? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

6. The longest naval warship ever built was the American aircraft carrier, the USS Enterprise, built with a displacement hull and an overall length of 1,127 feet. The LWL was 1,047 feet.

A. Determine the theoretical maximum speed of the Enterprise.

_______________________ (answer)

B. The Enterprise, the first of the nuclear powered aircraft carriers, was equipped with eight nuclear reactors. (All American aircraft carriers built after the Enterprise were equipped with only two reactors.) During a speed trial in 1966, the Enterprise achieved a speed of 54 knots. At 54 knots, the ship tilted up 2 degrees towards the bow. Explain the upward tilt. Did the Enterprise exceed her theoretical hull speed limit, and if so, how was this possible?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

14

Page 25: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Materials:• 8x11sheetsofpaper• ModelTlingitCanoe

Vocabulary:• bow• stern• beam• freeboard• buoyancy• gunwale• tracking• port• starboard

Questions:1. What technological knowledge and devices did Kaax’achgóok and his crew rely on to return to Alaska?

2. What did Kaax’achgóok warn his crew to take good care of?

3. Canoes today are used in lakes and small streams. Kaax’achgóok’s canoe allowed his hunting party to sur-vive an open ocean voyage over large distances. How might Kaax’achgóok’s vessel have differed from mod-ern canoes?

Did You Know?The Tlingit canoe was the primary mode of transportation in Southeast Alaska. The canoe was the most im-portant tool which allowed the Tlingit people to survive and prosper. Canoes were used for hunting, fishing, traveling, trading, social gatherings, ceremonial events, and war. Even today, our modern canoes (from small boats to Alaska State Ferries), along with airplanes, are the primary mode of transportation in Southeast.

Before You Begin!View the YouTube video, Launching the Raven Canoe at the Museum of Natural History. On June 19, 2008, the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and Sealaska Heritage Institute held a formal naming and welcoming celebration for a new ocean-going cedar log canoe that has been especially carved for inclusion in the Sant Ocean Hall at the National Museum of Natural History. The Raven Canoe, a 26 foot long Tlingit dugout canoe was carved by Tlingit artist, Douglas “Kevin” Chilton (Deisheetaan Clan) and his team.

Over the course of a year, Tlingit Master Carver Douglas Chilton shipped away at a cedar log with traditional tools, gradually transforming a 26 foot long log into a traditional ocean going canoe.

For additional information and pictures of the canoe, go to:http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-stories/raven-spirit-native-american-canoes-journey

15

Activity 2 - Paper Canoe

Page 26: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Activity 2 - Paper Canoe

16

Page 27: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Directions:1) Take out the paper model canoe you have made. Assign your paper model a scale, using inches and feet. You should have a scale assigned to your canoe. Remember--the maximum size of a Tlingit canoe was about 70 feet. The length to beam ration was between 1/6 and 1/8, with 1/7 being most common. Then, do the following:

Paper Model (inches)

Length: ____________Beam: ____________Beam to Length Ratio: ____________Scale: ____________

2) Using the above information, calculate the following for an up scaled red cedar canoe based on your model:

Length: ____________Beam: ____________

3) Using Boat Capacity formula (L x W/15), calculate the number of people this canoe could safely accom-modate. Show your calculation below.

_____________________________ Canoe Capacity

17

Activity 3 - Canoe Math

Page 28: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

4) Using the up-scaled measurements for a red cedar canoe based on your model, calculate the potential speed of your boat in knots using the hull speed formula for a displacement hull (HS = 1.34 x the square root of LWL). Show your calculation below.

______________________________ Maximum Hull Speed

5) Challenge: Assume that your canoe is made of red cedar. After drying, with 33% moisture content, red cedar weighs 2 pounds per board foot (thevolumeofwoodofaboardthatis1squarefootand1inchthick). A cubic foot of red cedar weighs 22 pounds. Assuming that your scaled up canoe has an average thickness of two inches, calculate the board feet of red cedar needed for the canoe, and the weight of the canoe. Show your calculations below.

___________________________Board Feet of Red Cedar

__________________________Weight of the Canoe

Red Cedar in Alaska - Photo courtesy: National Park Service (www.nps.gov)

18

Page 29: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Where did 1.34 come from?

The hull of a displacement boat travels through the water. As it moves, it displaces a significant amount of water and creates two waves, one at the bow and another at the stern. There is a law of natural physics which states that the speed of a series of waves in knots is 1.34 times the square root of their wavelength. The wavelength is the distance between wave crests (the tops of the waves). In the ocean when wave lengths increase the waves get larger. And as the waves get larger, they increase their speed.

The bow waves created by a boat, travel at the speed of the boat. At low speeds, there are multiple bow waves traveling down the length of the boat. As the boat increases in speed, the wavelength of the bow wave eventually increases to equal the length of the boat. There is now only room for one wave cycle as the boat moves along. The bow waves and the stern waves now come together. When that happens the displacement hull is moving along in a trough it has made in the water—sometimes described as a hole in the water. At the most efficient hull speed, the bow and the stern are well supported. But if the boat surpasses hull speed, the stern wave is pulled to the rear of the boat and the stern falls into the trough. Resistance to the hull increases as the stern tries to climb out of the trough. Boats can exceed their hull speed, but it takes an enormous amount of energy and it is very inefficient.

19

Page 30: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Questions

1. What is the Tlingit word for canoe? ______________________________.

2. Define/discuss several of the vocabulary terms. Use the model canoe to illustrate several of the vocabulary words.

3. Describe the importance of the Tlingit canoe:

a) Used as a tool:

b) Used as a symbol:

c) Used as a means of fostering and sustaining community pride:

4. Describe several of the design adaptations of the Tlingit canoes for Southeast Alaska coastal waters.

5. Western Red Cedar was a favored wood for canoe making. Why?

Lesson 3 Review

20

Page 31: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

21

Lesson 4

Tlingit Phrase: Yindei naytsóow yee axáayi.

English Translation: Push your paddles way down.

Page 32: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Directions:You are going to do a mathematical analysis of the wooden model Tlingit canoe. Please handle the canoe very carefully, being especially careful not to drop the model. Show your work – place your calculations clearly labeled on separate sheets of paper and hand them in with this sheet.

1) Measure the wooden model canoe. (Metricunitswillbeeasiertoworkwithandmoreaccurateforthisactivity) a. Maximum Length: ____________________________ b. Waterline Length: ____________________________ c. Maximum Beam (width): ____________________________ d. Hull Depth: ____________________________

2) Calculate the following:

a. Length to Beam (width) Ratio: ____________________________ b. Hull Depth to Beam Ratio: ____________________________

3) Assume that the model is a 1/30th scale model of a Tlingit canoe. Scale up all the dimensions.

a. Maximum Length: ____________________________ b. Waterline Length: ____________________________

Note: assume that the waterline is 1/3 or .333 of the distance from the keel to the waterline (Don’t use the edge of the black painted keel as the waterline. The canoe will settle lower in the water as it is occupied and loaded with supplies.)

c. Maximum Beam: ____________________________ d. Hull Depth: ____________________________

4) Based on these dimensions, calculate the following:

a. Maximum Boat Capacity: ____________________________ b. Theoretical Maximum Displacement Hull Speed: ____________________________

Activity 1 - Canoe Analysis

22

Page 33: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

5) Math Challenge – The D/L Ratio

Displacement is the weight of the water that the hull is displacing, or basically the weight of the vessel. Displacement is variable. An empty vessel will have a light displacement than a vessel heavily loaded with passengers and gear. Waterline length gives us a clear indication of the theoretical maximum hull speed. However, if we blend these two values together, we have a new value referred to as the Displacement-Length Ratio, or D/L Ratio. This ratio can give the boat owner a good general evaluation of vessel’s characteristics.

A boat with a D/L Ratio below 100 is a very light boat. A D/L Ratio between 200 and 300 is a “moderate” vessel. A D/L Ratio over 400 is a very heavy boat. The lower the D/L Ratio, the less power it will take to drive the vessel at its theoretical hull speed. A very light vessel is likely to be able to exceed its theoretical hull speed. The theoretical performance of any water craft can vary considerably based on empty displacement and loaded displacement.

Before you attempt this challenge, you may want to research the D/L Ratio on the internet. Several boat de-sign sites have excellent additional information about this calculation.

Directions:

Step 1: Use the scaled up dimensions you calculated in activity #3 for this activity. Assume that the canoe is made of red cedar with a dry weight of 2 pounds per board foot. (Acubicfootofdryredcedarweighs22 pounds.) Also assume that the scaled up model has an average thickness of three inches. Calculate the weight of the canoe. The term displacement refers to the weight of the water the boat’s hull displaces when the boat sits in the water.

The weight of the cedar canoe is the canoe’s empty displacement.

Empty Displacement = _________________

Step 2: Add the weight of passengers and any gear to get the loaded displacement.

Loaded Displacement = _________________

Step 3: Using the wooden model, determine the length of the waterline. Assume that the waterline on your boat is 1/3 (.333) of the distance from the keel (bottom of the boat) to the gunwale (the top of the side of the boat). The other two thirds of the side is the freeboard, the distance from the waterline to the gunwale. Mea-sure the waterline of the canoe. Since the canoe has two sides, multiply the length of this line by 2. Length of the Waterline on my model: ______ inches

23

Page 34: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Step 4: Now, scale up the waterline dimension by a factor of 30 to determine the length of the waterline on your theoretical real world canoe. Length of Waterline on my scaled-up, real world canoe: _______ inches, which equals _______ feet.

Step 5: D/L Ratio is calculated by dividing a boat’s displacement in long tons (2240 lbs.) by the cube of one one-hundredth of the waterline length in feet. Use the following formula for calculating Displace-ment-Length Ratio:

D/L Ratio = displacement (lbs.) / 2240 (0.01 x LWL (ft))cubed

D/L Ratio for the Empty Canoe = __________________

D/L Ratio for the Loaded Canoe = __________________

Step 6: What can you conclude about the performance of the canoe based on your calculations? How will the performance of the vessel change once it is loaded to capacity with passengers and additional gear?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

24

Page 35: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Directions:Use this planning form to help you plan your short story.Setting: Identify the time and describe the location of your story. For example, is your story going to take place a thousand years ago in Glacier Bay? Or is your story going to take place near Sitka in 1882?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Main Character: Give him/her a name. Describe this person, age, gender, and major role in life. What does this person look like? Describe this person’s character?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2 - Short Story Planning Form

25

Page 36: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Supporting Characters: Identify at least two supporting characters who will be necessary to the plot of your story.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Complication: What problem does the main character encounter or what challenge does he/she have to overcome? (Note—theremaybeanInitialIncidentwhichintroducesorbringsonthecomplication.)

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

26

Page 37: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

27

Rising Action: What happens as the hero/heroine struggles with the challenge or problem?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Climax: How does the main character deal with the problem? Usually either the main character either over-comes the challenge, or the challenge overcomes and defeats the main character.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Page 38: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

28

Denouement: This is a French term which identifies what takes place after the climax. How does the main character and supporting characters complete your story?

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Related IdeasCharacter Development: The main character and other characters in a story change as a result of their ex-periences. If the change is positive and the person grows from the experience, this is referred to as character development. Sometimes a character in a story is overwhelmed by a challenge or regresses, but this is unusu-al.

Usually people change in a positive way as the result of facing challenges. How will the main character or supporting character/s change as the result of confronting the challenge/s in your story? (Note—a story which does not show any character development frequently turns out flat and unappealing to the reader.)

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Page 39: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Plot: Briefly tell what happens in your story.

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Page 40: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Activity 3 - Short Story Writing Plan

When you have completed the planning form, go over the writing plan.The next step is to begin writing the story.

The complete writing process may include the following steps:

A. OutlineB. First DraftC. Second DraftD. Final DraftE. Publication (which may include sharing in class, posting on a bulletin board or some other form of exposure)

Additional suggestions for writing an historical short story:

1. Select a Southeast setting (time and place) for your short story. 2. Do historical research online about the location that you choose. 3. Include Tlingit words in your story.

30

Page 41: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

31

Canoe Unit Test

Tlingit Phrase: Tláakw áwé aduxáa.

English Translation: They paddle fast.

ClipArt Design by: Richard Dalton III, 2004

Page 42: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Tlingit Canoe Unit TestNAME:_________________________

1. Define the following:

a. Hull Speed: .

b. Freeboard: .

c. Thwart: .

d. Starboard: .

e. Knot: .

f. Sea Anchor: .

2. Tlingit canoe hulls a. were made from several logs lashed together. b. typically had a length to width ratio of around 7 to 1. c. typically had a length to width ratio of around 3 to 1. d. were made from oak.

3. Small canoes of from 10 to 20 feet a. were used for open ocean voyages. b. were only used by women. c. were never made nor used by the Tlingit people. d. were usually paddled in the kneeling position and used in protected bays and estuaries.

4. A displacement hull a. is designed for speed. b. displaces the water is passes through. c. is rarely used in boat construction. d. is unstable in unprotected waters.

5. The Tlingit canoe a. was the main form of transportation in Southeast until the 20th century. b. is a recent development. c. was invented in Rochester, New York. d. was always painted red and green.

32

Page 43: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

33

Tlingit Canoe Unit TestNAME:_________________________

Essay Question

A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an object, term or phrase is applied to something else to suggest a resemblance. Metaphors are word symbol s which extend meaning and enrich language. The Tlingit lan-guage is rich in metaphors. In fact, the term for “metaphor” in Tlingit is a metaphor—talking over the hill. A wise Tlingit Elder used a metaphor as he spoke these words to a group of young people. “A canoe is a metaphor for the journey of life. You cannot just get into a canoe and expect it to take you somewhere. You will drift about aimlessly. You must get into the canoe, pick up the paddle and put it deeply into the water.”

What do you think he was saying to the young people? How would this this advice apply to your life today? How would this apply to your life five years from now?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Page 44: The Tlingit Canoe - goldbeltheritage.org › ... › 03 › The-Tlingit-Canoe.pdf · Canoe Construction: The Tlingit canoe was a dug out—that is a large log was cut out to the basic

Gunalchéesh!

This curriculum was brought to you by Goldbelt Heritage Foundation, a non-profit organization that was formed in 2007 to document the Tlingit language and stories to preserve our culture and history for future generations. The Foundation seeks to translate the Tlingit oral language into a written language. Due to the complexity of the Tlingit language, the process involves years of effort and research with Tlingit elders and language specialists.