The UniverseInstruments Used to Observe the UniverseTheories about the Universe

Prepared by:Shirley P. Valera

Objectives

• Describe the universe.

• Identify modern space facilities, tools and equipments used to study our universe.

• Explain the theories about the universe.

Questions• Can you describe the universe?• What are found in the universe?• Have you ever wondered when

and how it was formed?• Is Earth a part of the universe?

What do you know about the universe? Test your knowledge on the

following easy questions. Put a check (/) on the appropriate column. • Are there galaxies in the universe? YES NO

• Are there planets in the universe? YES NO

• Are there stars in the universe? YES NO

• Are there constellations in the universe? YES NO

• Is there energy in the universe? YES NO

• Is the solar system a part of the universe? YES NO

• Is the sun at the center of the universe? YES NO

• Is the universe expanding? YES NO

Observe the picture of the universe, describe how it looks.

Different Instruments were invented and used to study and observe the Universe

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Instruments Used to Observe the UniverseInvention of the

simple telescope by Galileo Galilei which improved by Isaac Newton that gave way to inventions of more powerful telescopes in order to observe the universe

It is an observatory that carried a telescope and traveled in space in April 1990.

It communicated through the Tracking and data Relay satellite System.

Hubble Space telescope

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• It is a device for collecting radio signals from objects which are too far away to be seen by optical telescopes.

• The Parkers Observatory contains radio telescope in the southern hemisphere.

Radio telescope

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Radio interferometer • Is a kind of radio telescope that allows radio astronomers to pick up very weak signals from space.

• Made up of dishes called array.

• Each part of the array covers a different portion of space.

• World’s largest is at Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States of America, containing 27 large dishes or array. It is called large array

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Spectroscope• Is use to get information

about stars, galaxies and nebulae

• Used for breaking down light into a spectrum

• spectrum is a band of colors recorded by the help of camera .spectra taken can be used to find out details, including temperature, movement and chemical make-up

• Spectroshelioscope a kind of spectroscope used to study the sun. It takes the image at one particular wavelength.

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NASA Space Shuttle- Columbia• Was launched into

space in 1981• It was launched as

rocket, flies like a space craft and lands like a plane

• It is a space truck taking astronauts cargo and equipments into space and returning facilities and equipment to Earth

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Space Shuttle Orbiter

• It is a shape like an aircraft and carries the crew to and from space.

• It has tails and wings, a tail for its landing phase of its mission.

• High above the earth ,the orbiter releases a large satellite into space, it reveals the impressive roominess of its cargo bay

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Hale Telescope• Found in Palomar ,

California with its 16/12 feet mirror, has been used immense distances into space, to reveal galaxies and other luminous objects.(objects are so faraway that their light has taken thousands of millions years to reach us.)

Questions

• How have improved giant telescopes have helped in the study of space?

• Describe the Hubble Space telescope. Compare it with the Hale Telescope• How does space shuttles help in the study

of space?• If you were an astronaut, where in space

would you like to work? Explain your reason.

The Birth of the Universe

1.Divine Creation Theory• Religion and mythology have for long

time proposed the “Creation Theory”. Creation refers to the act or acts by which the world came into existence out of nothing.

1.Divine Creation Theory• Generally, all stories of creation

emphasize the power of a Creator, Deity or God. It is brought the universe or cosmos itself into existence.

1.Divine Creation Theory

• As such it is the power within and behind all the discrete forms of the world.

1.Divine Creation Theory

• It is furthermore the divine power that is able to bring forth new beings.

2. The Big bang Theory• Georges Lemaittre

used Albert Einstein’s formula for relativity to explain the Big Bang Theory. States that the universe is expanding from an explosive moment of creation.

2. The Big bang Theory• This theory proposes

that the universe started as a big ball of pure energy , matter, forces of nature and space were all wrapped up. Then, about 15 billion to 20 billion years ago this ball exploded.

2. The Big bang Theory• The explosion was the

formation of matter hurtling away from each other. Formation of of first nuclei of hydrogen and helium was sudden. Other elements were formed very quickly that formations of stars and the galaxies also happened so soon, other celestial bodies are still being formed.

2. The Big bang Theory• This theory is the most

accepted scientific theory on the origin of the universe. Remnants of the echo of the first explosion had been detected through the radio telescope in the 1970’s.Additional evidences that support the theory are the discovery of the background radiation of the first explosion, and the red shift of stars and galaxies. Red shift proves that the universe and the stars are moving away from each other

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3.The Steady State Theory

• It was proposed by Sir Fred Hoyle. He stated that the universe is infinite in time, with the same condition before and now.

• It is spreading and new galaxies being formed between the existing galaxies. As the galaxies move away from each other, no new galaxy is formed to take place their place.

• Therefore, the density of the universe is the same all through eternity.

• However this theory has many loopholes. Example: while it says that the universe has not changed in time, evidences gathered prove that the universe is expanding and new stars are being born.

3.The Big Crunch Theory

• Scientist think that universe would stop expanding or grow bigger. Instead it would shrink and become smaller until all materials in it come together and bump one another producing a very big collision.

• There is no possibility that another Big Bang Theory may take place after the Big Crunch.

The Oscillating Theory• States the universe

continues to expand and to collapse. It means that the galaxies started to be moving away from each other. However, after they reach a certain space or distance,

they start to collapse back again.

The Oscillating TheoryAnother information that

is needed to prove this theory is the presence of the blue shift as well as the red shift. The blue shift will prove that the galaxies once collapsed, while red shift proves that the galaxies had moved and are moving away.

Open Universe • According to Einstein’s theory an open

universe has an infinite number of hydrogen atoms occupying an infinite volume.

Open Universe • If the universe were to continue to

expand indefinitely there would come a time when the density of the universe would approach zero.

Open Universe • In the far future galaxies would have moved

back to great distances that only galaxies in the local super cluster would still be nearby. Eventually, all the stars would stop shining because they have exhausted all their fuel and energy. They would all be dark

Closed Universe• In the closed universe

theory, large amounts of matter may exist in space, more than what the scientist have assumed there is. This matter can be in the form of dark matter. If the average density of matter in the universe would approach one atom of hydrogen in 7.8 cubic meters, the universe would be closed

Closed Universe

• According to Einstein's theory, a closed universe has a finite number of hydrogen atoms occupying a finite volume of space.

Closed Universe• If there were enough

amount of matter in the universe, at some time, in about 20 billion to 40 million years, the expansion of the universe would stop. The universe would contract again. It means that the galaxies would start to come together again until it collapses. This collapse might be followed by another period of expansion.

•The whole of all the space, matter, and solar radiation, that exist is what we called_________________

•The area of the universe is measured as far as the distance the starlight from galaxies has been to travel.

•Galaxies continue to move away from space so the starlight also continue to travel farther and farther away.

•It only shows that the universe is expanding rapidly.

•It is getting wider and wider which shows that it is immeasurable.

•The universe is a _i_ i_ _ e_ _ space.

THE END