the transformative potential of open pedagogy...• open google docs • open access published...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy
Dr. Karen CangialosiDept of Biology
Keene State CollegeKeene, NH USA
@karencang
![Page 2: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Study of 86,000 students at 123 two and four year institutions across the U.S. April 2019
• Food Insecure: 45%
• Housing Insecure: 56%
• Homeless: 17%
![Page 5: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
21,000 students in the study
![Page 6: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Open Educational Resources by Ron Mader [CC BY 2.0]
• Free(for students)
OER
![Page 8: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Synthesizes results from 36 studies involving 121,168 students. Students achieve the same or better learning outcomes when using OER.
![Page 9: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Improved end-of-course grades and decreased DFW rates for all students
• Reduction in DFW rates for minority and Pell eligible students
• Lower course withdrawal rates
Students in Courses using OER compared to non-OER
![Page 10: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
OpenStax
LibreTexts
![Page 11: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• “Traditional” OER as textbook (e.g. pressbooks)
• Ancillary materials: test banks, study guides, lesson plans, etc
• Curated links on websites• Open Google Docs• Open Access published articles • Open Datasets• Open Lab notebooks and Methods
repositories• Open Videos• Open Lab Simulations• Open Source software/tools• and more…
Popsicles by Colored Pencil Magazine [CC BY 2.0]
OER
![Page 12: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• At Keene State College, we use OER and other free resources for nearly ALL Biology courses. We have collectively saved our students about $250,000 over the last 4 years.
• Many Colleges and Universities have already saved students MILLIONS of dollars in textbooks costs.
![Page 13: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Free as in “Free Beer”
Photo by Elliot Bledsoe [CC BY 2.0]
![Page 14: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Free But Not Open
![Page 15: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Creative Commons licenses explained©Foter (adapted by Jisc) via Foter blogCC BY-SA
The Open License
Not just “free”, but Open.
![Page 16: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Reuse• Revise• Remix• Redistribute• Retain
FREE as in Freedom (the 5 R’s)
![Page 17: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
“Using OER the same way we used commercial textbooks misses the point. It’s like driving an airplane down the road.” – David Wiley
![Page 18: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Open Educational Resources by Ron Mader [CC BY 2.0]
• Digital• Multimedia• Downloadable• Adaptable• Current• Public• Openly Licensed• Free
OER
![Page 19: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Open Pedagogyis about
Access and Agency
Students DesignLearning Structures
Knowledge
KnowledgeCreation
KnowledgeSharing
Community Connections & Collaboration
food, housing, gas, laptops, captions, safety, ETC.
![Page 21: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Students as knowledge creators
• “Traditional” OER as textbook (e.g. OpenStax)
• Ancillary materials: test banks, etc.• Curated links on websites• Open Google Docs• Open Videos• Case studies• Open Labs, simulations, animations• Open Source software/tools• Open Access published articles • Open Datasets• Open Lab notebooks, Methods
repositories• and more…
Open Pedagogy
Lollipops by Andrew Malone [CC BY 2.0]
![Page 22: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Modified from original image by Craig Froehle
Beyond Equity
Open Pedagogy?OER
![Page 23: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Adoption and Impact of OER in the Global South. Editor(s): Cheryl Hodgkinson-Williams and Patricia B. Arinto (2017)
![Page 24: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Domain of
One’s Own
“Contribute to, not just consume from, the knowledge commons”-Robin DeRosa
![Page 25: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Audience Beyond the Professor
Interactive – Collaborative – Contributory – Dynamic – Participatory – Empowering
![Page 26: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Students create, remix and openly license work that is shared with others.
• Student work lives on past the end of the semester (if they want it to).
Non-Disposable Assignments
![Page 27: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Open Google Docs for sharing & working collaboratively on the web
![Page 28: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Student-Created OER
![Page 29: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2017 class
• Students create content on their domain spaces
2019 class
• Add content from domain spaces
• Curate and edit content from 2017 & 2019; create pressbook
2017 Alumni
• Further edit Pressbook Content
• Add new content
• Write the intro, title
• Reorganize chapters
Beyond the walls of the classroom
![Page 30: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
https://edu.ifixit.com Students writing Open Repair Manuals
![Page 32: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Web Annotation for Community & Collaboration
![Page 33: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Linked-In
#KSCBio
Shift Learning from transaction to Dialogue with Peers, Professionals, Academics, Future Employers, the Public
![Page 34: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Wiki Education Foundation
[CC BY SA]
Creating/Editing Wikipedia Articles
Medical students at the University of California San Francisco School of Medicine edit Wikipedia articles
![Page 35: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
http://mediashift.org/2016/05/why-you-and-your-students-should-work-to-improve-wikipedia/
![Page 36: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
#Envision2030 at Keene State: Wiki Scholars with Wiki Education
![Page 37: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Citizen Science and Open Pedagogy
![Page 38: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Students write about local contamination sites and potential consequences to humans and wildlife
#SciComm
Open Pedagogy as Public Service
![Page 39: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Students Using Open Data toAddress Critical Questions
Open Pedagogy
![Page 40: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Come for the OER, Stay for the Pedagogy
![Page 41: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Students can work with faculty to:
• Create Content
• Write the syllabus
• Write the attendance policy
• Create learning outcomes
• Determine what goes on during class
• Design assignments
• Decide what work they want to make public or openly license
• Determine how they will be graded
Trust, Power, and Agency
CC 0
![Page 42: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
“Anxiety" by ASweeneyPhoto CC (BY-NC)
More than 60% of college students (in a study of 88,000) said they had experienced “overwhelming anxiety” in the past year, according to a 2018 report from the American College Health Association.
Over 40% said they felt so depressed they had difficulty functioning.
Source: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/education/learning/mental-health-counseling-on-campus.html
In 1985, 18% of college-bound seniors said they “frequently” felt “overwhelmed by all I had to do” during senior year of high school.
That number had increased to 41% by 2016.
Source: https://willowresearch.com/gen-z/
![Page 44: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
An atmosphere that places greater value on “achievement” than on learning
Standardized tests and assessments that suck the life out of learning
Surveillance systems that track, monitor, punish, and insist on compliance
![Page 45: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
“a stay of execution”
“students just know how to work the system”
“students will cheat if they can get away with it”
“they are grade-grubbers”
“they don’t know anything we taught them at the 100 level”
Stop Blaming Students
![Page 46: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Student Anxiety,Financial stress, Powerlessness
Open Pedagogy:Student Trust, Agency, and Empowerment
Open Pedagogy: Students Create and Share knowledge
Other Systemic Problems: -Economic-Environmental -Social and Cultural
Systemic issues in Education: -Standardization-Grades-Focus-Surveillance-High Cost
OER:Cost Savings
![Page 47: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
“When my students gain access to knowledge, I want it to be part of a larger
invitation: we trust that you have important lessons to teach the world, and we trust
that the knowledge you access today will be changed by your perspective, that you
will open doors to new ideas that we, your current teachers, never could have taught you.” – Robin DeRosa, University of the Margins
![Page 48: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
“Open is a process, not a panacea”
-Robin DeRosa
![Page 49: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
CC 0
Don’t start with the tools
CC 0
![Page 50: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• What are some ways to make education more accessible and equitable for all students? (Open for whom?)
• How do we authentically give our students voice and power in the design of learning structures?
• How can we take a critical approach when choosing tools and help protect student privacy and data ownership?
• How do we help the public see the value in what our students are achieving?
• How can we provide transformational (not just transactional) experiences for our students?
![Page 51: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Trolls!
Fake News!
Stuff that’s wrong!
Stuff that’s irrelevant!(Who cares what you had for dinner?)
![Page 52: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Students will go online ANYWAY; they will have a digital
presence WITH or WITHOUT your guidance.
Is it responsible to “just say no” to:
• Smartphone use?
• Using social media?
• Reading, posting and interacting on the web?
If faculty and staff in higher education don’t guide students to think about digital citizenship and their digital footprint – who will?
![Page 53: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
“Our students are not just going on the web, they are constructing it.”
-Martha Burtis
"This is How The Web is Made“ by cogdogbloghttps://flickr.com/photos/cogdog/16248316055 [CC BY 2.0]
![Page 55: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
From Data Feminism, D’Ignazio and Klein, MIT Press Open
“What if we imagined teaching data as a place to start creating the connected, collective, caring world that we want to see?”
-Catherine D’Ignazio and Lauren Klein
https://bookbook.pubpub.org/data-feminism
![Page 56: The Transformative Potential of Open Pedagogy...• Open Google Docs • Open Access published articles • Open Datasets • Open Lab notebooks and Methods ... Students can work with](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022041012/5ec06cdc49acd86e4603336a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
This work by Karen Cangialosi is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Follow me on twitter @karencang