the united republic of tanzania ministry of communications ......procedures of tanzania based upon...

The United Republic of Tanzania

Ministry of Communications and Transport

Zanzibar

SECOND CENTRAL TRANSPORT CORRIDOR PROJECT (CTCP2)

CREDIT No. 4455-TA

GEOMETRIC AND DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN OF

THE REHABILITATION OF ZANZIBAR AIRPORT

APRON AND TAXIWAYS

Sir Frederick Snow (International) Ltd

Corinthian House,

17 Lansdowne Road, Croydon,

United Kingdom CR0 2BX, UK

Tel: +44(02) 08604 8999

Fax: +44 (02)0 8604 8877

Email: [email protected]

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

NOVEMBER 2010

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E2598



Zanzibar

Geometric and Detailed Engineering Design of the

Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Apron and Taxiways

Environmental Impact

Assessment

Prepared by

Sir Frederick Snow (International) Limited

Issue and Revision Record

Rev Date Originator

Checker

Approver

Description

0 OCT 10 JL KC/CT Draft Tender Submission

1 NOV 10 JL KC Final Tender Submission



Rehabilitation of Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiways


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania has received a credit from the International

Development Association (IDA) towards the cost of the Second Central Transport Corridor Project

(CTCP2). A part of these proceeds are to cover eligible payments under the Contract for Consultancy

Services for the Geometric and Detailed Engineering Design of the Existing Apron and Taxiways at

Zanzibar Airport.

The Ministry of Communications and Transport in Zanzibar (MOCT) commissioned Sir Frederick Snow

(International) Limited on 8 April 2010 to undertake the consultancy commission and to carry out an

Environmental Impact Assessment as part of the tasks to be completed.

As a first stage in the implementation of overall development of the airside infrastructure at Zanzibar

Airport it is proposed that the initial works shall comprise the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and

Taxiways and that proposed extensions to these facilities shall be undertaken at a later date. The

Consultant shall prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Mitigation Plan

(EMP) based on this initial phase of the proposed works which only involves the Rehabilitation of

Existing Apron and Taxiways.

Environmental Impact Assessment Process

The Environmental Impact Assessment was undertaken following the environmental assessment

procedures of Tanzania based upon the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2005)

and the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of Zanzibar (1996) which

categorise the construction, expansion or rehabilitation of airports and their ancillary facilities as projects

for which a full Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory.

Project Description

The airport is located about 7 km south of Zanzibar Town approximately midway along the west coast of

the island at latitude of 06.13 degrees south and 39.13 degrees east, and has an elevation of 16.5 m. The

general topography of this part of the Island is very flat and well suited for airport operations. The

airport lies between two main roads to the east and to the west, both connecting to Zanzibar Town. The

first is from Chukwani and the second is from Fumba. Coconut palms, baobab and tamarisk trees are

found in the vicinity of these main roads, together with collections of residential areas. Near the airport





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there are small scattered fields where cassava and other ground fruits are cultivated. The southern

approach corridor to the airport runway is free of higher vegetation because of air safety requirements.

The airport comprises a single 3022 x 45m width runway, taxiways and apron, all of bitumen standards,

plus a terminal building, control tower and other associated facilities. Recently completed work at the

airport involves the Rehabilitation and Extension of the Existing Runway by 565 metres.

Stakeholder Engagement

Stakeholders to the project were involved in the preliminary studies through one to one consultation with

government officials and community representatives from Chukwani Ward. Chukwani residents were

very eager to know when the construction of the proposed rehabilitation of the existing apron and

taxiways will start and whether there are any implications for their land. Among the issues raised, the

following statements represent the position regarding their main concerns:

• Land Acquisition: No land areas outside of the current airport boundary are to be acquired for this

proposed project. The extent of the proposed works is restricted to the Rehabilitation of the Existing

Apron and Taxiways plus associated facilities such as surface water outfalls and power supplies for

aircraft ground lighting

• Compensation Rates: These are not applicable as there are no requirements to acquire any land,

buildings, crops or other facilities in connection with the proposed extent of works which are to be

undertaken wholly within the current airport boundary.

• Compensation Period: The subject of compensation and period of payment is similarly not applicable

in connection with the proposed extent of works which are to be undertaken wholly within the

current airport boundary and involve the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways

• Communication: A direct line of communication between stakeholders and the Airport Authority is

required so that any issues that arise can be promptly and efficiently dealt with.





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ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Developer:

The Developer of the project is the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, represented by the Director

of Civil Aviation

Consultants:

Ministry of Communication and Transport commissioned M/S Sir Frederick Snow (International)

Limited of the United Kingdom to undertake Detailed Engineering Design, Preparation of Tender

Documents and Environmental and Social Impact Assessments for the Rehabilitation of the Existing

Apron and Taxiways at Zanzibar Airport. An experienced team was put together by the Consultant to

undertake the study, including Eng. Jones Lukaza (Technical aspects, Environmental Engineering and

Monitoring Plans), Ms. Martha Kamuzora (Environmental Engineer) and Mr. Bashir Abdul (Socio-

economic aspects).

Parties Consulted:

• Project Proponent – Zanzibar Airport Management Team: Acting Technical Manager.

• Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and Environment: Environmental Officer

• Chukwani Residents

• Chukwani Ward Leader (Shea)

Environmental and Social Impacts

The ESIA team of experts considered all aspects of the project that could cause either environmental or

socio-economic changes. They evaluated the significance of each aspect of the project using defined

criteria which took into account the scale, extent and duration of each point, the potential to implement

mitigation measures and controls, and the likelihood and timescale of environmental recovery. The team

also took into account national and international policy, legislative and administrative frameworks,

standards and guidelines.

The rehabilitation of the apron and taxiways is viewed as positive with regard to general development in

Zanzibar and Tanzania. Positive outcomes of the project include improved air transport, increase in





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tourism and improvements to the socio-economy of the area. Negative outcomes of the project include

depletion of natural resources, contamination and impaired quality of water and land, visual impacts,

public health hazards and health hazards or disturbances to offsite receptors. However, many of the

negative impacts can be avoided or minimised to acceptable levels and positive impacts and benefits can

be enhanced by adopting good engineering practices and appropriate mitigation measures during design,

construction and use of the airport.

Mitigation of Impacts

The following is a summary of environmental impacts and their proposed mitigation measures:

Aspect Project Phase Potential Impacts Mitigation/ Management Option

Air quality Mobilisation and

Construction

Increase in noise and vibration

from operation of heavy

equipment

1. Localized impact that is mainly occupational, so

provide hearing protection to construction crews

2. Adherence to machinery maintenance schedule

3. Schedule the work in such a way that heavy

pieces of equipment producing high levels of

noise are not operating at the same time


Construction

Air pollution from engine

exhaust fumes

4. Adherence to equipment maintenance schedule

and use of good quality fuel and lubricants


Construction

Increase in particulate matter

from earthworks

5. Application of dust suppression in particular by

using water and limiting speed of vehicles

6. Provision of dust masks to construction crews


Construction

Emission of noxious gases from

asphalt machine


provide gas mask protection to construction

crews

Air quality Operation Air pollution from engine

exhaust fumes and asphalt plant







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Air quality Operation Increase in noise and vibration

9. The effects diminish with distance, so ensure

adequate buffer between airport and residential

areas

10. Provide hearing protection to airport ground

crews

11. If possible restrict air traffic to daytime hours

Surface

Water

Mobilisation and

Construction

Lowering underground water

capacity

12. Determine daily water requirement and request

abstraction from relevant authority

13. Avoid unnecessary water consumption habits

Surface

Water

Mobilisation and

Construction

Hydrocarbons (fuel and oil)

contamination

14. Proper maintenance and repair of water

collection trucks and equipment

15. Place pump motor and vehicle away from

river/water flow channel and use clean sump

pipe

16. Train employees in spill management and

provide spill kits

Surface

Water Operation Increase in surface runoff

17. Provide and construct storm water drains to

remove all excess water from the airport with

adequate capacity to transport water from a

storm once every 10 years.

18. Direct storm water spillway appropriately as to

not cause flooding in the nearby

community/surroundings

19. Clean and maintain the storm channels





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Surface

Water Operation

Transporting pollutant on

airfield to water bodies

20. Good housekeeping of airport grounds

21. Provide a silt trap at the storm channel spillway

22. Ensure water from fuel passes through an oil-

water separator prior to being disposed of or

directed to waste water treatment system

Land Mobilisation and

Construction

Exposed uneven ground

23. Level area to fit in with the natural gradient of

the surroundings.

24. Restoration of the borrow pits/quarries after use

including levelling of the area and seeding or

planting of trees and/or grasses.


Construction Hydrocarbon contamination

25. Proper maintenance and repair of equipment in

designated areas


provide spill kits


Construction

Reduced aesthetic quality

Land contamination

27. Develop and implement waste segregation and

disposal procedure in accordance with

recognized standards

Land Operations Hydrocarbons contamination

28. Proper maintenance and repair of equipment in

designated areas


provide spill kits

Land Operations

Reduce aesthetic quality

Land contamination


disposal procedure in accordance with

recognized standards

Vegetation Mobilisation and

Construction Loss of Vegetation

31. Limit Clearing to core project areas

32. Rehabilitate and create conditions to stimulate

natural growth and/or re-vegetate





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Community Mobilisation and

Construction Accidents

33. Limit access to project area to authorized

personnel

34. Provide health and safety induction to all project

personnel

35. Provide personal protective equipment

36. Limit project vehicle speed when hauling

materials

Community Mobilisation and

Construction

Transmission of diseases in

particular STDs

Social conflicts

37. Provide HIV, STDs and social awareness

education to contractor personnel and local

community

38. Priority of hiring should be given to local

residents

Community Operations Accidents

39. Identify airport boundaries and construct

perimeter fence

40. Implement airport facilities access procedure

Cost Benefit Analysis

Environmental cost benefit analysis is assessed in terms of the negative versus positive impacts. The

potential benefits of the project, in terms of financial and social benefit are significant. Furthermore, the

environmental impacts can be reasonably mitigated and when compared to the required investment, the

financial resources needed to mitigate negative effects are relatively small.

Decommissioning

A preliminary decommissioning plan has been developed. It is envisaged that the removal of project

components will begin immediately after closure and continue for three months. Within the first three

months Zanzibar airport management will carry out an inventory of all components that need to be

removed and/or disposed of. This inventory will include built support structures, campsites, quarries,

and machines and equipment that were used either by the Contractor undertaking the construction or the





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Consultant supervising the work. Mode of disposal will also have to be finalised. This information will

assist in the preparation of the final decommissioning plan, for approval by the director responsible for

environment at the Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and Environment in Zanzibar.

However, the constructed structures comprising the taxiways and apron are required to be left intact for

use for the next twenty years, the design period of the project. After twenty years Zanzibar airport

management will have three options, either to rehabilitate these structures and keep the same operating

capacity, rehabilitate and upgrade these structures to have a different operating capacity or to leave the

area and locate to a new site for construction of a new airport.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The proposed Rehabilitation of the Apron and Taxiways at Zanzibar International Airport is essential for

the development of the economy of Zanzibar. It is the Consultant’s (Sir Frederick Snow (International)

Limited) opinion that the environmental impacts identified may be mitigated. If implemented, the

proposed environmental management plan and environmental monitoring plan will safeguard the

integrity of the environment.





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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

AMSL Average Mean Sea Level

BAT Best Available Technique

BODS Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BOQ Bills of Quantities

CO Carbon Monoxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

COLE Commission of Lands and Environment

CRB Contractor's Registration Board

CTCP2 Second Central Transport Corridor Project

ECO Environmental Control Officer

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

ELO Environmental Liaison Officer

EMP Environmental Mitigation Plan

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HSE Health Safety and Environment

ICAO International Civil aviation Authority

IDA International Development Association

MOCT Ministry of Communications and Transport, Zanzibar

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

NEP National Environmental Policy (1996)





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Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Scoping...............................................................................................................................................................2

1.2 Objective of Environmental Impact Assessment .........................................................................................2

1.3 Methodology of the Study...............................................................................................................................2

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................................................6

2.1 Project Background ..........................................................................................................................................6

2.2. Project Activities ..............................................................................................................................................6

Table 2.1: Major Equipment to be used for Implementation of Project ......................................................8

3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...............................................................13

3.1 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment.............................................................................................13

3.2 Policies .............................................................................................................................................................13

3.2.1 National Environmental Policy (1997) .................................................................................................13

3.2.2 National Investment Promotion Policy (1996) ....................................................................................14

3.2.3 Tanzania Development Vision (2025) ..................................................................................................14

3.2.4 National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001)...................................................................................................14

3.2.5 National Transport Policy (2003) ..........................................................................................................14

3.2.6 National Land Policy (1996) ..................................................................................................................14

3.2.7 National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2005)...........................................................15

3.2.8 National Water Policy (2002).................................................................................................................15

3.2.9 National Employment Policy (1997).....................................................................................................15

3.3 Legislation and Regulations..........................................................................................................................16

3.3.1 Environment Management Act, No. 20 of 2004 ..................................................................................16

3.3.4 National Land Act (1999) and its Amendment (2004)........................................................................17

3.3.5 Village Land Act (1999) ..........................................................................................................................17

3.3.6 Land Acquisition Act (1967) ..................................................................................................................17

3.3.7 Mining Act No. 5 (1998) .........................................................................................................................18

3.3.8 Land Disputes Court Act. No.2 (2002) .................................................................................................18

3.3.9 Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003 ............................................................................19

3.3.10 Water Resources Act of 2009 ...............................................................................................................19

3.3.11 Contractors Registration Amendment Act No. 15 of 2008 ..............................................................19





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3.3.12 Employment and Labour Relations Act No 6 of 2004......................................................................20

3.3.13 Workman Compensation Act No. 20 of 2008 ....................................................................................20

3.3.14 Civil Aviation Act of 1977, Revised 2002 ...........................................................................................21

3.3.15 Tanzania Bureau of Standards, Act No. 3 of 1975 ............................................................................21

3.3.16 HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act 2008 ..........................................................................22

3.3.17 Urban Planning Act 2007 .....................................................................................................................22

3.3.18 Land Use Planning Act 2007................................................................................................................22

3.3.19 Explosive Act Cap.45 R.E 2002............................................................................................................22

3.4 Institutional Aspects ......................................................................................................................................23

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ......................................................................24

4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................24

4.2 Administration................................................................................................................................................24

4.3 Physical Environment....................................................................................................................................24

4.4 Social Economic Characteristics ...................................................................................................................29

4.5 Social Services .................................................................................................................................................30

5.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION................................................................................................................33

5.1 Stakeholder Identification .............................................................................................................................33

5.2 Stakeholder Involvement ..............................................................................................................................33

5.3 Stakeholders Concerns ..................................................................................................................................34

6.1 Site Selection Phase ........................................................................................................................................36

6.2 Design Phase ...................................................................................................................................................36

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN.....................................................................39

7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................39

7.2 Institutional Capacity.....................................................................................................................................39

8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN..................................................................................................45

9.0 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................................................48

9.1 Financial Cost Benefit Analysis to the Company.......................................................................................48

9.2 Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable Benefits to Communities.................................................................48

9.3 Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable Benefits to Government ..................................................................49

9.4 Possible Costs to Communities ....................................................................................................................49

9.5 Possible Costs to Government ......................................................................................................................49

9.6 Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis..........................................................................................................49





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9.7 Social Economic Cost Benefit Analysis........................................................................................................50

10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................51

10.1 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................51

10.2 Recommendations........................................................................................................................................51

REFERENCES:...........................................................................................................................................................53

ANNEXES..................................................................................................................................................................55





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List of Tables

Table 2.1: Major Equipment to be Used for Implementation of Project ..............................................................8

Table 6-1: Potential Impacts Associated with the Project....................................................................................37

Table 7-1: Proposed Project Mitigation and Management Actions....................................................................41

Table 8.1: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan ........................................................................................46

Table: A1 Natural Resources Required by Different Development Sectors .....................................................57

List of Figures

Fig 4.1: Vegetation Cover along the Airport Area................................................................................................26

Fig 4.2: Livestock within the Airport Compound ................................................................................................28

Fig 4.3: Banana and Cassava farm in Chukwani Area.........................................................................................29

Fig 4.3: Livestock Inside the Airport Boundary………………………….. ..........................................................30

Fig 4.4: One of the Wells at Chukwani Area .........................................................................................................31





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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania, through the Ministry of Communications and

Transport (MOCT), intends to Rehabilitate the Apron and Taxiway of the International Airport of

Zanzibar, which is located about 7 km from Zanzibar Town. The airport was constructed in 1974 and later

upgraded in 1990/1991. On 17th April 2009 Ministry of Communication and Transport signed the contract

on behalf of the Government of Zanzibar with M/S Sogea Satom to carry out the Extension and

Rehabilitation of the Existing Runway. These works were completed in August 2010.

It has been observed that there has been an increase in the frequency and size of aircraft landing and

taking off at Zanzibar International Airport and further growth is forecast to continue over the next 20

year period up to 2030. This increase in aircraft has enhanced the deterioration of the apron parking and

taxiway areas and there is also a need to strengthen some pavements to accommodate the numbers

and/or size of aircraft projected to use the airport facilities. On 8th April, 2010 Ministry of Communication

and Transport commissioned Sir Frederick Snow (International) Limited to undertake a detailed

engineering design of the proposed Rehabilitation and Extension of the Apron and Taxiways at Zanzibar

airport.

As a first stage in the implementation of overall development of the airside infrastructure at Zanzibar

Airport it is proposed that the initial works shall comprise the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and

Taxiways and that proposed extensions to these facilities shall be undertaken at a later date. The

Consultant shall prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Mitigation Plan

(EMP) based on this initial phase of the proposed works which only involves the Rehabilitation of

Existing Apron and Taxiways.

The Environmental Impact Assessment was undertaken in accordance with the environmental

assessment procedures of Tanzania. The Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations (2005)

and Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act of Zanzibar (1996) categorise the

construction, expansion or rehabilitation of airports and their ancillary facilities as projects for which a

full Environmental Impact Assessment is mandatory. This report presents the Environmental Impact

Assessment study and activities undertaken between April and May 2010.





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1.1 Scoping

Objectives of scoping were to ascertain key issues likely to be important in the Environmental Impact

Assessment; to identify and involve all potential stakeholders in the Environmental Impact Assessment

process by expressing their views and concerns; to identify project alternatives; Environmental Impact

Assessment study boundaries; and to define the Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact

Assessment study. Scoping involved field visits to the project site and neighbouring areas, consultations

with stakeholders at national and local levels and analysis of issues through literature study, and expert

judgement. The documents reviewed are presented in the bibliography section. Field activities were

undertaken from 13th to 16th May 2010. Various stakeholders and communities around the project site

(Chukwani-Ward) although not directly impacted by this initial first phase of the planned works were

nevertheless informed and involved in the preliminary studies.

1.2 Objective of Environmental Impact Assessment

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for this project has been undertaken to comply with

Schedule 3 of the Environmental Management Act (2004) and parts 5 and 7 of the Environmental

Management for Sustainable Development Act of Zanzibar (1996), which lists airport construction as

projects that require ESIA. This requirement aims to ensure that:

• Environmental considerations are incorporated into the development decision making process;

• Significant social and environmental impacts of the developmental proposal are anticipated early

so that measures can be put in place to mitigate and manage them;

• Productivity and capacity of natural systems and ecological processes are protected so as to

maintain their functions;

• Sustainable and optimal utilisation of resources through evaluation of project alternatives;

• A platform for information exchange, notification and consultations between stakeholders is

created during the planning process;

1.3 Methodology of the Study

The study followed the guidelines provided in the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit

Regulations, G.N. No. 349, 2005 for identifying, collecting and analysing information. This included:





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1.3.1 Baseline Data

Extending the activities that were started in the scoping study, including the involvement of key

stakeholders and collecting baseline data from both natural and built environments, with collection of

information about the socio-economic conditions of the proposed project area. This was mainly from

secondary sources, including:

• Tanzania policies, laws and regulation (chapter 3 of this report)

• ICAO regulations & other safeguarding documents: Minimum distance requirements, etc.

• Environmental characteristics of Zanzibar Island

• Climate and meteorological data from Met stations

• Maps: land use, topographical maps, etc.

1.3.2 Document Review

Key documents relating to the project, baseline environmental and social conditions, and regulations and

guidelines relevant to ESIA studies were reviewed. These included but were not limited to:

• Request for proposal for consultancy services for the detailed engineering design of the existing

facilities and proposed future extension of Zanzibar airport apron and taxiway;

• Parliament of Tanzania, Environmental Management Act (2004) with focus on the Environment

(Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations (2005);

• Parliament of Zanzibar, Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act (1996)

with focus on the environment protection for the sustainable development of the project;

• International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO Standards;

• United Nations Centre for Good Governance, A Comprehensive Guide for Social Impact

Assessment (2006);

• United Republic of Tanzania – Ministry of Works, Environmental Assessment (EA) and

Management Guidelines for Road Sector, December 2004.





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1.3.3 Stakeholder Consultation

This process was initiated by deskwork where a comprehensive list of groups and individuals who had a

potential stake in the project was developed. Their stake on the project was determined in order to decide

on methods of consultation. Methods used in this study included:

• One to one discussions and interviews

• Targeted groups meetings

• Public meeting

• Posters

Among the stakeholders involved was the acting technical manager of Zanzibar Airport, an official from

the Department of Environment in the Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Land and Environment,

the Chukwani ward leader (Shea) and Chukwani residents likely to be affected in the future by any

proposed expansion program.

1.3.4 Site Visits and Inspection

The Consultant’s team visited the project area, associated project components and their surroundings

from 13th to 16th May 2010 for field inspection. This was in order to assess the existing environmental

conditions to enable appropriate impact identification and mitigation planning. Areas visited include

Zanzibar Airport and associated facilities, its surrounding neighbourhoods, proposed quarries, asphalt

plant, crusher plant, water source and the general Zanzibar Township.

1.3.5 Impact Identification, Analysis and Mitigation

The methodology for the environmental and social impacts identification, analysis and mitigation

involved the following steps:

• Identification of area/activities where project and physical/social environment interact;

• Identification of potential impact resulting from the interaction;

• Assessment of significance of the environmental issues;





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• Proposal of the mitigation/management measure from best practices obtained through literature

review.

Significance of impacts was determined based on:

• Magnitude: This describes the amount of change in a measurable parameter or the

predicted/actual level of change relative to an existing or specified condition. Magnitude was

defined according to the specific nature of the impact. For the purpose of this assessment,

magnitudes were classified as: significant, insignificant, low, moderate or high.

• Extent: The spatial area affected by the project. For the purposes of this assessment the extent

was classified as: within the project footprint (i.e. those areas occupied by activities of the

project), within the project area, within proximity of the project or impacts extending to a

regional and global level.

• Duration: This refers to the length of time over which an environmental impact occurs. For the

purpose of this assessment, duration was classified as: immediate (i.e. lasting only a few weeks),

short term (i.e. lasting only during the construction period - less than one year), medium-term

(i.e. lasting the entire operational period or up to five years) and long-term (i.e. extending beyond

the closure of the project, sometimes in perpetuity).

• Reversibility: This is an indicator of the potential for recovery from an impact. For the purpose

of this assessment, reversibility was classified as Level 1 for impacts that reverse immediately

after the source of the impact is removed (i.e. within days), Level 2 for impacts that reverse in the

short term (i.e. less than 6 months), Level 3 for impacts that reverse in the medium term (i.e. less

than four years) and Level 4 for long term impacts (i.e. greater than four years). The combination

of these four conditions enabled the determination of the significance of an impact into the below

three categories:

1 Low - effects are limited to a few individuals, usually in the immediate vicinity of the

impact.

2 Moderate - effects could occur on local communities of organisms, typically those close

to the source of the effect.

3 High - the effects could occur at the population level, affecting a large number of

organisms and perhaps the survival of local populations.





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2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

Zanzibar Airport is located on Unguja Island which is 6 degrees south of the equator. It is located in the

Indian Ocean some 40 km east off the coast of the Tanzanian mainland. It extends 85 km from north to

south and is 40 km from east to west at the widest point. The island has a total area of 1,660 km2. The

topography of the island is generally low lying with some gently undulating hills. The highest areas are

found in the central and western part of the island, rising up to an elevation of about 123 m above mean

sea level at the Masingini Ridge.

2.1 Project Background









The airport comprises a single 3022 x 45m width runway, taxiways and apron, all of bitumen standards,

plus a terminal building, control tower and other associated facilities. Recently completed work at the

airport involves the Rehabilitation and Extension of the Existing Runway by 565 metres.

2.2. Project Activities

The Rehabilitation of the apron and taxiways will be carried out according to conventional engineering

scheduling, procedures and practices.

2.2.1 Site Selection Phase

• Rehabilitation of Apron and Taxiways

Activities will be predominantly confined to the existing apron and taxiways, whilst other areas and

structures within the airport will be retained in their current state or rehabilitated to achieve current

standards. The airport will remain open throughout the rehabilitation works which are estimated to have

six to eight months duration. To achieve this target the construction works will be phased in a manner





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that will enable the aircraft currently using the airport to continue safe operation. Some planned closures

of the airport may be required to enable critical tie-in works to be performed.

• Land for the Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation Works

For this proposed phase of the Project no additional land take is required. All works shall be undertaken

within the current airport area on land under the ownership of the Zanzibar Airport Authority.

Mobilization Phase

• Site Preparation

Site preparation works are fairly minimal and are generally restricted to the removal of redundant

features and obstructions. Before re-surfacing can take place the existing degraded asphalt surfacing will

be removed from the existing apron and taxiways and transported to a storage area on site for processing

and stockpiling. This material is to be recycled and used later in the formation of hard shoulders adjacent

to the rehabilitated pavements.

Sources of Materials

The project will require various standard construction materials including gravel, aggregates, sand,

bitumen and water. Gravel will be obtained from Kwambani quarry which is about 30 km from Zanzibar

airport in Central district, South Region; Aggregate will be obtained from the mainland in Lugoba area in

Coast Region; Water will be extracted from two boreholes drilled at the airport area by the Current

Contractor M/s Sogea Satom and bitumen will be imported from abroad.

All construction materials required for the works will be obtained from authorised borrow pits and

quarries as designated above.

The effects of exploitation of materials from these sources will be mitigated through the restoration of

borrow pits and quarries after use. This will constitute levelling and reshaping of the area which will then

be seeded and/or planted in accordance with the local government (natural resources department)

requirements. If deemed to be appropriate the levelled and reshaped area will be left to allow vegetation

to naturally regenerate.

All construction equipment used at the borrow pit and quarry sites will be maintained in good working

condition and refuelling will take place in a controlled environment at the workshop or at the base camp.





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Where practical to do so the engines of plant and equipment that are not being operated will be switched

off.

All personnel at the quarries and borrow pits will be trained in the proper handling and storage of fuels

and contaminants and be instructed in appropriate clean-up methods

• Equipment and Machinery

The project will employ various standard construction equipments. The following are common

equipments which will be used by the Contractor during construction:

Table 2.1: Major Equipment to be used for Implementation of Project

S/N Type

Function Source (Hire, Contractor etc.)

1 Excavator Mobilization Contractor

2 Wheel loader Mobilization Contractor

3 Trucks Mobilization Contractor

4 Motor grader Mobilization Contactor

5 Excavator Construction Contractor

6 Wheel loader Construction Contractor

7 Trucks Construction Contractor

8 Motor grader Construction Contractor

9 Compactor Construction Contractor

10 Asphalt Plant Construction Contractor

11 Crusher Construction Contractor

12 Asphalt Paver Construction Contractor





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• Transportation

Materials from the local borrow pits will be transported by trucks to the site. Other imported materials

and most construction equipment will arrive at the docks and then be offloaded and transported to site

using suitable vehicles.

Construction materials will be transported along designated routes selected to minimise adverse effects

on communities. Road restrictions will be enforced, overloading will be avoided and friable materials will

be covered with tarpaulins during transportation.

Roads, particularly access and entry locations, will be doused with water and regularly cleaned to avoid

the build up of mud. Any damage caused to roads by equipment will be repaired

• Storage

In most instances materials will be used immediately after delivery. An on-site workshop and compound

area will be provided within the airport to undertake service, repair and maintenance activities, together

with facilities for the storage of other non-perishable materials and goods to be used in the construction

of the works.

• Construction Crew

The Construction crew shall comprise managers, skilled staff, semi-skilled staff and labourers.

Accommodation for the senior staff and most of the junior staff will be in appropriate sites within

Zanzibar town, with a few on-duty and security staff based on site in an adjacent on-site camp. Local

labourers and other unskilled staff will be accommodated within their normal residences in Zanzibar

town.

• Local Supplies and Services (food, medicals, fuel, water etc.)

Food and other domestic essentials will be obtained from the local suppliers. Medical facilities will be

provided by the local registered medical practitioner. Fuel will be supplied from local Zanzibar fuel

stations and water will be from boreholes for construction purposes and from Zanzibar Urban Water

Supply and Sewerage Authority for human use.





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2.2.3 Construction Phase

• Construction of Sub-base

The areas of sub-base for local widening of the apron and taxiways or reconstruction of taxiways as

required will be constructed in two layers utilising suitable site obtained and imported materials as

required. The new sub-base will be shaped, levelled and compacted to achieve the design profile.

• Construction of Base

The initial base shall comprise a layer of bituminous material of optimum thickness, which will be laid,

spread and compacted over the surface of the sub-base using normal construction practices.

• Construction of Base-Course and Wearing Course

The final paved surfacing of the existing apron and taxiways shall be comprise two layers bitumen

construction of specified thickness which shall overlay a bitumen regulating course (if required) of

varying thickness which will be laid on the existing prepared surface to achieve the required design

characteristics. The bitumen mixing process shall be accomplished using an asphalt mixing plant which

mixes a defined ratio of aggregates and bitumen together into a cohesive material. The asphalt mixing

plant may be placed on the quarry site or at the construction site.

2.2.4 Operation Phase

Upon completion of the works normal airport operations will resume and the main follow-on activities

related to the extended areas will only involve monitoring and periodic maintenance activities. The

Zanzibar Airport has an airport maintenance unit which operates under a technical manager.

2.2.5 Decommissioning Phase

Two scenarios that could arise in the future:

• Major rehabilitation and/or upgrading, which could involve dismantling and construction of a new

apron and taxiway; or

• Development of a completely new airport at a new site.





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2.3 Alternatives

In determining the alternatives available in connection with the proposed Rehabilitation of the Existing

Apron and Taxiways the following were considered:

• Cost of the project

• Works being accommodated within the existing airport boundaries

• Available technology

• International Standards

2.3.1 Cost of the Project

The Project proponent, the Airport Authority, have determined the need to rehabilitate the existing apron

and taxiways in order to maintain a safe and efficient operational environment for the current and

predicted future airport capacity at an optimum cost and without compromising international standards.

Therefore, alternative options being considered should allow the project proponent to invest an optimal

amount of resources with good investment return within the project life span. The issue of cost was given

high priority during consideration of various alternatives.

2.3.2 Works Accommodated Within the Existing Airport Boundary

The rehabilitation of the existing apron and taxiways shall be fully accommodated within the existing

Airport Boundary. Accordingly these proposed works do not require any destruction of indigenous

vegetation and/or habitat and do not require the relocation of any people living in the vicinity of the

airport.

2.3.3 Available Technology

The rehabilitation of the apron and taxiway may be constructed either using bituminous material (flexible

pavement) or by using concrete (rigid pavement). The selection of flexible pavement construction was

determined based on the availability of associated technical knowledge within the country, construction

cost and time implications, impact on airport operations, maintenance and durability. Bituminous

pavement is common construction material within Tanzania, and is widely used at other existing

airports. It is the most cost effective option and provides for ease of maintenance. Therefore, after analysis

of the various factors it was agreed that application of bituminous pavement is the most appropriate form

of construction for this project.





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2.3.4 International Standards

The economy in Zanzibar depends largely on tourism industry. Zanzibar International Airport is a key

point of entry and is required to be compliant with international standards as recognised by the

international civil aviation industry. The airport must be designed in such a way as to meet the

requirements of ICAO standards and pass an inspection by the civil aviation regulatory authority before

operation begins. Currently some services may not be available due to budget constraints, but provision

for such services should be made during design and they should be implemented in phases to ICAO

standards once Zanzibar Airport Authority has sufficient funds.





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3.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

Location, design, mobilisation, construction/installation, operation and decommissioning of the

proposed project components and associated support services will have both positive and negative

impacts on the ecological and social environment. Zanzibar International Airport Authority has

endeavoured to ensure that the project complies with relevant national policies, legislations and

standards in Tanzania. During project construction and operation consideration will also be given to the

international agreements and/or conventions to which Tanzania is a party.

3.1 Need for Environmental Impact Assessment

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one of the planning tools used to facilitate and promote

sustainable development, by integrating environmental consideration into the project decision making

process. It ensures that any unnecessary damage to the environment is avoided and optimises the use of

resources and management opportunities. Most sector policies and legislation recognise the importance

of environmental impact assessment and require one to be undertaken prior to the implementation of

development projects. The following sections will discuss the relevant policies and legislation to the

proposed project.

3.2 Policies

The following are relevant policies which provide direction on how to implement projects for which there

are environmental and socio-economic concerns. The project proponent will consult these policies in the

course of design and implementation.

3.2.1 National Environmental Policy (1997)

National Environmental Policy highlights sustainable development as its core concept. It states that

Tanzania is committed to sustainable development in the short, medium and long-term. Chapter 4,

Paragraph 64 of the NEP states that “It is in the context of an EIA regime that policy guidance on choices to

maximise long-term benefits of development and environmental objectives can be revealed and decided upon.

Environmental impact assessment as a planning tool shall be used to integrate environmental considerations in the

decision making process in order to ensure unnecessary damage to the environment is avoided”. The policy also

advocates public consultation in carrying out environmental impact assessment. Paragraph 66 states that

“One of the cornerstones of the environmental impact assessment process will be the institution of public





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consultations and public hearing in the environmental impact assessment procedures”. The policy recognises the

importance of protecting the environment through the use of environmentally sound technologies. By

carrying out this environmental impact assessment, the Government of Zanzibar and Airport Authority

have complied with the policy.

3.2.2 National Investment Promotion Policy (1996)

The National Investment Promotion Policy encourages the protection of the environment in line with the

country’s socio-economic policies. Under the policy, investors are required to undertake activities in a

manner that best contributes to consumer and environmental protection. The investors are also

encouraged to use local raw materials/components where possible. This environmental impact

assessment is undertaken to ensure that Zanzibar Airport Authority will abide to the relevant provisions

of the policy to ensure compliance with the development.

3.2.3 Tanzania Development Vision (2025)

The National Vision (2025) foresees the alleviation of widespread poverty through improved socio-

economic opportunities, good governance, transparency and improved public sector performance. These

objectives not only deal with economic issues, but also include social challenges such as education,

health, the environment and increasing the involvement of the people in working for their own

development. The aim of these objectives is to promote sustainable development. Rehabilitation of

Zanzibar Airport will contribute towards realisation of the Vision’s objectives.

3.2.4 National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001)

National HIV/AIDS policy provides the general framework for collective and individual response to the

HIV/AIDS pandemic, and clearly outlines the pertinent issues. Among many others, these include the

roles of various sectors, tasks for the prevention of HIV/AIDS, and care and support for those with the

disease.

3.2.5 National Transport Policy (2003)

National Transport Policy aims to enhance transport safety and environmental protection by taking steps

to review and update national legislation in transport operations and safety requirements.

3.2.6 National Land Policy (1996)

The National Land Policy advocates the protection of land resources from degradation for sustainable

development. Among other things the policy requires that project development should take due





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consideration of the land capability and ensure proper management of the land to prevent erosion,

contamination and other forms of degradation. Environmental impact assessment for this project is

intended to identify the potential adverse impacts and to propose means for mitigating them.

3.2.7 National Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction (2005)

The strategy is viewed as a means for channelling national efforts towards broadly agreed objectives. The

poverty reduction strategy is, to a large extent, an integral part of ongoing macro-economic and structural

reforms. Achieving the target of accelerated growth will require significant effort from different

stakeholders in order to enhance productivity and increase investment in both human and physical

capital.

3.2.8 National Water Policy (2002)

The National Water Policy is intended to protect water quality and to protect the major sources of water,

both surface and underground. Relevant to this project is the section on avoiding pollution of surface and

ground water. If polluted, storm water drainage may contaminate the Indian Ocean, which is very close

to the airport, although the project is not expected to require construction of new water sources or supply

systems.

3.2.9 National Employment Policy (1997)

The National Employment Policy identifies two categories of employment; wage employment and self

employment. This policy revisits the state of employment in the government, parastatal, private sector

and informal sector. Efforts by the government to promote employment since independence have also

been highlighted, together with the need for the employment policy at the present time. The National

Employment Policy promotes effective utilisation of available labour and natural resources. The objective

is to increase per capital income which in turn will reduce the state of poverty embracing the country.

3.2.10 World Bank Safeguards Policies

The World Bank has developed a series of safeguard policies to help staff promote socially and

environmentally sustainable development as well as to ensure that Bank operations do not harm people

and/or the environment. These safeguard policies include:





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1. Environmental Assessment OP 4.01

2. Natural Habitats OP 4.04

3. Forestry OP 4.36

4. Pest Management OP 4.09

5. Cultural Property OP 4.11

6. Indigenous Peoples OD 4.20

7. Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12

8. Safety of Dams OP 4.37

9. Projects on International Waters OP

7.50

10. Projects in Disputed Areas OP 7.60

In light of the airport rehabilitation project being undertaken wholly within the existing site boundaries

and primarily involving the rehabilitation of existing pavements it is consider that only the following

World Bank Operational Policy will apply:

• Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental

assessment of Bank lending operations, i.e. screening of the project to determine the appropriate

extent and type of EA process; classification of projects into one of four categories.

3.3 Legislation and Regulations

The following are relevant regulations and legislation which provide direction on how to implement

projects for which there are environmental and socio-economic concerns. The project proponent will

consult these legislations and regulations in the course of designing and implementation.

3.3.1 Environment Management Act, No. 20 of 2004

The Environmental Management Act (2004) introduces the concept that Tanzanians have a right to a

clean, safe and healthy environment and to access and use land for recreational, educational, health,

spiritual, cultural and economic purposes (Article 4(1) and (2)). The Act imposes an obligation on

developers to conduct an environmental impact assessment prior to commencement of the project in

order to determine the likelihood of there being a significant impact on the environment. Article 81 makes

EIA compulsory for all projects that fall under the EIA mandatory list (Schedule 3), which applies for this

project. The Act also requires that project developers undertake regular environmental audits of their

facility.





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3.3.2 Environmental Management for sustainable Development Act of Zanzibar, 1996

The Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act represents the framework for all

national objectives relating to environmental protection. The Act imposes an obligation on developers to

conduct an environmental impact assessment prior to the commencement of the project in order to

determine the likelihood of there being a significant impact on the environment.

3.3.3 EIA and Audit Regulations, 2005.

The first schedule of this regulation lists airport rehabilitation as one of the types of projects requiring an

environmental impact assessment. Since such a project is likely to have significant adverse effects on the

environment, an in-depth study is required to determine the scale, extent and significance of the impacts

and to identify appropriate mitigation measures. The regulation also provides procedures and guidelines

for carrying out environmental impact assessment in Tanzania. This EIA review has been carried out in

accordance with these regulations.

3.3.4 National Land Act (1999) and its Amendment (2004)

The National Land Act of 1999 provides for the basic law in relation to land outside of village land,

including the management of land, settlement of disputes and related matters. The Act lays down key

principles for occupying and using the land. Among them, is the requirement that any land user shall

ensure that land is used productively and that any such use complies with the principles of sustainable

development.

3.3.5 Village Land Act (1999)

The Village Land Act of 1999 grants the management and administration of village lands to Village

Councils, under the approval of the Village Assemblies. The Minister responsible for Lands is entitled to

decide on the amount of land that can be owned by a single person or commercial entity. Any person

who wrongfully obstructs or encroaches on the public right of way, and who does not remove that

obstruction or cease that encroachment in a specified time, commits an offence and is liable to a fine upon

conviction.

3.3.6 Land Acquisition Act (1967)

The Act gives the President the power to acquire any land where it is required for a public purpose. The

Act goes on to define the circumstances in which public interest could be invoked, e.g. for exclusive

government use, public use, for or in connection with sanitary improvement of any kind, for or in





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connection with laying out any new city, municipality, township or minor settlement or extension, or

improvement of any existing city.

Other purposes are in connection with development of any airfield, port or harbour; mining for minerals

or oils; for use by the community or corporation within community; or for use by any person or group of

persons to whom the President decides to grant such land. The acquisition of the land for the public right

of way as well as for the resettlement sites is within the provision of this Act. The Act also specifies other

requirements to be met prior to the acquisition of the land, including investigation of the land to be taken,

issuing of a notice informing of the intention to take the land, and requirements detailing the mode in

which notices will be served. The Act continues to define the requirements and restrictions relating to

compensation.

3.3.7 Mining Act No. 5 (1998)

This act provides for prospecting of minerals, mining and dealing in minerals. It also provides for

building materials including all forms of rock, stones, gravel, sand, clay, volcanic ash, cinder or other

minerals being used for the construction of buildings, roads, dams, and aerodromes or similar works.

The legislation makes environmental impact assessment mandatory as a precondition for granting

various types of mining licence.

Rehabilitation of Zanzibar airport will require materials from borrows pits and quarries. Acquisition of

these construction materials are all covered by this environmental impact assessment study and

respective licences will be acquired by the Contractors on behalf of Zanzibar Airport Authority.

3.3.8 Land Disputes Court Act. No.2 (2002)

Every dispute or complaint concerning land shall be resolved in the Court with jurisdiction in the given

area (Section 3). The Courts with jurisdiction include:-

(i) The Village Land Council

(ii) The Ward Tribunal

(iii) District Land and Housing Tribunal

(iv) The High Court (Land Division)

(v) The Court of Appeal of Tanzania.





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The Act gives the ward tribunals powers to resolve land disputes. If the ward tribunal fails to resolve the

dispute, the matter can be referred to the district land and housing tribunal as established by the Land

Act (1999). If any dispute will arise as a result of this project, the provision of this Act shall be observed.

3.3.9 Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003

This Act makes provisions for the safety, health and welfare of persons at work in factories and all other

places of work. The Act also protects against hazards to health and safety of other persons affected by the

activities of those at work. Sections relevant to the project activities include Part IV Section 43 (1) - Safe

means of access and safe working places; and Part V on health and welfare provisions, which includes

provision of a clean and safe environment for workers, sanitary conveniences, washing facilities and first

aid facilities. Section 50 deals with fire prevention issues.

Section 15 gives powers to the Registrar of factories and workplaces to enter any such site to perform his

duties as provided by the Act. Section 16 requires that factories and workplace should register with the

Registrar before commencing operations. Part VI deals with special safety provisions for workplaces

handling hazardous chemicals, employing hazardous processes or using hazardous equipment.

3.3.10 Water Resources Act of 2009

The Water Resources Act of 2009 is a new act that governs the management of water resources in

Tanzania mainland. It requires any development project within a water basin to be authorised by the

respective water basin officer. The Act protects the water sources from pollution by prohibiting

unauthorised discharges into water bodies.

3.3.11 Contractors Registration Amendment Act No. 15 of 2008

This Act provides some amendments to, or replaces some articles of, the Principal Act (No. 17 of 1997)

but does not supersede it. The Act establishes the Contractors Registration Board (CRB). CRB has the

authority to register contractors, to regulate the conduct of theses contractors and has authority in related

matters. Among other things CRB is required to take legal action against unregistered contractors who

undertake construction, installation, erection or alteration works. It is required to ensure that all

construction sites are adequately contained and that labour laws and occupational health and safety

regulations in the construction industry are adhered to. On executing its construction activities ZAA shall

therefore appoint a registered contractor and make sure that the provisions of the Act are complied with.





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3.3.12 Employment and Labour Relations Act No 6 of 2004

This Act guarantees fundamental labour rights and establishes basic employment standards. The Act

provides broad protection against discrimination. Specifically, the Act requires that employers "promote

equal opportunity in employment and strive to eliminate discrimination in any employment policy or practice". It

prohibits direct or indirect discrimination by employers, trade unions and employers' associations on a

number of grounds, including gender, pregnancy, marital status or family responsibility, disability,

HIV/AIDS and age. Harassment of an employee on any of these grounds is equally prohibited. The Act

also requires employers to take "positive steps" to guarantee women and men the right to a safe and

healthy environment.

3.3.13 Workman Compensation Act No. 20 of 2008

The Act provides for compensation of employees for disablement or death resulting from injuries

sustained or diseases contracted in the course of employment. It discusses the Workers’ Compensation

Fund for the administration and regulation of workers’ compensation and related matters.

The objectives of the Act are as follows:

a. Provide for adequate and equitable compensation for employees who suffer occupational injuries

or contract occupational diseases arising out of, and in the course of their employment and in the

case of death, for their dependants;

b. Provide for the rehabilitation of employees who have suffered occupational injuries or contracted

occupational diseases in order to assist in restoring their health, independence and participation

in society;

c. Provide for a framework for the effective, prompt and empathetic consideration, settlement and

payment of compensation benefits to employees and their dependants;

d. Provide for the establishment, control and administration of the Workers' Compensation Fund,

and the legal framework for contributions to and payments from the Fund;

e. Give effect to international obligations with respect to workers' compensation; and

f. Promote prevention of accidents and occupational diseases.

Part II of the Act establishes a Workers’ Compensation Fund into which employers are expected to remit

money for the purpose.





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3.3.14 Civil Aviation Act of 1977, Revised 2002

The Act details procedures and regulations for the construction and running of airports. It gives power to

the Director General of Tanzania Civil Aviation Authority to oversee civil aviation safety and procedures.

For example, section 13(a) of the Act gives the Director General the power to instruct the aerodrome

owner to begin, install, maintain, operate, repair and alter such works and equipment, in order to ensure

that such aerodromes are safe. Section 14 (1) of the acts states: “Any proprietor of an aerodrome shall

ensure that no person or animal trespass on any land forming part of an aerodrome licensed in pursuance

of the regulations made under this Act, and shall ensure that notices warning trespassers are posted so as

to be readily seen and read by members of the public”. By this section it is the duty of Tanzania Airport

Authority to ensure that the airport is safe and that no person or animals are trespassing.

3.3.15 Tanzania Bureau of Standards, Act No. 3 of 1975

The Tanzania Bureau of Standards is the designated national authority (TBS Act 1975) for developing all

kinds of national standards, including those relating to environmental matters. The National

Environment Management Act 2004, Part X enumerates the types of environmental standards to be

established, including water quality, discharge of effluent into water, air quality, control of noise and

vibration pollution, sub-sonic vibrations, soil quality, control of noxious smells, light pollution, and

electromagnetic waves and microwaves. Only nine compulsory environmental standards (those that

require compulsory compliance) have been developed so far. Relevant national environmental standards

(to a limited extent) include:

• TZS 860: 2005 Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters – General Tolerance Limits for Municipal

and Industrial Wastewaters. This standard provides permissible limits of important

environmental parameters such as BOD, COD, pH, colour, temperature range, total suspended

solids and turbidity. It also gives allowable limits of a range of inorganic and organic

components.

• TZS 845:2005 Air Quality – Specification. This standard gives permissible emission limits of

sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons (as total organic carbon), dust, nitrogen oxides

and lead.

• EMDC 2 (1758): Air Quality - Vehicular Exhaust Emissions Limits. This standard is mainly

derived from EU Directives 96/69/EC, 91/542/EC and 97/24/EC. This Tanzania Standard gives

permissible limits of some common substances found in exhaust emissions of motor vehicles,





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namely carbon monoxides, suspended particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen, and

hydrocarbons. The standard covers all types of vehicles, including passenger cars, light

commercial vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, and two and four stroke motorcycles and scooters.

• EMDC 6 (1733) P 2: ACOUSTICS - General Tolerance Limits for Environmental Noise. This

standard focuses on urban environmental noise, and does not cover occupational environment.

In the absence of other standards it may be used to give indication of permissible noise levels in a

factory/workshop environment.

3.3.16 HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act 2008

An act to provide for the prevention, treatment, care, support and control of HIV and AIDS by promoting

public health in relation to HIV and AIDS, including the provision of appropriate treatment, care and

support using available resources to people living with, or at risk from, HIV and AIDS.

3.3.17 Urban Planning Act 2007

The Urban Planning Act 2007 provides for the orderly and sustainable development of land in urban

areas, to preserve and improve amenities and to grant consent to develop land and the power to control

the use of land. The fundamental principles of urban planning include the environmental protection of

human settlements and ecosystems from pollution, degradation and destruction in order to ensure

sustainable development. Planning legislation, building regulations standards and other controls are

required to be consistent with the capabilities, needs and aspirations of the various sections of the

population. They should make serviced land available for shelter and human settlements development to

all the population including women, youth, elders, disabled and the disadvantaged.

3.3.18 Land Use Planning Act 2007

The Land Use Planning Act of 2007 provides procedures for preparation, administration and enforcement

of land use plans. The objective of land use planning includes the facilitation of efficiency and orderly

management of land use, promotion of sustainable land use practices and the establishment of a

framework for the prevention of land use conflicts within the society.

3.3.19 Explosive Act Cap.45 R.E 2002

The Explosive Act provides procedures and regulations for explosive activities. The fundamental

principle of the act is to provide protection for people and their properties from these activities.





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3.4 Institutional Aspects

The legal and administrative framework currently in force in Zanzibar relating to environmental

requirements is summarised in Figure 3.1. The "Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and

Environment" represents the highest environmental authority, which issues environmental laws. The

next governmental level is represented by the Commission of Lands and Environment (COLE). This is

subdivided into three departments: the Department of Survey and Urban Planning, the Department of

Lands and the Department of Environment. The Department of Environment is responsible for the

publication of concrete environmental policies and guidelines.

Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands

& Environment

COLE

Commission for Lands & Environment

Department of

Survey & Urban

Planning

Department of Lands

Department of

Environment

Figure 3.1: Environmental Legislation

The environmental impact assessment for the Rehabilitation of the Apron and Taxiways for Zanzibar

airport will be undertaken following procedures laid down in the Environmental Impact Assessment and

Audit Regulations, 2005 and expressed in the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development

Act of Zanzibar, 1996.





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4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE

4.1 Introduction

This chapter provides the relevant environmental, economic and social characteristics of the project core

area (site specific), and areas in the immediate vicinity of the airport (Chukwani Ward), as well as a broad

description of the area of influence (i.e. Unguja and Pemba Islands). The level of detail in the various

sections depends on the relationship between the project activities and the particular environmental or

socio-economic aspect. Information provided in this chapter will be used for impact identification,

evaluation and development of mitigation measures.

4.2 Administration

The location of the project is Kisauni Street in West District in Urban/West region. According to Zanzibar

administration the airport is located at the middle of the four wards (shea) of Kisauni, Chukwani,

Mombasa and Kiembe Samaki. The district commissioner is the head of local government and the

regional commissioner represents both local and central government.

4.3 Physical Environment

4.3.1 Topography

Zanzibar Airport is located on Unguja Island which is 6 degrees south of the equator. It is located in the

Indian Ocean some 40 kilometres east of the coast of the Tanzanian mainland. It extends 85 km north to

south and is 40 km at the widest point east-west. The island has a total area of 1,660 km2. The topography

of the island is generally low lying with some gently undulating hills. The highest areas of the island are

found in the central and western part, rising up to an elevation of about 123 m above mean sea level at

the Masingini Ridge. The airport is located about 7 km south of Zanzibar Town approximately midway

along the west coast of the island at latitude 06.13 degrees south and 39.13 degrees east, and has an

elevation of 16.5m. The general topography of this part of the Island is very flat and well suited for

airport operations. The airport lies between two main roads to the east and to the west, both connecting

to Zanzibar Town – the first is from Chukwani and the second is from Fumba. Coconut palms, baobab

and tamarisk trees are found in the vicinity of these main roads, together with collections of residential

areas. Near the airport there are small scattered fields where cassava and other ground fruits are

cultivated. The southern approach corridor to the airport runway is free of higher vegetation because of

air safety requirements.





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4.3.2 Climate and Hydrology

The Island’s climate is tropical and mainly oceanic, and is therefore predominantly warm and humid. The

island has over 2,000 hours of sunshine per year with annual mean temperatures ranging from 25oC to

29oC. The maximum annual temperature variation is 19oC to 30oC. The lower temperatures occur

between June and August and the higher temperatures between December and February. Relative

humidity ranges from 50% to 95% with a yearly average of about 64%. The mean annual rainfall is 1,600

mm with a large seasonal variation. The annual rainfall on the east coast is between 1,000 and 1,500 mm

and in the areas above 100 m it is over 2,000 mm. The average monthly precipitation ranges from about

40 mm to nearly 400 mm, with a minimum of 4 to 5 rainy days per month in June and July and up to 20

rainy days in April. The climate is characterised by two rainy seasons, the long rains in the months of

March to May and short rains in November and December. There are few creeks and small seasonal

rivers, with water flowing only during the rainy seasons.

4.3.3 Soils

The colours of the soils at the airport are largely dark reddish to brown. They are relatively friable due to

their sand content with varying proportions of silt. This soil is known locally as “Mchanga” soil and it is

found in about 20% of the island area. The soil cover or “topsoil” varies in thickness from approximately

0.1 m to 0.5 m in some areas, particularly in crevices where the coral rock is near the surface. The topsoil

is of good agricultural quality but because of the high sand content the water retaining properties are

poor.

4.3.4 Vegetation

The vegetation within the airport boundary is mainly grass, which is cut regularly, and shrub vegetation

in the immediate vicinity of the taxiway. In the areas outside the airport boundary, the vegetation

consists mainly of coconut palms and other indigenous trees, interspersed with scrub, bushes and small

scale cultivation.





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Fig 4.1: Vegetation Cover along the Airport Area

4.3.5 Geology

Within the fringe of quaternary reefs, the rocks of Zanzibar are predominantly Lower Miocene sands,

clays and reef limestone. Small outcrops of Pliocene rocks with a similar lithology rest on the eroded

surface of the Miocene rocks near the west coast. The central part of Unguja Island is composed of

Miocene masses consisting of clayey sand with subordinate limestone surrounded by alluvial terrain. The

extreme eastern and southern parts of the Island are of quaternary terrain, which is generally a low

spread of thinly vegetated reef limestone with small terrace features in several places. Deep drilling has

proved the sedimentary column to be of a depth of 4300 m and it is thought that it may even be deeper

than this. The north-south lineation of the physical features tends to reflect the subsurface geology of the

Island, which in turn is a natural continuation of the strong north-south trend of the structures on the

nearby mainland. These ridges of higher ground have a core of reefal limestone of the lower Miocene era

with the lower areas comprised of younger, reef limestones fringed by sedimentary limestone deposits.

The surface drift covering the Island varies from sand to a sandy loam soil. It is free draining and

generally thin.





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The site geology reflects closely the regional geology, with some minor aberrations due to localised

working of the soils, borrowing and quarrying. Grey/brown, fine sandy loam topsoil covers most of the

site and is 0.3 m to 0.4 m thick at the airport’s northern limits, thinning to around 0.1 m thick at the

southern end of the existing runway. South of this the topsoil gradually disappears, at which point there

are substantial surface outcrops of bedrock interspersed with areas where the topsoil cover is either very

thin or missing altogether. The subsoil underlying the topsoil varies in thickness from about 0.25 m to

about 1 m and tends to be deepest to the north and thinnest to the south and west of the site. The subsoil

contains substantial fragments of limestone and limestone boulders in places, particularly towards the

south of the site. The bedrock comprises calcareous limestone throughout the site. This lies at a depth of

about 1 m to 1.5 m at the north of the site, becoming closer to the surface at the west and south with

numerous surface outcrops south of the existing runway. Bedrock over most of the site consists of a fresh,

white, crystalline, hard and dense reef limestone with shell fragments. The crystalline rock grades

towards a smoother textured, finer grained limestone on the western fringes of the site, probably

representing sedimentary and organic deposits around the reef which forms the major part of the site.

Base rock throughout the area is fresh to slightly weathered, white/grey, crystalline to fine grained reef

limestone. In none of the trial pits was base rock found to be deeper than 0.9 m below the surface and, as

mentioned earlier, there are numerous surface outcrops. In particular there is one substantial surface

outcrop between the southern end of the runway and the southern perimeter fence, at about the same

level as the existing runway pavement. To the east of the projected runway centre-line and between 500

m and 1500 m from the threshold there are the remains of old borrow pit workings where the subsoil has

been totally removed. The exposed rock surface is quite irregular and soil thickness apparently varies

from less than 0.5 m up to about 2 m over relatively short distances. This is probably indicative of the area

as a whole.

4.3.6 Ground Water

Geological maps of the island indicate water-bearing quaternary coral formations. Large parts of the

island are therefore rich in ground water resources. The soils and materials investigations carried out by

SFS(I) Limited for the earlier airport works indicated that groundwater in the airport area is found at a

depth of approximately 12 m. The groundwater is contained in fresh water lenses, which are covered by a

large coral rock layer. Five trial pits were excavated to the south of the runway. These were excavated up

to 3 m deep, and remained unfilled for a few days. They did not indicate the presence of any ground

water, despite heavy and prolonged rainfall.





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4.3.7 Surface Water

There are no major watercourses in the vicinity of the airport site or in those locations which could be

used for the extraction of construction materials.

4.3.8 Animal Habitat

By its nature the airport is a large flat area and ground cover is low. The height of vegetation, particularly

near the runway approaches is controlled for safety reasons and is generally low. The grass surrounding

the runway is regularly cut and the general topography does not provide protection for animals against

predators. Therefore, the likelihood of animal populations being present is not high due to the lack of

protective screening. The presence of birds should also be discouraged due to the danger they present to

aircraft safety. A part of the airport area is unfenced, and neighbouring communities use the area for

feeding their livestock. This poses a potential risk that the animals may cross the runway or taxiway

while an aircraft is landing or taking off. It is also contrary to international safety standards of civil

aviation as described by ICAO.

Fig 4.2: Livestock within the Airport Compound





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4.4 Social Economic Characteristics

4.4.1 Demography

Zanzibar is populated by 981,754 people with an average annual population growth of 2.44%.

4.4.2. Housing

The nearest settlement to the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation Project is an

unplanned urban settlement divided into residential and faming plots located outside of the current

airport boundary fence line in the South East Corner of airport owned land. These houses are

constructed using concrete blocks and roofed using either roofing tiles or corrugated iron sheets. The

properties and farms in this unplanned settlement are not affected by the Rehabilitation of the Apron and

Taxiways proposed at this time.

4.4.3 Economic Activities

4.4.3.1 Agriculture

Parts of the residents of Chukwani ward are engaged in the mixed farming of bananas, cassava, sweet

potatoes and coconuts; the main cash crop grown is coconut.

Fig 4.3: Banana and Cassava farm in Chukwani Area





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4.4.3.2 Livestock Keeping

Livestock keeping in Chukwani ward is on a small scale and most of farming is for domestic purpose and

not commercial. The livestock kept includes cattle, goats, poultry and duck.

Fig 4.3: Livestock inside the Airport Boundary

4.4.3.3 Formal Employment

As the administrative headquarters of Zanzibar, residents of Chukwani are civil servants, self employed

and employed in the various public and private units.

4.5 Social Services

4.5.1 Education

A large portion of Chukwani people have received the mandatory primary education and most of them

aspire to continue onto higher education. There are both primary and secondary schools at Chukwani





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ward owned by the government, which accommodate a high percentage of Chukwani residents’ pupils.

There is also one privately owned primary and secondary school (Laurent Primary/Secondary School).

4.5.2 Water Supply

Zanzibar town is supplied with water by Zanzibar Water Supply and Sewerage Authority but due to the

scarcity of water within Zanzibar town it is only certain planned areas which are supplied. Within the

project area at Chukwani ward the source of water for the residences/community near the airport is from

wells constructed many years ago. There are no pumps to pump the water and so people use the

traditional method for collecting water from the well. Well depth increases during the dry season

Fig 4.4: One of the Wells at Chukwani Area

4.5.3 Energy

Zanzibar Town is supplied with electricity from the mainland, with the government owned utility firm

managing electric supply in Zanzibar. The main use for electricity in Zanzibar town is for domestic

purposes, offices, small industries, etc.





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4.5.4 Health

Health services in Zanzibar town can be obtained either at Mnazi Mmoja hospital, town clinics or a

private dispensary, all located within the Zanzibar town.





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5.0 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

5.1 Stakeholder Identification

The identification was based on the role and relevance of an organization, group or individual for the

proposed project. Some of the stakeholders, such as national and local authorities and experts, were pre-

determined based on the nature of the project. It was the Consultant’s initial proposal to have a public

meeting with the stakeholders of the project but because none of the persons living adjacent to the airport

are directly affected by the proposed Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiway the consultation

process comprised a series of one to one meetings with those residents living closest to the proposed

works. These meetings provided an opportunity for these residents to be informed of the proposed long

term development plans, be advised of the procedures to be put in place and the opportunity for them to

advise of any concerns or potential difficulties. The list of stakeholders identified and involved is

included in the next section.

5.2 Stakeholder Involvement

The ESIA study has been undertaken in a manner that ensures that issues raised by stakeholders are

taken on board during the planning process. This is in order to allow appropriate mitigation measures to

be determined and implemented wherever feasible with the project.

Below is a list of stakeholders involved in this Project:

• Zanzibar Airport Authority (Client)

• Department of Environment at the Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and

Environment

• Contractor currently on site carrying out the extension of the runway, M/s Sogea Satom

• Chukwani Ward leader (Shea) and Chukwani residents





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5.3 Stakeholders Concerns

5.3.1 Social Issues

1. Land Acquisition

No land areas outside of the current airport boundary are to be acquired for this proposed project. The

extent of the proposed works is restricted to the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways plus

associated facilities such as surface water outfalls and power supplies for aircraft ground lighting

2. Compensation Rates

These are not applicable as there is no requirement to acquire any land, buildings, crops or other facilities

in connection with the proposed current extent of works which are to be undertaken wholly within the

current airport boundary.

3. Compensation Period

The subject of compensation and period of payment is similarly not applicable in connection with the

proposed extent of works which are to be undertaken wholly within the current airport boundary and

involve the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways

4. Communication

A direct line of communication between stakeholders and the Airport Authority is required so that any

issues that arise can be promptly and efficiently dealt with.

5.3.2 Environmental Issues

1. Rehabilitation of Borrow Pits and Camp Areas

Borrow pits are often abandoned by Contractors after their use, creating a health and safety risk. The

Contract is required to ensure that all borrow pits will be rehabilitated, and authorisation should be given

to the ward leader (Shea) to follow up and make sure that this happens before decommissioning.

With regard to this Project all construction materials required for the works will be obtained from

authorised borrow pits and quarries and the effects of exploitation of materials from these sources will be

mitigated through the restoration of borrow pits and quarries after use. This will constitute levelling and

reshaping of the area which will then be seeded and/or planted in accordance with the local government





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(natural resources department) requirements. If deemed to be appropriate the levelled and reshaped area

will be left to allow vegetation to naturally regenerate.

All construction equipment used at the borrow pit and quarry sites will be maintained in good working

condition and refuelling will take place in a controlled environment at the workshop or at the base camp.

Where practical to do so the engines of plant and equipment that are not being operated will be switched

off.

All personnel at the quarries and borrow pits will be trained in the proper handling and storage of fuels

and contaminants and be instructed in appropriate clean-up methods

5.3.3 Technical Issues

1. Quality of Work

The construction work should be undertaken to international standards, in order for the parties involved

to receive value for money.

5.4 Outcome of Stakeholders Involvement

Each of the stakeholders consulted approved the implementation of the project subject to any

compensation (if deemed appropriate) that may arise being efficiently and properly processed and

promptly paid.





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6.0 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT

This chapter presents the identification, analysis and proposed mitigation of anticipated environmental

impacts or issues that are expected throughout the project cycle, i.e. during the planning phase,

mobilization / construction phase, operating and post-operation/decommissioning phase. For each

component and project phase the likely sources, nature and location of both negative and positive

impacts are identified – these depend to a large extent on the natural value of the area affected by the

project activities. The methodology for identification of impacts is discussed in Section 1 of this report.

Table 6-1 outlines the project activities and the corresponding environmental/social aspect that they

interact with. The table also highlights the potential impacts caused by the interactions, and their

significance. The proposed project is the Rehabilitation of the Existing Apron and Taxiways, being

undertaken wholly within the existing Airport boundary.

6.1 Site Selection Phase

The site selection phase presents the overall impacts of the project on the general natural environment at

the project area. The impacts are further analysed in subsequent phases and sections. In this instance such

issues as additional land-take and relocation of residents are not applicable. Thus main impacts relate to

natural factors and processes.

6.2 Design Phase

Main impact sources for the design phase relate to:

• Choice of best available techniques (BAT), technologies, and practices (to meet both Tanzania and

International Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) standards);

• Setting management procedures for handling and disposal of wastes, health & safety procedure;

• Planning for availability of adequate resources





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Table 6-1: Potential Impacts Associated with the Project

Aspect Project Phase Associated Activities Potential Impacts Significance


Construction

- Excavation and filling

- Quarrying and crushing

- Loading and hauling

- Levelling and compacting

- Increase in noise and vibration


equipment

Low


Construction





- Air pollution from engine

exhaust fumes Low


Construction





- Increase in particulate matter

from earthworks Low

Air quality Construction

- Sealing the taxiway and apron with asphalt

- Emission of noxious gases Low

Air quality Operation

- Landing and Takeoff of airplanes

- Maintenance and repair of apron, taxiway

and airport infrastructure

- Air pollution from engine

exhaust fumes and asphalt

plant

Low

Air quality Operation - Landing and Takeoff of airplanes - Increase in noise and vibration Moderate

Surface Water Construction - Abstraction of water

- Lowering underground water

level

Moderate

Surface Water Construction

Access of vehicles and pumping equipment

to water sources for abstraction

- Hydrocarbon (Fuel and Oil)

contamination

-

Moderate





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Aspect Project Phase Associated Activities Potential Impacts Significance

Surface Water Operation

- Storm water management

- Increase in surface runoff Moderate


- Storm water management

- Transporting pollutant on

airfield to water bodies

Low


Construction

- Excavation and relocation of earth material

- Exposed uneven ground

- Mixing soils

- Degradation at points of

source of construction

materials

Low

Land

Mobilisation,

Construction and

Operation

- Maintenance and repair of equipment

- Hydrocarbon contamination Moderate

Land

Mobilisation,

Construction and

Operation

- Poor waste management - Reduced aesthetic quality

- Land contamination

Moderate

Vegetation Mobilisation and

Construction

- Clearing areas for acquisition of earth

construction materials

- Clearing roads for access

- Loss of vegetation Low

Community

Mobilisation,

Construction and

operations

- Construction equipment traffic

- Airplane landing and takeoff

- Accidents Moderate

Community Construction and

Operation

- Social interaction between construction

crew, visitors attracted by airport and the

community

- Transmission of diseases in

particular STDs

- Social conflicts

Moderate





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7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Introduction

The Environmental Management Plan (Table 7-1) provides a method for implementation of the identified

mitigation measures. Zanzibar Airport management team shall be responsible for overall implementation

of this Plan. The Airport management and design consultant shall implement components related to

design. The Contractor shall execute parts relevant to mobilization and construction/rehabilitation.

Airport management shall be responsible for overall implementation of the ESMP in collaboration with

other stakeholders as appropriate. An Environmental Control Officer (ECO) shall be designated to make

day-to-day follow ups (e.g. supervision and liaising with stakeholders). The estimated costs for

implementing the mitigation measures are approximate and appropriate bills of quantities should clearly

give the actual figures. Costs associated with the project should be accommodated as items in bills of

quantities (BOQ).

7.2 Institutional Capacity

1. The Project Proponent: Zanzibar Airport Management

Implementation of the ESMP is solely the responsibility of the project proponent. Zanzibar Airport

management team shall supervise and monitor parts of the project implemented by the Contractor, being

a fully developed government institution with requisite experience in aviation infrastructure

development and operations, has management with the ability to provide the necessary supervisory

oversight to ensure the mitigation measures are implemented. The ESMP highlights some of the routine

activities undertaken by Zanzibar Airport management which will not be addressed by this project, and

hence the costs associated with these activities are not included. These activities will need to be

implemented by the airport management using other resources, but it is imperative that they are put into

practice in order to not jeopardize the airport expansion efforts.

2. Environmental Control Officer (ECO)

Zanzibar Airport management shall designate among its staff the ECO to provide the day-to-day

supervisory role during the entire project period. The ECO shall coordinate the execution of the various

activities detailed in the ESMP. The ECO shall be the main contact person on all environmental and social

matters related to the project and shall maintain contacts with officials in the various relevant ministries,

departments and agencies, both central and within the Local Government Authority.





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3. Consultant (M/S Sir Frederick Snow (International) Limited)

The Consultant shall ensure that those mitigation measures to be incorporated in the designs are carried

out before implementation of the project.

4. Contractor

The Contractor shall ensure that those mitigation measures to be implemented during mobilisation and

construction are attended to. The Contractor shall designate among its staff /appoint a new officer to act

as the Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO). This person will be responsible for ensuring that the

environmental and social management mitigation measures are carried out during the contract period.

5. Roles of the Environmental Liaison Officer

Once the Environmental Liaison Officer has begun to fulfil their duties, they shall be:

• Main contact person on all environmental and social matters related to the project. They shall be

in contact with officials in the various relevant ministries, departments and agencies, both central

and within the Local Government Authority and other service providers.

• Establish procedures, contracts, memorandum of understanding (MOU), where applicable, for

interaction with authorities and local communities.

• Responsible for keeping a record of materials and equipment used and actions performed. They

shall also produce reports on these matters (environmental monitoring and reporting).

• In charge of logging and dating all complains/conflicts/disagreements with details of the

persons involved and the subject matter.

• Coordinating the necessary studies and inspections of environmental performance (self-audits).





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Table 7-1: Proposed Project Mitigation and Management Actions

Aspect Project Phase Potential Impacts Mitigation/ Management Option Responsible Budget

Air quality

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Increase in noise and vibration


equipment


provide hearing protection to construction crews

2. Adherence to machinery maintenance schedule

3. Schedule the work in such a way that heavy pieces

of equipment producing high levels of noise are not

operating at the same time

- Contractor

Included for in the

Priced Tender

Air quality

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Air pollution from engine exhaust

fumes


and use of good quality fuel and lubricants - Contractor

Included for in the

Priced Tender

Air quality

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Increase in particulate matter from

earthworks

5. Application of dust suppression, in particular by

using water and limiting the speed of vehicles

6. Provision of dust masks to construction crews

- Contractor Included for in the

Priced Tender

Air quality

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Emission of noxious gases from

asphalt machine

7. Localised impact that is mainly occupational, so

provide gas mask protection to construction crews.

- Contractor Included for in the

Priced Tender

Air quality Operation Air pollution from engine exhaust

fumes and asphalt plant



- Aircraft operators

- Airport

management team

Included for in

Current

Maintenance

Budget

Air quality Operation Increase in noise and vibration

9. The effects diminish with distance so ensure

adequate buffer between airport and residential

areas

10. Provide hearing protection to airport ground crews

11. If possible restrict air traffic to daytime hours

- Airport

management team

Incorporated with

the Design and part

of Current

procedures





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Surface Water Construction Lowering underground water

capacity

12. Determine daily water requirement and request for

abstraction from relevant authority

13. Avoid unnecessary water consumption habits

- Consultant

- Contractor

Included for in the

Priced Tender

Surface Water Construction Hydrocarbons (Fuel and Oil)

contamination

14. Proper maintenance and repair of water collection

trucks and equipment

15. Place pump motor and vehicle away from

river/water flow channel and use clean sump pipe

16. Train employees of spill management and provide

spill kits

- Contractor site Included for in the

Priced Tender

Surface Water Operation Increase in surface runoff

17. Provide and construct storm water drains with

adequate capacity to drain all excess water from the

airport for a storm of 1 in 10 year frequency.

18. Direct storm water spillway appropriately so as to

not cause flooding in the nearby

community/surroundings

19. Clean and maintain the storm channels

- Consultant

- Consultant

- Airport

management team

Included in Design

and allowed for in

the Priced Tender


Transporting pollutant on airfield

to water bodies

20. Good housekeeping of airport grounds

21. Provide a silt trap at the storm channel spillway

22. Ensure water from fuel passes through an oil-water

separator prior to being disposed of or directed to

waste water treatment system

- Airport

management team

- Consultant

- Airport manager

Included in the

Design and allowed

for in the Price

Tender





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Land

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Exposed uneven ground

23. Level area to fit in with the natural gradient of the

surroundings.

24. Restoration of the borrow pits/quarries after use,

including levelling the area and seeding or planting

of trees and/or grasses.

- Contractor

- Consultant

Included in the

Design and allowed

for in the Price

Tender

Land

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Hydrocarbon contamination

25. Proper maintenance and repair of equipment at

designated areas


spill kits

- Contractor

Allowed for in the

Priced Tender

Land

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Reduce aesthetic quality

Land contamination


disposal procedure in accordance with recognized

standards

- Contractor

- Consultant

Allowed for in the

Priced Tender

Land Operations Hydrocarbons contamination

28. Proper maintenance and repair of equipment at

designated areas


spill kits

- Airport

management team

Part of current

Maintenance

Regime

Land Operations Reduce aesthetic quality

Land contamination


disposal procedures in accordance with recognized

standards

- Airport

management team

Part of current

Maintenance

Regime

Vegetation

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Loss of vegetation

31. Limit clearing to core project areas

32. Rehabilitate and create conditions to stimulate

natural growth and/or re-vegetate

- Contractor

- Consultant

Included in the

Design and allowed

for in the Price

Tender





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Community

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Accidents

33. Limit access to project area to authorised personnel

only

34. Provide health and safety training to all project

personnel

35. Provide personal protective equipment

36. Limit project vehicle speed when hauling materials

- Contractor

- Consultant

Allowed for in the

Priced Tender

Community

Mobilisation

and

Construction

Transmission of diseases in

particular STDs

Social conflicts

37. Provide HIV, STDs and social awareness education

to contractor personnel and local community

38. Priority of hiring should be given to local residents

- Contractor site

manager

- West District

Commissioner’s

office HIV and AIDS

Coordinator

Allowed for in the

Priced Tender

Community Operations Accidents

39. Demarcate airport boundaries and construct

perimeter fence

40. Implement airport facilities access procedure

- Airport Management

Team

Currently being

actioned





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8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

Environmental and social monitoring plan (Table 8.1) details the application of the Environmental

Management Plan, as well as dealing with unplanned or unforeseen issues which need to be mitigated.

Details of the parameters to be monitored have been considered along with costs estimates and the

responsible institution(s). Table 8.1 summarises the key environmental and social monitoring issues

associated with the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation Project.





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Table 8.1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING PLAN

Aspect

Project Phase

Parameter

Location

Frequency

Responsibility

Cost

Air Mobilisation and

Construction

• Total Suspended Particulates

(TSP),

• SOx,

• NOx, CO and CO2

• Noise level

Project area Monthly - Contractor

- Consultant Project Cost

Water Mobilisation and

Construction

• Total Suspended Solids (TSS),

• Oil and Grease,

• BOD5

Project area Monthly - Contractor

- Consultant Project Cost

Waste Mobilisation and

Construction

Amount in weight of waste

generated per category

Project area Bi weekly

- Contractor

- Consultant

Project Cost

Health, Safety

and

environment

Mobilisation and

Construction Number of incidents Project area Daily

- Contractor

- Consultant

Project Cost

Air Operations

• Total Suspended

Particulates (TSP),

• SOx,

• NOx, CO and CO2

• Noise level

Project area Quarterly Airport Manager Project Cost

Water Operations

• Total Suspended Solids

(TSS),

• Oil and Grease,

• BOD5

Project area Quarterly Airport Manager Operations Cost





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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________47

Aspect

Project Phase

Parameter

Location

Frequency

Responsibility

Cost

Waste Operations

Amount in weight of waste

generated per category

Project area Bi weekly Airport Manager Operations Cost

Health, safety

and

environment

Operations Number of incidents Project area Daily Airport Manager Operations Cost





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9.0 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

9.1 Financial Cost Benefit Analysis to the Company

Cost-benefit analysis is normally undertaken during the feasibility study of an activity. The aim of cost-benefit

analysis is to inform and assist the project developer in making a decision on:

• Whether it makes economic sense to continue with the project;

• Whether the chosen option is cost effective;

• The estimate of the size of a project.

In this project the costs of the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation and Upgrading Project will

include:

• Capital expenditure;

• Operating and maintenance costs;

• Staff costs;

• Materials;

• Research and development; and

• Environment, health and other social costs.

Benefits may include:

• Potential for additional revenues generated from new resources;

• Protection of environment and health; and

• Provision of other social benefits.

9.2 Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable Benefits to Communities

There will be direct and indirect benefits to the communities as follows:

a) The project will employ about 100 personnel for the construction and about 20 personnel for the

airport operation. The majority of the non-skilled labourers will be recruited from the communities

around the project. A reasonable number of skilled staff will also be recruited from within Tanzania.





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b) Through taxes to the government, Zanzibar Airport will be indirectly contributing to development

projects such as roads, medical care and education services.

c) The rehabilitation of the airport will attract a higher number of aircraft, increasing business

opportunities and revenue generated in the area.

9.3 Quantifiable and Non-Quantifiable Benefits to Government

The Government of Zanzibar will directly benefit from taxes collected from passengers, and both foreign and

local people will invest in the region. Apart from tax generation, this investment will also enhance the

economic growth and ancillary private sector development through operations and activities associated with

the airport. The image of the government in the investment sector will be improved both nationally and

internationally, which may increase interest from other local and foreign investors and ensure continued

economic growth.

9.4 Possible Costs to Communities

The proposed airport improvements will only have limited social and environmental impacts on individuals

within the local communities. These have been described clearly in chapters 6 to 8. However, Zanzibar Airport

management team is committed to mitigating any negative impacts.

9.5 Possible Costs to Government

Zanzibar Airport is a government institution and in this project it is representative of the government.

Therefore, any environmental and social impact identified in chapters 6 to 8 will be of direct cost to the

government.

9.6 Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis

Environmental cost benefit analysis is assessed in terms of the negative versus the positive impacts. The

analysis considers whether or not impacts can be mitigated and assesses whether these mitigation costs are

reasonable. As it has been mentioned in chapters 6 to 8, the potential benefits of the project, in terms of

financial and social benefit, are significant. When compared to the required investment the financial resources

needed to mitigate negative effects are relatively small.





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9.7 Social Economic Cost Benefit Analysis

The availability of a modern airport in the region is expected to accelerate social economic development.

Several government initiatives, including the attraction of foreign and local investors to the region, cannot be

realised without such a mode of transport. If such transport is established it can be expected that a higher

number of investments will be made, creating more employment for the communities involved.





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10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1 Conclusions

The Environmental Impact Assessment (Environmental Issues) Study has been completed in accordance with

Tanzanian Legislation, including the Environmental Management Act (2004), Environmental Management for

Sustainable Development Act (1996) and the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit regulations (2005).

The Environmental Studies Team has carried out field surveys to collect data relating to environmental and

social issues, and have discussed the environmental issues and proposed mitigation measures for the

rehabilitation and upgrading project with government officials. The team also consulted the Chukwani

residents and their representatives in order to take into account their views and requirements throughout the

project. This also enabled the consulting team to gain more insight into local conditions surrounding the

project site.

The Environmental Impact Assessment Report has identified a number of potential positive and negative

impacts and other residual issues relating to the proposed rehabilitation of the apron and taxiway at Zanzibar

Airport. These issues and impacts have been described and assessed in detail in order to gain an adequate

understanding of the possible environmental effects of the project, from site selection to decommissioning.

This is so that appropriate mitigation measures can be devised if required, in order to combat negative

impacts. The Environmental Management Plan details the method for implementing such mitigation

measures, although the costs are just estimates produced by the Consultant who has used informed judgement

to come up with the figures.

The study concludes that the project has only a limited impact on the environment and is socially acceptable,

subject to the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan as

proposed in chapter 8 and 9.

10.2 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment exercise and supplementary information, it is

recommended that the project proponent (Zanzibar Airport Management Team) should implement the

Environmental Management Plan. This plan provides guidelines on managing impacts and monitoring

performance. In addition to the Environmental Management Plan, it is recommended that Zanzibar Airport

Management should appoint an Environmental Control Unit which will be responsible for monitoring the

application of the plan, as well as dealing with the mitigation of unforeseen issues.





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While a number of environmental impacts have been identified and assessed, after mitigation none of these

are considered to be of a severity that would prevent the further planning, design and construction of the

proposed development. Sir Frederick (International) Snow Limited of the United Kingdom is of the opinion

that the environmental impacts identified may be lessened. If implemented, the proposed Environmental

Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan will safeguard the integrity of the environment.





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REFERENCES:

1. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, Commission of Land Use and Environment in the

Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy, Lands and Environment; National Land Use Plan,

NLUP_S.0l Planning Policies and Proposals, Zanzibar (1995) and National Land Use Plan,

NLUP_S.02 Appraisal: Analysis of Potentials and Issues, Zanzibar (1995)

2. Zanzibar Government Gazette, Vol.1 no. 5743 (1997): Environmental Management for Sustainable

Development Act, Zanzibar

3. Commission for Lands and Environment, Department of Environment; An Environmental Policy

and Programme for Zanzibar (1991)

4. Ministry of Communications and Transport; Feasibility study for the rehabilitation of Kidimni -

Kitope, Kitundu - Ndagaa, and Machui Ring roads in Unguja (1998)

5. Ministry of Works- Environmental Assessments and Management Guidelines for Road Sector,

December 2004.

6. Ministry of Water and Livestock Development: National Water Policy July 2002.

7. National Environment Management Council: Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment

Procedure and Guidelines

Volume 1: General EIA Guidelines and Procedures

Volume 2: Screening and Scoping Guidelines

Volume 3: Report Writing Guidelines and Requirements

Volume 4: Review and Monitoring Guidelines

Volume 5: General Checklist of Environmental Characteristics

8. United Republic of Tanzania: National Environmental Policy (NEP) 1997.

9. United Republic of Tanzania: The Environmental Management Act 2004.

10. United Republic of Tanzania: The Mining Act 1998.





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11. United Republic of Tanzania; Land Act 1999

12. United Republic of Tanzania; Land Act 1999 (Act No 4 of 1999), the Land Regulations 2001,

Subsidiary Legislation (Suppl. No. 16 of 4th May 2001)

13. United Republic of Tanzania, Highway Ordinance 1969

14. United Republic of Tanzania; Land Regulations 2001

15. United Republic of Tanzania; Village Land Act 1999.

16. United Republic of Tanzania, Tanzania Country Study on Biological Biodiversity. Vice Presidents

Office, UNEP, June 1998.

17. United Republic of Tanzania; Report of the Presidential commission of Enquire into Land Matters,

Volume 1; 1992.

18. The Land Acquisition Act of 1967

19. United Republic of Tanzania: National Environment Action Plan (NEAP 1994)

20. The National Land Policy (1996)

21. Transport Policy (2002)





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ANNEXES





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ANNEX I-REQUIREMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT SECTORS

Table A1 below indicates the different kinds of natural resources/systems that the different development

sectors require as raw materials or support services to maintain sustained production. It has not been

possible to work out the exact amounts that are currently available (resource base), quantities that are

actually being used or the future needs. This is down to a lack of information about the resources and

ecosystems, and the extent and trends of their utilisation. Drawing from the table, the different sectors are

currently dependent on resources which could be limited in the long-term. In line with the Tanzania

growth strategy, the government is proposing/implementing aggressive industrial growth and other

economic development strategies in a bid to become a middle-income country by 2025. At the current

levels of economic growth (about 5% annually), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contribution from

environmental products and services and natural resources will need to increase, and the pressures on

the resources and environment will collate with this economic output.





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Table: A1 Natural Resources Required by Different Development Sectors

Fisheries Sector (marine and freshwater)

Inshore, prawn, offshore

Forestry Sector

Mangrove and coastal forests (upland)

• Fish stocks

• Inter-tidal areas (fishing grounds)

• Fishing grounds (deep waters)

• Mangrove areas (breeding/nursery areas)

• Land (for infrastructure, markets)

• Beaches (landing site)

• Fuel-wood

• Poles

• Timber

• Non–forested areas (reforestation)

Agriculture Sector

Rain-fed subsistence, Rain-fed large scale,

Irrigation

Aquaculture Sector

Fauna: large scale (shrimp); small scale

(crabs, shrimp, finfish, oysters)

Arable land

Wetland

Fresh water

Tourism Sector

Infrastructure Recreational Souvenirs

� Land (reclaimed)

� Land (infrastructure)

� Inter-tidal areas

� Beaches (landing sites)

� Fresh water

� Brackish water

� Stock (natural recruitment)

� Natural seeds

Industry Sector

� Fresh water

� Land

� Seafood, meat from wildlife

� Sporting grounds

� Beaches

� Pristine habitats

� Marine species (shells, trophy etc.)

� Fresh water

� Land

� Non-forested mangrove areas

Energy Sector

Gas and oil (exploration & exploitation)

Hydropower

Urban Development

� Fresh water

� Land (processing + transmission)

� Marine ground (Benthos)

Wildlife Sector

� Land

� Water

� Land

� Food (seafood + agriculture)

� Water

� Fuel-wood

� Beaches

� Inter-tidal areas (water sporting)





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ANNEX II-TERMS OF REFERENCE

1. Introduction

During scoping, consultations with stakeholders and the review of literature relating to the project

identified several key environmental issues. The outcome of the scoping exercise is the Scoping Report

which is the basis of the draft Terms of Reference.

The purpose of Terms of Reference (TOR) therefore, is to provide formal guidance to the Proponent or

EIA Consultant of the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation Project on the range of issues

that must be addressed in the EIA process. They form the basis for subsequent review process. In these

Terms of Reference, strategies for addressing the issues identified during scoping have been incorporated

in order to make the Environmental Impact Assessment focused

2. Objectives of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study

Construction and rehabilitation of the airport are included in the mandatory list of project activities that

are required to develop full EIA by the Environmental Management Act No. 20, 2004. Part IV of EIA

regulations G.N. 349 of 2005 provides the general objectives for carrying out an EIA, including:

• To ensure that environmental considerations are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the

development decision making process.

• To anticipate and avoid, minimise or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and

relevant effects of development proposal.

• To protect the productivity and capacity of natural ecosystems and ecological processes which

maintain their functions.

• To promote development that is sustainable and optimises resources use and management

opportunities.

Consequently, Zanzibar Airport Authority will undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment so as to

translate the principles of sustainable development and environmental protection into strategies and

actions to be practically applied in the Zanzibar Airport Apron and Taxiway Rehabilitation project.





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The objectives of the EIA are:

• To establish information regarding both the natural and built environment including the

socio-economic conditions of the proposed project area.

• To identify, predict and evaluate foreseeable impacts of the proposed investment, both beneficial

and adverse.

• To develop mitigation measures that eliminate or minimise the potential negative impacts and

promote positive ones.

• To develop management clauses and monitoring aspects to be observed during project

implementation.

These requirements clearly present a challenge to carry out environmentally friendly activities in

Zanzibar Airport and associated areas in Zanzibar Town.

3. Description of the Project









The airport constitutes a single 3022 x 45 m width runway, a taxiway and aprons all of bitumen standards

and a terminal building. Currently construction works are ongoing at the airport involving the

rehabilitation and expansion of the existing runway by 565 m.

4. Scope of Work.

The EIA shall be conducted in accordance to the guidelines laid down by the Environment Management

Act (EMA, 2004) and Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act (1996). The main

steps to be followed by the Consultant in the Environmental Impact Assessment will involve:

Identifying, collecting and analyzing information which includes:

• Project characteristics and activities;

• Data regarding the environmental and socio-economic setup;





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• Predicting impacts;

• Evaluating impact significance;

• Identifying and proposing mitigation measures;

• Preparing the Management and Monitoring Plan and Follow up; and

• Presenting the information which involves writing an Environmental Impact Assessment

Statement (EIAS).

5. The Consultant shall carry out the following tasks:

5.1. Stakeholders Consultations

Consultations with stakeholders have been undertaken in this scoping stage of the EIA. The main

stakeholders and their concerns are detailed in chapter 5. The Consultants shall continue this further

during the impact study.

5.2. Baseline Data and Information

5.2.1 Study area

In order to assess all key issues relating to the project, the study area should be wider than just the airport

area were many of the project facilities and services will be located. Some of the impacts may have local,

regional or national implications. The Consultant shall further determine and set the project boundaries,

particularly spatial boundaries (i.e. impact area coverage and area of influence).

5.2.2 Description of the project

The Consultant shall give details of:

• Location of all project-related development and operation sites;

• General layout of the airport, design basis, size, capacity;

• Pre-construction activities and construction activities;

• Organisational relationships, mandates and interactions among the different parties to be involved

in the project.





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5.2.3 Description of the Environment

The Consultant shall:

• Provide a general description of the project environment and sources of information for anyone

requiring a more extensive description (especially the EIA reviewers);

• Identify those features that are particularly important in the project area;

• Provide maps at appropriate scales to illustrate the surrounding areas likely to be

environmentally and socially affected.

• Identify areas that require special attention during project implementation. The areas may

present unique or sensitive geomorphologic characteristics, biotopes, or species.

The Environmental Impact Assessment shall specifically focus on these ecological components to ensure

that the proposed development does not harm the well being of these characteristics.

6. Legislative and Regulatory Considerations.

The scoping report will identify some of the relevant policies and legislation governing environmental

quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas and endangered species, land use control etc. The

Consultant shall describe how applicable the identified regulations and standards are in relation to the

project activities.

7. Impact Assessments

Listed below are tasks to be undertaken by the Consultant during EIA, using the data and information

collected. The extent to which each will be undertaken will depend on the issues identified during

scoping. The Consultant will aim to balance the tasks in order to achieve the described objectives of the

EIA. To avoid ambiguity in the impact assessment (identifying potential impacts, relevant environmental

factors and mitigative measures) the Consultant shall make use of the checklist covering the major areas

of impact as provided for in the EIA guidelines.

Task 1: Identification and Prediction of Impacts.

Under this activity the Consultant shall:

• Identify issues and concerns in order to find suitable remedies;

• Identify links between project components and the issues;

• Identify where project activities or elements have a direct social or environmental effect;





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• Identify indirect impacts of the project on the environment;

• Identify cumulative impacts that may be anticipated;

• Identify residual impacts, if any;

• Predict probability, magnitude, distribution and timing of expected impacts;

Task 2: Estimation of the Significance of the Impacts.

The consultant shall:

• Determine which environmental aspects are most likely to be affected by the project, or its

alternatives;

• List issues raised by the public and classify them according to the level and frequency of concern

whenever possible;

• List regulatory standards, guidelines etc. that need to be met; and

• Rank predicted impacts in order of priority for avoidance, mitigation, compensation and

monitoring.

Task 3: Development of Management Plan to Mitigate Negative Impacts, and Development of

Monitoring Plan.


• Determine appropriate measures to avoid or mitigate undesirable impacts;

• Assess and describe the anticipated effectiveness of proposed measures;

• Ascertain regulatory requirements and expected performance standards;

• Determine and assess methods for monitoring impacts in order to predict the effectiveness of

remedial measures;

• Determine and assess methods to identify early warning signs of unexpected effects;

• Re-assess project plans, design and project management structure;

• Describe follow-up scheme and post-project action plan for achieving EIA objectives; and





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• Assess the level of financial commitment by the project proponent for the management and

monitoring plan, and follow-up activities.

In proposing mitigation measures the Consultant shall consider principles of cost effectiveness, and make

estimates of the price of these improvements. The assessment will include a detailed plan for monitoring

the effects of the project and implementation of the mitigation measures during construction and

operation.

Task 4: Identification of Institutional Needs to Implement Recommendations.

The Consultant shall review the institutional set-up - community, ward, district/ regional and national

levels - for implementation of the Management and Monitoring Plans recommended in the

environmental assessment. The assessment shall identify who should be responsible for what and when.

Task 5: Drawing Recommendations.


• Highlight key concerns and considerations associated with the acceptance and implementation of

recommended actions;

• Determine resources requirements for the implementation of recommendations;

• Determine the capacity and resourcefulness of the Client in meeting such commitments;

• Explain the basis for the proposed developments and the benefits and costs as compared to the no-

project option;

• Determine the degree of public acceptance of or the reaction to recommendations.

Task 6: Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

The result of the assessment shall be an EIS focusing on the findings, conclusions and recommended

actions, supported by the data collected. This shall be a concise document limited to the significant

environmental issues.

Task 7: Review

Review of the submitted report may require further input (data collection, consultation inputs etc.). The

consultant shall take measures to provide the extra information required until the project review is

satisfactorily concluded.





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8. People’s Participation

The assessment shall establish the level of consultation with the affected stakeholders before the project is

designed, and the level of involvement in the running and maintenance of the project facilities, as this is

an important aspect for both environmental and project sustainability.

The assessment will provide a framework:

• For coordinating the Environmental Impact Assessment with other government agencies;

• For obtaining the views of affected groups, and for keeping records of meetings and other

communication, with comments on their disposition.

A ‘People’s Participation’ report will be prepared as part of the EIS, separate from the socio- economic

and cultural impact report, which deals with the Consultant’s interpretation of issues.

9. Study Team

The Consultants shall deploy consultants/experts with demonstrable practical experience in conducing

EIA studies. These experts will have specific experience in civil works, ecology and sociology.

10. Reporting and Report Presentation

The final draft of the EIS document should be very well presented and of an international standard.

11. Records of Meetings

The Consultants shall provide a record of the names of organizations, governments, departments and

individuals whose views will be considered. The record will also provide a description of the views and

information that will be obtained.

12 References

The objective of this section is to identify and record the written materials used in the study. This is

extremely important because some of the material used as background information may be in

unpublished form, and yet it may be necessary that these are available.





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ANNEX III – CURRICULUM VITAE CONSULTANTS

Name of Firm : Belva Consult Limited

Name : Jones Lukaza

Profession : Civil Engineer

Date of Birth : 25 October, 1970

Years with Firm : 5

Nationality : Tanzanian

Years of experience : 10

Membership of Professional Societies: Engineering Registration Board (ERB); Registered as Consulting

Engineer.

Key Qualifications

Mr Lukaza Jones is a qualified Civil Engineer with expertise and experience in Water Supply and

Sanitation, Structural Engineering, Highway Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Construction

Management and Contract Management. His experience involves working in various small and large -

scale infrastructures projects, ranging from feasibility study to supervision level supported by both local

and international funding agencies.

He has a sound background in preparation of development plans for various development projects and

infrastructural services. In the Environmental Management field he has extensive experience in carrying

out Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and preparation of Environmental Management Plans

(EMPs), Environmental Risk Assessments and Environmental Auditing for various development

projects. These range from highways and roads, gas to electricity generation projects, international hotel

development projects, to water and sewerage projects in urban and rural areas. For the last ten years he

has been involved in projects of varying size, and has acted as Project Manager in various projects as a

consultant representative. He was involved extensively in planning, supervision, tendering, cost control

and reporting. Mr Lukaza has also been involved in design, training, contract and tender preparation,

contract management and project supervision. He is a member of the Public Procurement Regulatory

Authority (PPRA) dissemination team for the Public Procurement Act 2004.





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Education

BSc Civil Engineering (Hons), University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 1996

Masters in Engineering Management (Project Management), University of Dar es salaam 2007

Other Training

• Course on Bridge capacity rating Morogoro, 1997.

• Course on Consultant and Contractor Involvement Component (CCIO), ITECO Consult Morogoro, 2002.

• Course on Prokon Software (Multi-Storey Building design software), Climate Consult Limited, Dar es Salaam, 2003.

• Course on AutoCAD Software (AutoCAD 2000) Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar es Salaam, 2003.

• Course on Inroads V8.3 and V8.4 at Climate Consult Limited, Dar es Salaam, 2005.

• Course on Software Package for Social Scientist (SPSS), University of Dar es salaam, 2005

Work Experience

Current: Belva Consult Limited

Selected Projects:

Jan 2005 to date Belva Consult Limited

Civil Engineer – Environmental Impact Assessment for Biswari Water Supply and Small Holder

Irrigation Scheme under Mara Basin Project.

• Preparation of scoping study

• Base line study

• Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Civil Engineer – Environmental Impact Assessment for Karatu Township Water Supply Project in Karatu

District Arusha Region.


• Base line study






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Civil Engineer – Environmental Impact Assessment for Katesh Township Water Supply Project in

Hanang District Manyara Region.


• Base line study


Civil Engineer – Environmental Impact Assessment for Mwakaleli Water Supply Project in Rungwe

District Mbeya region.


• Base line study


Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Magole-Mziha road.

• Economic Assessment


• Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan

• Review of existing design

• Preparation of Tender documents.

Assistant Team Leader – Environmental Impact Assessment for Feasibility Study, Rehabilitation and

Upgrading of Mafia Airport.


• Preparation of Terms of References


• Preparation of social Impact assessment

• Preparation of Resettlement Action Plan


Upgrading of Arusha Airport.




• Preparation of Social Impact Assessment





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Upgrading of Sumbawanga Airport.







Upgrading of Kigoma Airport.







Upgrading of Shinyanga Airport.







Upgrading of Tabora Airport.










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Upgrading of Bukoba Airport.






Project Manager - Feasibility Study of Storm Water, Solid Waste and Industrial Waste Management in

Tanga.

• Team leader


• Detailed design of drainage, solid waste and industrial treatment

• Preparation of tender documents

• Tender evaluation

Project Engineer – Rural Water Project in Kalonga District – Malawi


• Detail design of water supply schemes

• Preparation of Financing Arrangement and Facilities Management Strategy

• Preparation of bidding documents

- Tender evaluation and selection of Contractor

- Supervision of implementation of the project.

- Quality assurance

Project Engineer – Rural Water Project in Chitipa District – Malawi




• Preparation of bidding documents


- Supervision of implementation of the project.





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- Quality assurance

Team Leader - Songwe River Transboundary Catchments Management Project: Analysis and

Documentation of Water Flood Monitoring and Preparedness of Flood Monitoring Model.

• Collecting rainfall data

• Collecting water flow data

• Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

• Development of flood preparedness model

Project Engineer – Rural Water Project in Balaka District – Malawi




• Preparation of bidding documents.


- Supervision of implementation of the project

- Quality assurance

Team Leader – Dissemination of Public Procurement Act No 21 of 2004

• Prepare training materials for period of training

• Train in Public Procurement Regulations for works, goods, non-consultancy services and disposal of government assets by tender government notice No 97 of 2005.

• Train in Public procurement Regulation for employment and selection of consultancy, government notice no 98 of 2005.

Jan, 1996-Dec 1999 ITECO Consult Limited

Resident Engineer – Construction Supervision of the Rehabilitation and Expansion of Kilombero Sugar

Water Supply and Sanitation at Both Plants, K1 and K2. Works involved included:

• Providing overall technical and construction supervision of the project

• Preparation of monthly progress report

• Quality and quantity control of material

• Cost control of the project

• Certifying interim payments





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Team Leader – Preparation of Business Plan for the Year 1998/97 for Haulage Network of Kilombero

Sugar Company

• Visiting the site for survey, assessing the road condition and rating the site condition

• Designing and preparing the drawings

• Preparing cost estimate and tender documents

• Tender evaluations

• Post contract supervision

• Quality assurance

• Cost control of the project

• Certifying payments

Language

Speaking Reading Writing

English Excellent Excellent Excellent

Kiswahili Excellent Excellent Excellent

Certification

I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, these data correctly describe

myself, my qualifications and my experience.

Date: 16.06.2010

Signature Day/Month/Year

Full name of staff member: Jones Lukaza





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Name : Martha Kamuzora

Profession : Water Resources and Environmental Engineer

Date of Birth : 19 August, 1977

Years with the Firm : Nationality: Tanzanian

Years of Experience : 3

Membership of Professional Societies:

Engineers Registration Board, Tanzania: Graduate Engineer

Institution of Engineers Tanzania – Women’s Chapter: Graduate Member

Key Qualifications:

Ms Kamuzora, Martha is a qualified Environmental Engineer with expertise in Environmental Impact

Assessment, Environmental Management Systems, Environmental Monitoring and Auditing, Water and

Sanitation Engineering, Waste Management, Social Impact Assessment, Participatory Rural Appraisal,

Social Development, Health and Safety, and Capacity Building. She has worked in Environmental

Management in the mining and mineral processing industry, and in rural communities in the

implementation of development projects from inception to commissioning, and post-commissioning

monitoring and evaluation representing the development partner.

In addition, she has been involved with project proposal formulation, soliciting for funding and

sponsorship, project management, events organization, facilitation and training in both macro and micro

- economy development initiatives.

Education

BSc (Eng), University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 2003

MSc Water Resources (Technology and Management), University of Birmingham, 2006

United Kingdom

Other Training

• Course on Project Appraisal, Planning and Management, Institute of Accountancy Arusha, 2005

• Course on Renewable and Cheap Energies, Imperial College of London, 2006

• Course on Water and Environmental Law, University of Dar es Salaam, 2005





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• Course on GIS and Remote Sensing, University of Dar es Salaam, 2005

• Course on Participatory Rural Appraisal, Resolute (T) Limited, Nzega – Tabora, 2004

• Course on Train the Trainer, Resolute (T) Limited, Nzega – Tabora, 2004

• Course on First Aid, Resolute (T) Limited, Nzega – Tabora, 2004

• Course on Counselors for Voluntary Counseling and Testing, Resolute (T) Limited, Nzega –

Tabora, 2004

• Course on AUTOCAD Software (AUTOCAD 2000), University College of Lands and

Architectural Studies, 2002

Qualities: Motivated by accomplishing tasks within deadlines and budgets, appreciates teamwork

and fast in learning new things

Career Goals: Improving the social welfare of disadvantaged populations by assisting them to use

resources available in their region more efficiently, to acquire basic needs and services such as energy,

water, food and reliable sources of income whilst enhancing environmental quality.

Work Experience

April 2008 – To date Kahama Mining Limited

Environmental Officer - Rehabilitation of Rock Waste Dumps, Tailings Dams and Areas Disturbed by

Mining Activities

• Flora and fauna identification and registering

• Determination of rehabilitation area

• Determination of seedling requirement

• Seed harvesting, storage and preparation

• Top soil harvesting, storage and improvement

• Plant nursery management

• Soil preparation

• Phytoremediation methods for different conditions

• Slope stability





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• Runoff and leachate control

Feb 2007 – 2008 Engineers Registration Board

Training Officer – In charge of the Structural Engineers Apprenticeship Programme that aims at

professional development of graduate engineers to become competent practicing professional engineers.

It involved:

• Advertising for applications and processing them for selection

• Soliciting for training placements and employment for the graduate engineers

• Induction and placement of the selected trainees

• Monitoring progress

• Organising workshops for training providers and trainees’ supervisors

• Mediation and advising all parties involved

• Preparation of budget, distribution of allowances and monitoring expenditure of the programme

• Records and database management

• Reporting

Member of Organizing Committee – Organizing professional development activities for engineers such

as workshops, lectures, seminars, training, conferences and providing information about relevant

training. It entailed:

• Activity theme identification relating to training needs of engineers and country’s situation

• Identification and acquisition of lecturers, paper authors and information sources

• Reviewing papers and providing support to paper authors

• Identifying stakeholders and guests relevant to the theme of the activity

• Informing participants

• Arranging for dates, venue and relevant services

• Overseeing the event

• Collecting information, contacts and recommendations





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• Records and reporting

Technical Member – Monitoring of Engineering Activities

• Monitoring of engineering activities

• Industrial and site audits

• Mediation and advising engineers, their employers and clients

July 2003 - July 2005 Resolute (T) Limited

Environmental Officer - Rehabilitation of Rock Waste Dumps, Tailings Dams and Areas Disturbed by

Mining Activities

• Flora and fauna identification and registering

• Determination of rehabilitation area

• Determination of seedling requirement

• Seed harvesting, storage and preparation

• Top soil harvesting, storage and improvement

• Plant nursery management

• Soil preparation

• Phytoremediation methods for different conditions

• Slope stability

• Runoff and leachate control

Social Development Officer – Water Supply and Sanitation for Nine Villages Surrounding Golden Pride

Project

• Training of village water and environmental committees

• Supervising construction of boreholes and installation of pumps

• Supervising construction of earth dam, cattle dip and livestock waterholes

• Provision of technical advice on the maintenance and conservation of the water sources





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Social Development Officer – Construction of VIP Latrines at Primary Schools in Nzega Ndogo Ward

• Education of parents and local leaders on the importance of hygiene and its relationship to human

health

• Mobilising non financial partnership from community

• Supervising construction of VIP latrines

• Provision of technical advice to the local contractor and community

• Education of pupils on the proper use and maintenance of the latrines

Environmental Officer – Water Quality Monitoring and Pollution Control

• Identification, establishment and construction of sampling points

• Sampling, storage and transportation of samples

• Laboratory analysis

• Analysis and interpretation of water quality results

• Recommendation and implementation of mechanisms for water protection and conservation

Health and Safety Representative - Health, Safety and Environmental Management

• Hazard and pollution sources identification

• Proposing mitigation measures and assigning responsibilities

• Following up implementation of recommended measures

• Incident investigation

Environmental Officer – Environmental Impact Assessment, Monitoring and Auditing

• Screening of mining development projects

• Review of relevant documents with reference to company’s environmental policy and relevant

national, Australian and international regulation, and the existing environmental management

system

• Drawing up Terms of Reference





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• Assessing the performance of the existing system

• Identification of hazards, pollution and degradation sources

• Recommendation and optimisation of mitigation measures

• Formulating a strategic plan for implementation of mitigation measures

Facilitator – Participatory Rural Appraisal for Mogwa, Bukene, Ikindwa, Uduka and Mbogwe Wards and

Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation for Nata, Nzega Ndogo and Lusu Wards in Nzega District.

Social Impact Assessment of Mbogwe Ward.

• Socio–economic baseline survey

• Assisting the communities to identify their development needs and assess their resource capacity

• Preparation of Community Action Plan to address developmental needs

• Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of this Community Action Plan and impacts in

the community, and formulating strategies to address shortcomings

Social Development Officer – Working with the local communities as a Development Partner providing

Capacity Building for community leaders, civil societies and local community at large and financing

social development projects

• Preparing lesson plans and delivering training to the target groups

• Organizing courses and talks from local experts and local government officials

• Assist in preparation of project proposals and soliciting for funding

• Supervising implementation/construction of projects

• Provision of technical advice

LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY

Language Speaking Writing Listening

English Good Good Good

Swahili Excellent Excellent Excellent

French Learning Learning Learning





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I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, this CV correctly describes myself,

my qualifications and my experience. I understand that any wilful misstatement described herein may

lead to my disqualification or dismissal, if engaged.

_____________ ______________________ Date: 15.05.2010

Signature