702243 Formative Histories of Architecture

the Palladian legacythe Palladian legacy

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THE TRUMPET CALL OF AUTHORITYTHE TRUMPET CALL OF AUTHORITYTHE TRUMPET CALL OF AUTHORITYTHE TRUMPET CALL OF AUTHORITY

St Mary-le-Strand, London, by James Gibbs, 1714-17: in a view of the StrandSummerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 171A.

In those admirable Pieces of Antiquity, we find none of the q y,

trifling, licentious, and insignificant Ornaments, so much affected by

some of our Moderns norsome of our Moderns .... nor have we one Precedent, either

from the Greeks or the Romans, that they practised two Ordersthat they practised two Orders, one above another, in the same Temple in the Outside .... and

h th A i twhereas the Ancients were contented with one continued

Pediment .... we now have no less than three in one Side, where the Ancients never admitted any. This practice must be imputed p peither to an entire Ignorance of Antiquity, or a Vanity to expose

their absurd Novelties ...

St Mary-le-Strand from the south-eastMiles Lewis

their absurd Novelties ...

Colen Campbell, 'Design for a Church, of my Invention' (1717)

the English Baroquethe English Baroquevvv v

the Palladian Revivalthe Palladian Revival

Christopher WrenNicholas Hawksmoor

Colen CampbellLord Burlington

John VanbrughJames Gibbs

gWilliam Kent

James Flitcroft

the tripartite canon of Palladianismthe tripartite canon of Palladianism

h hi f i ithe architecture of antiquitythrough Roman remains and the writings of Vitruvius

the architecture of Andrea Palladioth h th d t d th bli ti f L i &through the grand tour and the publications of Leoni &c

the architect re of Inigo Jones in Englandthe architecture of Inigo Jones in Englandas influenced by Palladio

COLEN CAMPBELLCOLEN CAMPBELLCOLEN CAMPBELLCOLEN CAMPBELL

'Design of my Invention for a

Ch h iChurch in Lincolns Inn

Fields' by ColenFields , by Colen Campbell, 1717

Colen Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus (2 vols London 1715 &vols, London 1715 &

1717

design for a Church in Lincolns Inn Fields', by Colen Campbell, 1717, compared with St Paul’s Cathedral, by Christopher Wren, 1675-1710

Colen Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus (2 vols, London 1715 & 1717)

Wanstead I, Essex, by Colen Campbell, 1715-1730

Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus

Wanstead I, Essex, by

Colen CampbellCampbell, 1715-1730

Castle Howard,

Yorkshire, by VanbrughVanbrugh, 1699-1725

Campbell, Vitruvius BritannicusBritannicus

Pitkin, Colourmaster RH10 2LZ

Wanstead I & II Essex& II, Essex, by Colen

Campbell, 1715-1730

Campbell, Vitruvius

Britannicus

Wanstead IIWanstead II

Castle Howard

Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus; Pitkin,

C l t RH10Colourmaster RH10 2LZ

Villa Piovene, Lonedo, Italu, by Andrea Palladio, c 1539-40, , , , y , 3 ,with extensions and portico from 1570

unsourced

C tl H d th k f t W t d IIICastle Howard: south or park front; Wanstead IIICampbell, Vitruvius Britannicus

Wanstead, Essex, by Campbell, 1715-1720: contemporary viewSummerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 128B

Wentworth Woodhouse, Yorkshire, by Henry Flitcroft, begun 1733, east front: perspective view & photo

Summerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 130BJames Lees-Milne, The Age of Adam (London 1947), pl 18

'Prior Park', Bath, by John Wood I, begun 1735: contemporary viewPrior Park , Bath, by John Wood I, begun 1735: contemporary viewDorothy Stroud, Capability Brown (3rd ed, London 1975), p 123

Wanstead III and four derivative plans

Summerson, ArchitectureSummerson, Architecture in Britain, p 192

Prior Park, the main blockMiles Lewis

house dedicated to Sir Robert Walpole, by Colen CampbellCampbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, II

Mereworth {or MereworthMereworth

Castle), Kent, by Colen

CampbellCampbell, 1723: elevation

Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, II, p 37, p

Mereworth, by Colen Campbell, 1723: elevation1723: elevation

Villa Capra, 'La Rotonda', Vicenza, b A d P ll diby Andrea Palladio,

c1566-70: elevation/section

C b ll Vit iCampbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, II, p 37; Andrea Palladio [edited Isaac Ware], The Four Books of Andrea

P ll di ' A hit tPalladio's Architecture(London 1738 ), II, III, pl XIII

Villa Capra, 'La Rotonda', by Palladio, probably late 1560s, from the north-westCIDSDAAP, Colorvald A2

Mereworth, view

Country Life Annual 1966, p , p

30

Mereworth: porticoJeff Turnbull

Villa Capraplan

Palladio, I Quattro Libri pl xiiiLibri, pl xiii

Mereworth, plans of basement (left); attic (centre) ; principal floor (right)Mereworth, plans of basement (left); attic (centre) ; principal floor (right)Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, II, pp 35-6

& CMereworth, basement plan & Villa Capra plan

Mereworth, general view

Guinness & Sadler, Palladio, dustjacket

Newby-on-Swale, Yorkshire, by y , , yColen Campbell, c 1720-1Villa Emo,

Fanzolo, by Palladio, c 1555-65

Stutchbury Architecture of Campbell plStutchbury, Architecture of Campbell, pl 38; Wundram & Pape, Palladio, p 165

Stourhead, Wiltshire, first design by Colen Campbell, c 1721John Summerson, Architecture in Britain 1530 to 1830 (4th ed, Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1963 [1953]), pl 134A.

design for a villa, by Palladio

British Architectural LibraryLibrary

Newby-on-Swale, elevation andelevation and

plans

Campbell, Vitruvius BritannicusBritannicus.

St h d l ( l di l t dditi )Stourhead, plan (excluding later additions)Summerson, Architecture in Britain, p 196

Pans: Palladio; Newby; Stouhead

Stourhead, view with later extensionsWoodbridge, Stourhead (no place 1971), cover

Stourhead, detail of the porticoJeff Turnbull

LORD BURLINGTONLORD BURLINGTONdetail of a portrait by Jonathan Richardsondetail of a portrait by Jonathan Richardson

Burlington house, Piccadilly: gate by Colen Campbell, 1718Guinness & Sadler, Palladio, p 41

Burlington houseBurlington house, Piccadilly, & gate

Stutchbury, Architecture of Colen Campbell, pl 20

Burlington house by Colen Campbell: elevation c 1717Burlington house, by Colen Campbell: elevation, c 1717Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, III, p 24

Palazzo Iseppo da Porto part elevationpart elevation

Andrea Palladio, The Four Books II, pl V

Bagno, Chis ick bChiswick, by Burlington,

17171717

Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus III p 26Britannicus, III, p 26

elevation by Palladio, bought by BurlingtonGuinness & Sadler, Palladio, p 78

elevation by Palladio, bought by BurlingtonGeneral Wade's house, Great Burlington Street, London, by

Lord Burlington 1723Lord Burlington, 1723

Guinness & Sadler, Palladio, p 78; Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, I, p 120

ChiswickChiswick, Twickenham, the

old houseold house

Leonard Knyff & Johannes Kyp, Britannia Illustrata (London 1707)

Chiswick House, Twickenham, by Burlington, from 1725UK, Department of the Environment, no 660

C 1 66 0Villa Capra, Vicenza, by Andrea Palladio, c 1566-70: plan and elevation/section; Chiswick, plan and elevation

Palladio, The Four Books, II, pl XIII; Summerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 136

drawing of a villa gby Palladio,

formerly owned b L dby Lord

Burlington, now in the Britishthe British

Architectural; Libraryy

Holbertson, Palladio's Villas, p 213

Chiswick, the gallerydetail of the ceiling in the Blue

Velvet Room

UK, Department of the Environment, no 276 [1973]; Parissien, Palladian

Style, p 102

Chiswick, south front, the portico

Jeff Turnbull

Chiswick, detail of the porticoJohn Harris, The Palladian Revival: Lord Burlington, his

Villa and Garden at Chiswick (Montréal 1994)p 114

Chiswick detail of theChiswick, detail of the base course

Temple of Venus Genetrix, Rome, as

b ilt AD 113rebuilt AD 113, illustrated by Palladio

Harris, The Palladian Revival, p 115

Toby Barnard & Jane Clark [eds], Lord Burlington: Architecture, Art

and Life (London 1995) p 64and Life (London 1995), p 64

C fChiswick, west faceJeff Turnbull

Chiswick, VenetianChiswick, Venetian window in west

face

Jeff Turnbull

Chiswick: north or garden frontJeff Turnbull

drawing of a villa by Andrea Palladio in Lorddrawing of a villa by Andrea Palladio in Lord Burlington's collection (now in the Britrish

Architectural Library): detail

Rudolf Wittkower, 'Pseudo-Palladian Elements in English Neoclassicism', p 166

Chiswick: detail ofChiswick: detail of stair and window,

garden front

Jeff Turnbull

WILLIAM KENTWILLIAM KENTWILLIAM KENTWILLIAM KENTdetail of a portrait by Benedetto Lutidetail of a portrait by Benedetto Luti

Holkham Hall, Norfolk, by William Kent from 1734

Summerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 139(A)Summerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 139(A)

H lkh H ll lHolkham Hall: planMUAS 25,176

Holkham Hall, Norfolk, by William Kent from 1734Summerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 139(A); MUAS 25,137

Holkham Hall: the entrance hall and

ascent to the salon; the St t B dState Bedroom

MUAS 2,541; Fowler & Cornforth, E li h D ti 93English Decoration, p 93

the Georgianthe Georgiangg

GEORGIAN 1714GEORGIAN 1714--18111811

George I (1660-1727) 1714-1727

George II (1683-1760) 1727-1760George II (1683 1760) 1727 1760

George III (1738-1820) 1760-1811 (mad from 1788)

REGENCY (OR LATE GEORGIAN) 1811REGENCY (OR LATE GEORGIAN) 1811--18301830

George IV (1762-1830) Regent 1811-1820

REGENCY (OR LATE GEORGIAN) 1811REGENCY (OR LATE GEORGIAN) 1811--18301830

g ( ) gMonarch 1820-1830

THE GEORGIAN MIXthe Palladian Revival Movement

l i l t h f B Rplus occasional touches of Baroque, Rococo, Chinoiserie & Gothick

minus Inigo Jones, who becomes less of a source

plus incipient Neoclassicism – new archaeological sources and new reductionist theory

plus Renaissance details beyond Palladio (especially through Chambers)(especially through Chambers)

Provost's House, Trinity College, Dublin, by John Smith,1759Miles Lewis

P t’ H T i it C ll D bli b J h S ith 1759Provost’s House, Trinity College, Dublin, by John Smith, 1759General Wade's house, Great Burlington Street, London, by

Lord Burlington 1723Lord Burlington, 1723

Guinness & Sadler, Palladio, p 78; Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, I, p 120

Alexander Pope‘Epistle to Lord Burlington’Epistle to Lord Burlington

You show us, Rome was glorious, not profuse,A d b ildi thi f UAnd pompous buildings once were things of Use.

Yet shall (my Lord) your just, your noble rules, Fill half the land with Imitating Fools;

Who random drawings from your sheets shall take,And of one beauty many blunders make;

Load some vain church with old Theatric state,,Turn Arcs of Triumph to a Garden-gate;

Reverse your Ornaments; and hang them allOn some patch'd dog-hole ek'd with ends of wall;On some patch d dog hole ek d with ends of wall;

Then clap four slices of Pilaster on't,That, lac'd with bits of rustic, makes a Front

Shall call the winds thro' long arcades to roarShall call the winds thro long arcades to roar,Proud to catch cold at a Venetian door;

............

elevation by Palladio, bought by BurlingtonGuinness & Sadler, Palladio, p 78

GEORGIAN HOUSE TYPESGEORGIAN HOUSE TYPESthe house of parade and the villathe house of parade and the villapp

the house of parade

Wanstead III and four derivative

plansplans

Campbell Vitruvius Britannicus;Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus;Summerson, Architecture in

Britain, p 192

th illthe villa

Stourhead, Wiltshire, first design by Colen

Campbell, c 1721

Mereworth Castle, Kent, by Colen Campbell, 1723Campbell, 1723

John Summerson, ArchitectureJohn Summerson, Architecture in Britain 1530 to 1830 (4th ed,

Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1963 [1953]), pl 134A; Country

Life Annual 1966, p 30Life Annual 1966, p 30

‘ ’ S‘Anglo-Palladian villa prototypes’ by SummersonSummerson, Architecture in Britain, p 223.

studies for villas by Matthew

Brettingham the Younger (1725-

18) while in18) while in Italy, 1747

John Harris, The Palladians

(London 1981) pl 32(London 1981), pl 32

Wrotham Park MiddlesexWrotham Park, Middlesex, by Isaac Ware, 1754

Summerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 152B; Rolf Toman, Neoclassicism and Romanticism: Architecture Sculpture p

Painting Drawings 1750-1848 (no place 2007), p 10

URBAN HOUSESURBAN HOUSESURBAN HOUSESURBAN HOUSES

Buckingham House, London by William Winde, 1705g yview by William Westhall, 1760s

Roy Strong, Royal Gardens (London 1992), p 68

Marble Hill, Twickenham by LordTwickenham, by Lord Pembroke and Roger

Morris, 1724-9

Campbell, Vitruvius Britannicus, I, p 93; MUAS

24 48224,482

Edgecote House, Oxfordshire, by William Jones, 1748-53Miles Lewis

No 7 Old Palace Yard, Westminster, probably by Isaac Ware, 1755-6Miles Lewis

balustrade

string course

piano nobile (main floor)

attic

Wrotham Park, Middlesex, by Isaac Ware, 1754

Summerson Architecture in Britain pl 152B;Summerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 152B;

Wrotham Park, Middl bMiddlesex, by

Isaac Ware, 1754

No 7 Old Palace Yard, Westminster, probably by Isaac

Ware 1755-6Ware, 1755 6

Summerson, Architecture in BritainArchitecture in Britain,pl 152B; Miles Lewis

Grosvenor Square, London, by Edward Shepherd, c 1727MUAS 2,254

Grosvenor SquareSummerson, Architecture in Britain, pl 158

Design for seven houses in Grosvenor Square, by Colen Campbell, 1725H W Stutchbury The Architecture of Colen Campbell (Manchester 1967) pl 110H W Stutchbury, The Architecture of Colen Campbell (Manchester 1967), pl 110

detail of design for seven houses in Grosvenor Square, by Colen Campbell, 1725; Palazzo Iseppo da Porta, Vicenza, by Andrea Palladio, 1547-1552.

H W Stutchbury, The Architecture of Colen Campbell (Manchester 1967), pls 110, 108

31-34 Great [?Old] Burlington Street, London, by Colen Campbell (1718), c 1723elevation and plan; view of no 31 (as altered)

Stutchbury, Architecture of Colen Campbell, pls 28, 27

BATHBATHBATHBATH

view of Bath in 1806MUAS 16,286

'Prior Park', Bath, by John Wood I, begun 1735: contemporary viewPrior Park , Bath, by John Wood I, begun 1735: contemporary viewDorothy Stroud, Capability Brown (3rd ed, London 1975), p 123

Prior Park, the main blockMiles Lewis

Prior ParkPrior Park

Q SQueen Square, Bath, by John

Wood the Elder, 1729-1736: north side

Miles Lewis; Architecture of the

World 18,913

house of John Wood,41 Gay Street, corner of Queen Square Bath byQueen Square, Bath, by

John Wood, probably c 1750

MUAS 18,533

Bathplan as in

17651765

MUAS 16,371

the Circus Bath by John Wood I from 1754: view 1773the Circus, Bath, by John Wood I, from 1754: view, 1773

Walter Ison, Georgian Buildings of Bath (Bath 1980 [1948]), p 144

the Circusthe Circus, Bath

MUAS 24,502; 24,503

the Circus, Bath: plans of housesIson, Georgian Buildings of Bath, p 98

Bath: aerial view showing Royal Crescent, the Circus, Gay Street and Queen SquareGoogle Earth

R l C t B th b J h W d II 1767 74Royal Crescent, Bath, by John Wood II, 1767-74Miles Lewis

Royal Crescent, Bath, by John Wood II, 1767-74Miles Lewis

th C t B t D b hi b J h C ( f Y k) 1780 4the Crescent, Buxton, Derbyshire, by John Carr (of York), 1780-4Country Life, 4 February 1971, p 245

Camden Crescent, Bath, by John Eveleigh, 1788

Somerset Place, So e se ace,Bath, by John

Eveleigh, c 1790

A hit t f th W ldArchitecture of the World 18,967, 18,964

B th i l i ith L d C t t l ftBath, aerial view with Lansdown Crescent top leftGoogle Earth

Camden Park, Menangle, NSW, by John Verge, 1831-5Miles Lewis