THE UNION IN CRISISTHE UNION IN CRISISCHAPTER 10

How did the nation’s expansion lead to the Civil War?

SLAVERY, STATES’ RIGHTS, AND SLAVERY, STATES’ RIGHTS, AND WESTERN EXPANSIONWESTERN EXPANSION

Section 1 How did Congress try to resolve the

dispute between North and South over slavery?

Vocabulary: Wilmot Proviso secede

Free-Soil Party Compromise of 1850 popular sovereignty Fugitive Slave Act

TWO NATIONSTWO NATIONS

North and South were divided by slavery North believed slavery was wrong based

on religion South believed that whites and African

Americans were not equal and attacked uncaring northern industrialists who took no personal responsibility for their workers

Wilmot Proviso seeks to limit slavery in the territories gained in the Mexican-American War. Passed by the House of Representatives, but rejected by the Senate

NORTHERN VIEWS OF NORTHERN VIEWS OF SLAVERYSLAVERYLaws in the North severely limited

the rights of free African Americans

Abolitionists wanted slavery to end

Some white northern bankers, mill owners, and merchants favored slavery

Some northern workers feared that freed slaves would take their jobs

SOUTHERN VIEWS OF SOUTHERN VIEWS OF SLAVERYSLAVERYSlavery was a part of southern lifeMany southerners felt that slavery

was goodMany argued that slavery was

more kind than the northern system of free labor

Southerners believed that slaves were healthier and happier

HISTORIANSHISTORIANSRecent historians emphasize the

differences between the regions, racial groups, and social classes

Some kind of major conflict was bound to occur

Question: Could the politicians have avoided the Civil War?

ELECTION OF 1848ELECTION OF 1848 Free-Soil Party: supported the Wilmot

Proviso to keep new western territories free of slavery

Nominated Martin Van Buren Popular sovereignty: policy that voters

in a territory would decide whether or not to allow slavery; both the Democratic Party and the Whigs support popular sovereignty

ELECTION OF 1848ELECTION OF 1848 Democrats: Lewis

Cass Whigs: Zachary Taylor Free Soil Party: Martin

Van Buren Van Buren took votes

away from Cass to give Taylor the victory

Taylor died in 1850; Millard Fillmore, the Vice President, takes office

COMPROMISE OF COMPROMISE OF 18501850

Question: What were the effects of the Missouri Compromise, and how did the Compromise of 1850 try to deal with them?

Kept the balance between slave and free states in the Senate; free states only north of 36º 30‘ N latitude

Henry Clay of Kentucky proposes a compromise to admit California as a free state

John C. Calhoun of SC against compromise Daniel Webster of Massachusetts for

compromise

Clay’s Compromise of 1850CHART

Reading Skill: CategorizeNOTE TAKING

A RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND A RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND VIOLENCE VIOLENCE

SECTION 2

How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions between the North and the South?

Vocabulary: personal liberty laws Kansas-Nebraska Act Underground Railroad John Brown Harriet Tubman “Bleeding Kansas” Harriet Beecher Stowe

Reading Skill: Understand EffectsNOTE TAKING

UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND RAILROADRAILROAD

Known as the “Black Moses”

Guided hundreds of slaves to freedom

Large reward on her head, but never captured

KANSAS-NEBRASKA KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACTACT

Stephen Douglas of Illinois wanted to run for President

Act supported popular sovereignty for area

Passed but made North angry; in effect, Congress repealed the Missouri Compromise since Kansas and Nebraska were above the 36º 30‘ N latitude

Reading Skill: Understand Effects NOTE TAKING

VIOLENCE BEGINSVIOLENCE BEGINS

Free soilers: 1,200 New Englanders sent to Kansas to fight against slavery

Proslavery settlers opposed themKansas had an antislavery capital

at Topeka and a proslavery capital at Lecompton

1856, open violence erupted“Bleeding Kansas”

Bleeding KansasTRANSPARENCY

““BLEEDING KANSAS”BLEEDING KANSAS” John Brown:

Following a raid in Lawrence by a proslavery group, he and his followers killed five proslavery men along the Pottawatomie Creek

Summer of murder and raids

LECOMPTON LECOMPTON CONSTITUTIONCONSTITUTION

Proslavery group wrote a proslavery constitution for Kansas called the Lecompton constitution

Buchanan accepted it, but Congress returned it.

Defeated by Kansas people the second time

SENATE VIOLENCESENATE VIOLENCESenator Charles Sumner, a

Republican, gave a speech that attacked Southerners for forcing slavery on Kansas and insulted Senator Andrew Butler of SC

Preston Brooks, a member of the House beat him with his cane

Sumner lived but never recovered; added to hatred

HARRIET BEECHER HARRIET BEECHER STOWESTOWE

Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Eliza Harris, a slave, escapes when her child is to be sold

As Eliza heads north, she eludes the slave catchers

Uncle Tom is sold and is killed by his brutal master, Simon Legree, a Northerner

Book had a powerful effect: North became convinced that slavery would ruin the U.S. South believed it was a book of insulting lies.

The Slavery IssueTRANSPARENCY

POLITICAL REALIGNMENT POLITICAL REALIGNMENT DEEPENS THE CRISISDEEPENS THE CRISIS

SECTION 3

What developments deepened the divisions between North and South?

Vocabulary: Know-Nothings Abraham Lincoln Republican Party Stephen A. Douglas Dred Scott Harpers Ferry Roger B. Taney

SHIFTING POLITICAL SHIFTING POLITICAL SCENESCENE

Whig Party disintegrates: divided over the issues; nominated Winfield Scott in 1852

Know-Nothings: nativists; will become American Party; divided over issues

REPUBLICAN PARTYREPUBLICAN PARTY1854, dedicated to stopping “Slave

Power”Declared slavery a great moral evilDemanded repeal of the Kansas-

Nebraska Act and Fugitive Slave Act; Comprised of antislavery Democrats,

Whigs, and Free Soilers from NorthFarmers, professionals, small

business owners, craftworkers joined

ELECTION OF 1856ELECTION OF 1856 Democrats

nominated James Buchanan

Republicans nominated John C. Frémont

Know-Nothings chose Millard Fillmore

Buchanan won the election

He hoped that the Supreme Court would resolve the slavery issue

*SCOTT V. SANDFORD*SCOTT V. SANDFORD The Dred Scott

Decision 1857; Scott v. Sandford Scott sued his owner Said that he and his

wife were taken to states and territories where slavery was illegal and therefore should be free

RULINGRULINGThe Court, under Chief Justice Roger B.

Taney, ruled 7 to 2 against ScottSlaves are property, not citizens, and

cannot sue in courtScott not free due to being in free areaMissouri Compromise ruled

unconstitutional. Slaves were considered property of their owners and Congress could not deprive people of their property without due process of law according to the Fifth Amendment.

Antislavery forces were disgusted

LINCOLN-DOUGLAS LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATESDEBATES

Campaigning for Senate seat from Illinois in 1858

Series of seven debates on the issue of slavery in the territories.

Physical contrast in the men was striking

Douglas wins election

ABRAHAM LINCOLNABRAHAM LINCOLN Studied law and worked at

various jobs Served in the Congress in

the 1840s Believed that the majority

could not deny the minority their rights

Foresaw confrontation “A house divided against

itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.”

SENATOR DOUGLASSENATOR DOUGLAS Short, stout; known

as “the Little Giant” Believed that the

majority of people could do anything they wished, even make slavery legal

Lincoln gets national attention, although Douglas won the Senate election

LINCOLN-DOUGLAS LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATESDEBATES

1858 ILLINOIS SENATE 1858 ILLINOIS SENATE RACERACE

Stephen DouglasAgreed with Dred

Scott decision on legal grounds

“Freeport Doctrine” says people can vote slavery down by popular sovereignty

Abraham LincolnDisagreed with

Dred Scott decision (How can we have popular sovereignty if case is accepted?)

Believed slavery should not be allowed to spread to the territories

JOHN BROWN’S RAIDJOHN BROWN’S RAID 1859, Brown and his men

attacked the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia; he hoped to seize weapons and give them to slaves

Wanted a slave uprising Colonel Robert E. Lee

leads troops; Brown is executed.

Northerners saw him as a martyr; his raid deepened the divide between the North and South

Reading Skill: SequenceNOTE TAKING

American Political Parties During the 1850sCHART

LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WARWAR

SECTION 4SECTION 4

How did the Union finally collapse into a civil war?

Vocabulary: Jefferson Davis Crittenden Compromise John C. Breckinridge Fort Sumter Confederate States of America

THE ELECTION OF 1860THE ELECTION OF 1860 In April 1860, Democratic Party split

into North and South factions

In Border States, the Constitutional Union party forms from Whigs and American party (Know Nothing)

The Candidates for PresidentCHART

CANDIDATES CANDIDATES Southern Democrats: John C.

BreckinrigdeNorthern Democrats: Stephen

Douglas, IllinoisConstitutional Unionist party: John

Bell, TennesseeRepublican party: Abraham Lincoln,

IllinoisLincoln wins with 39% of the vote and

180 electoral votes; sectional victory

LOWER SOUTH SECEDESLOWER SOUTH SECEDESTexas, Louisiana, Mississippi,

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina

Secessionists: those who wanted the South to secede

CONFEDERATE STATES OF CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICAAMERICA

South Carolina seceded December 20, 1860

In February 1861, the seven states created the Confederacy and elected Jefferson Davis as President

WAR STARTSWAR STARTS

Lincoln takes office on March 4, 1861

Vows to enforce the laws of the U.S. and to preserve, protect, and defend the government

FORT SUMTERFORT SUMTER

Fort under the command of Major Robert Anderson

Running out of supplies

April 12 General P.G.T. Beauregard fires on the fort

Anderson surrenders

UPPER SOUTHUPPER SOUTH Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee,

and Arkansas joined the Confederacy Border States stay neutral The Civil War begins

Political Cartoons: The Nation DividedTRANSPARENCY

Forming the ConfederacyTRANSPARENCY

Reading Skill: Identify Causes and EffectsNOTE TAKING