the united states of america country update geothermal resources council annual meeting reno, nevada...
TRANSCRIPT
The United States of America Country Update
Geothermal Resources Council Annual MeetingReno, Nevada 25-28 September 2005
John W. Lund, R. Gordon Bloomquist, Tonya L. Boyd, Joel Renner
INTRODUCTION Geothermal resources capable of supporting
electrical generation and/or direct use projects are found primarily in the Western United States.
OR
CA
NMOKTX
MN
IA
MO
AR
LA
WI
IL IN
TN
MS
MI
OH
AL GASC
NC
VA
WVMD
DE
NJ
NYVT
NHMACT
RI
ME
Temperature Above 100oC (212oF)
Temperature Below 100oC (212oF)
AZ
ID
WA
CO
ND
SD
NE
KS
WY PANV
UT
MT
FL
Geopressured Resources
Geothermal heat pumps extend the utilization to all 50 states.
USA GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL
• Identified potential estimate by USGS in 1978: 22,990 MW
• CA and NV recent evaluation: 6,200 MW– Nearly triple the existing capacity
• Achieving the electrical potential depends on a number of state & federal factors:– Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)– Production Tax Credit (PTC)
USDOE R&D SUPPORT• United States Department of Energy – ongoing
efforts in support of R&D– Enhanced geothermal systems– Downhole diagnostics– Enhanced evaporative
cooling– Mixed binary working
fluids– Corrosion resistant
coatings– Co-production of
minerals
GEOPOWERING THE WEST
• USDOE continues to provide through the GPW program:– Technical assistance for:
• Direct-use projects• Small-scale electrical projects• Geothermal heat pump projects
– For developers and users in 16 western states
• Geo-Heat Center and Washington State University providing technical assistance
INSTALLED GEOTHEMAL ELECTRICAL CAPACITY• US continues to lead the world in installed
electrical capacity: 2534 MWe• And leads in installed geothermal heat
pumps: 7,200 MWt (600,000 + units)• However, remains a small contributor:
– In 2004 – only 0.27% of total US capacity
• On the state level – geothermal electrical is a major contributor in CA and NV – In CA – if provides about 6% of state’s energy
ELECTRICAL ADDITIONS
• From 2000 t0 2004– Approximately 70 MWe capacity added in US– Reduction at The Geysers to about 1,421 MWe
of which only 1,000 MWe currently operating.– The Lake County, CA waste water pipeline has
allowed over 77 MWe to be added at The Geysers
– The Santa Rosa pipeline, on-line in 2004 – will add additional capacity at The Geysers
PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY: ALL SOURCES
• Operable electric production capacity and power generation in the United States from all sources for 1999-2003 stands at 2534 MWe providing 17,840 GWh/y.
POWER PLANTS IN THE USA
• California– The Geysers: 23 units @ 1421 MWe– Imperial Valley: 97 units @ 500 MWe– Honey Lake Valley: 5 units @ 4 MWe– Coso: 9 units @ 274 MWe– Casa Diablo: 4 units @ 40 MWe
– TOTAL: 403 units @ 2,239 MWe
100 miles
200 km0
0
Major cities
Geothermal Plants SitesHEBER
San Diego
Los Angeles
EASTMESA
SALTON SEA
COSO
THE GEYSERS
San Francisco
HONEY LAKEVALLEY
SURPRISEVALLEY *
GLASS MOUNTAIN *
* Proposed
C A L I F O R N I A
CASA DIABLO
POWER PLANTS IN THE USA
• Nevada: 50 units @ 239 MWe
• Utah: 1 unit @ 26 MWe
• Hawaii: 20 units @ 30 MWe
TOTAL USA: 474 units @ 2,534 MWe
50 miles
100 km0
0
Major cities
Geothermal Power Plants
HAWAII
BIG ISLAND
HONOLULU
OAHU
HILO
PGV
ROOSEVELT HOT SPRINGS
50 miles
100 km0
0
Major cities
Geothermal Power Plants
COVE FORT -SULPHURDALERICHFIELD
SALT LAKE CITY
PROVO
U T A H
50 miles
100 km0
0
Major cities
Geothermal Power Plants
LAS VEGAS
STEAMBOAT HILLSWABUSKA
SODA LAKESTILLWATER
DESERT PEAKDIXIE VALLEYBRADY H.S.
RENO
STEAMBOAT SPGS.BEOWAWE
EMPIRE
WINNEMUCCA
ELKO
N E V A D A
REINJECTION AT THE GEYSERS
• Geothermal power production has stayed nearly constant from 2000-2004 with the steep decline
at The Geysers slowed by waste water injection and plant expansion elsewhere.
EFFECT OF SEGEP INJECTION ON SE GEYSERS GENERATION
321
291
270
339
359
376367
396
422
367
251
337
313
230
250
270
290
310
330
350
370
390
410
430
Jul-
95
Jan
-96
Jul-
96
Jan
-97
Jul-
97
Jan
-98
Jul-
98
Jan
-99
Jul-
99
Jan
-00
Jul-
00
Jan
-01
Jul-
01
Jan
-02
Jul-
02
Jan
-03
Jul-
03
Jan
-04
Jul-
04
AN
NU
AL
AV
E.
GE
NE
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E (
MW
G)
+39MW
+54MW
Calpine Power Plant Units 13, 16, 18 and NCPA Plants 1 & 2
+68MW
+69MW
+70MW
Exponential
OUTLOOK AND CONCLUSIONS – ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
• Planned new capacity over the next five years would increase by 632 MWe and total capacity could reach 3160 MWe, growth rate well above that of the past 5 years (18%).
• Most growth in the states of California, Nevada, Utah, and Idaho
• How the industry fares will to a large extent depend upon the success of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and the impact of the production tax credit (PTC) that provides for a 1.8¢ credit for every kWh produced.
• When the present excess capacity in the western states begins to disappear, and as the price of fossil fuel—particularly natural gas—continues to rise, geothermal energy can be expected to resume its once strong growth.
DIRECT-USE IN THE USA
• Installed capacity and annual use:– Direct-utilization: 617 MWt & 9,024 TJ/yr– Heat pumps: 7,200 MWt & 22,214 TJ/yr
• Growth since 2000:– Direct-utilization: 2.6%/yr– Heat pumps: 11.0%/yr– Combined total: 8.0%/yr
DIRECT-USE ADDITIONS
• Direct-use (other than heat pumps) has had a small growth <3%/yr
• Geothermal heat pumps have had a large growth, around 11%/yr – mainly in the east and midwest states
• A small district heating system has come on-line: I’SOT at Canby in northern CA
• Competition from low natural gas has been a deterrent to new projects
Space Heating (23.7 )
Drying (5.8 )
Industrial (0.3 )Snow Melting (0.3 )
Bathing / Swimming (18.2 )
District Heating (13.6 )
Greenhouse (15.7 )
Aquaculutre (22.4 )
US Installed Capacity (%)
Cooling (0.2 )
District Heating (8.7 )
Space Heating (14.8 )
Bathing / Swimming (28.2 )
Greenhouse (8.5 )
Aquaculutre (33.4 )
Snow Melting (0.2 )Industrial (0.5 )
Drying (5.5 )
US Annual Energy Use (%)
Geothermal heat pumps:
92% of capacity
71% of annual use
SPACE HEATING
• Mainly concentrated in Klamath Falls, OR– 600 wells supplying homes, apartment,
schools and businesses since 1930s– Use downhole heat exchanger – only heat
removed from the resource – no water
• Reno, Nevada – Moana area
• 146 MWt and 1,335 TJ/yr – C.F. 0.29
Cement grout
Perforations
Casing
3/4" pipe
2 1/2" pipe
3/4" pipe
Water level
Perforations
Geothermalaquifer
Domestichot water
Citywater
Convectorradiators
Expansion tank
Thermostat
Building lines
Similar toother side
Pressurerelief valve
Pressurereducing valve
Manuallycontrolled
valveMotorized valve
Unionconnectors
Open space
Manuallycontrolled
valve
T
Cover plate
DOWNHOLE HEAT EXCHANGER IN
KLAMATH FALLS
DISTRICT HEATING
• 20 systems in the US – one added• Using 59oC to 100oC @ 5 to 250 L/s• Installed capacity: 0.1 to 31 MWt• Annual energy use: 0.7 to 94 TJ/yr• Total: 84 MWt and 788 TJ/yr• Development small due to
– Competition with cheap natural gas– Low heat load density in the West
Oregon Inst itute o f TechnologyCity of Klamath Falls
Kla mat h Falls
Susanville
Litchfield
City of Susanville Litchfield
Co rrect ional Center
SanBernardi no
City of San Bernardino
Reno
Warren E statesWarren Propert ies
El ko
City of ElkoElko County School District
La s Cruce s
New MexicoState Universi ty
Pagosa Springs
City of Philip
Philip
Ket chumBoi se
City of BoiseIdaho Capito l MallFo rt Boise Veteran’s HospitalWarm Springs Water District
Ci ty of Ketchum
Town of Pagosa Springs
City of Midland
Midland
GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING IN THE USA
FISH FARMING
• 49 sites in 11 states
• Largest operations:– Imperial Valley of southern California
• 3.7 million kg of Tilapia, catfish, and bass/yr
– Snake River Plain of southern Idaho• 1.0 million kg of Tilapia and catfish/yr
• Alligators are raised at two locations– 2 m in length and 200 kg
• TOTAL: 138 MWt and 3,012 TJ/yr
Idaho
Colorado
GREENHOUSE HEATING
• 43 operation in 9 states
• Main products– Potted plants and cut flowers for local market– Tree seedlings and some vegetables– Vegetables not competitive with Mexico– Roses facing competition from S. America
• TOTAL: 97 MWt and 766 TJ/yr
IFA NURSERY – 1.6 HECTARS – KLAMATH FALLS
AGRICULTURAL DRYING
• Two large operations in Nevada– Onion and garlic dehydration– 136 tonnes of raw product/day– Producing 23 tonnes of dried product
• One plant has suspended operation due to competition with garlic from China
• The other has added a second process line
• TOTAL: 36 MWt and 500 TJ/yr
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING
• Gold and Silver extraction in Nevada– 17% increase in recovery– Extended operating season
• Zinc extraction in Imperial Valley, CA– Used electricity from power plant– Zinc from 8 power plant water @ 600 ppm– 30,000 tonnes/yr - $30 million/yr
• All now closed due to economics
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS
• 600,000+ installed units• 60,000 units/yr @ 12 KW equivalent size• In all 50 states• Mostly in East and Midwest states• 7,200 MWt and 22,214 TJ/yr @ COP = 3.5• Most designed for cooling mode• 1,200 full-load hours/yr• 44% vertical closed-loop, 36% horizontal
closed-loop and 20% open loop systems
Ground Coupled Heat Pumps (GCHP)a.k.a. closed loop heat pumps
Groundwater Heat Pumps (GWHP)a.k.a. open loop heat pumps
Surface Water Heat Pumps (SWHP)a.k.a. lake or pond loop heat pumps
vertical horizontal
slinky
two well single well
Disposal to lake,pond, river,creek, etc.
direct
pond
indirect
pond
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
An
nu
al E
ne
rgy (
TJ/y
r)
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Resort /Spa Space HeatingFish Farming Greenhouse Industrial
USA DIRECT-USE GROWTH 1975-2005
2.6%/yr direct-use, 11%/yr heat pumps
8%/yr total since 2000
CONCLUSION OF DIRECT-USE IN USA
US INVESTMENT IN GEOTHERMAL
• 2000-2004– $200 million in R&D– $200 million in field development– $300 million in utilization
• $100 million direct-use; $200 million electrical
– 80% private and 20% public
• 62 wells drilled (most for electrical)– 44 km total
• 3,000 professional person-years of effort
ENERGY SAVINGS
• Electricity– 30.3 million barrels – 4.5 million tonnes of oil/yr
• Direct-use (including heat pumps)– 17.8 million barrels – 4.2 million tonnes of oil/yr
• Total carbon savings– 7.7 million tonnes of carbon/yr– 21.7 million tonnes of CO2/yr
• TOTAL: 58.1 million barrels - 3 days 8.7 million tonnes of fuel oil/yr
THANK YOU