the universe chapter 16. our universe only one that exists includes everything –stars, planets,...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Universe
Chapter 16
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Our Universe
• Only one that exists• Includes everything
– Stars, planets, galaxies, etc.
• Commonly accepted to be created by the Big Bang– A giant explosion of a very tiny dot of
matter– Happened 15 billion years ago
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Evidence of Big Bang Theory
• Red shift– As objects move away, wavelength gets
longer– Appears red or moves to the red end of the
spectrum
– When observing objects over time, their wavelengths are getting longer
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Evidence of Big Bang Theory
• Cosmic Background Radiation– Faint energy waves coming from every
direction in the universe– Leftover from the Big Bang
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What Will Happen?
• Fate of the Universe depends on the mass
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Within the Universe…..
• Many galaxies grouped together in clusters– Held near
each other by gravity
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Galaxies
• Three main types– Spiral– Elliptical– Irregular
• Classified by shape and age of stars
• Made of interstellar matter– Dust, gasses, stars, masses of rock
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Spiral Galaxy
• 30% of all galaxies in the universe
• Have stars of all ages
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Elliptical Galaxy
• 60% of all galaxies in the universe
• Have mostly old stars
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Irregular Galaxy
• Only 10% of all galaxies in the universe
• All young stars
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Our Galaxy - Milky Way
• A spiral galaxy
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Within the Milky Way…..
• All stars we see are in our galaxy
• Appear to make patterns in our sky– We call these constellations– Patterns don’t really exist– Really are light years apart
• Light year measures distance• 1 light year = 9.5 x 1015 m
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Stars
• Brightness in the sky depends on….– Size
• Larger = brighter
– Distance for Earth• Closer = brighter
– Temperature • Hotter = brighter
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Stars
• Use color of stars to study them– Color tells us make up of stars
• Mostly hydrogen and helium
– Color can tell us temperature• Hot = blue• Cool = red
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Stars
• Powered by nuclear fusion– Burn at a temperature of 15 million K– Energy takes 8 minutes to reach Earth
• Have a life cycle like living organisms– How long a star lives depends on its mass
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Star Life Cycle
• Start as a nebula– Cloud of dust and gas
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Star Life Cycle
• Nebula comes together in a large mass– Forms a protostar
• Nuclear fusion starts – Becomes a main sequence star– This is the true star– Lives most of its life here
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Star Life Cycle
• Death of star depends on mass– Very small stars become white dwarf– Medium mass stars become a red giant,
then planetary nebula, then white dwarf– Large stars become a supergiant, then a
supernova, then a black hole or neutron star
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Planetary Nebula
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Supernova
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Our Star - The Sun
• A typical, average, medium mass star– Right now is a main sequence star– Is in the middle of its life
• Like most of the stars in the Milky Way
• Next closest star is 4.3 light years away
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Our Solar System
• Formed when a nebula started to spin– Pieces of rock and dust came together to
form planets
• Our sun and everything that orbits around it– Nine planets, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors
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Our Solar System
• We can see some– Reflect the light of the sun– Appear to wonder across the sky because
they are orbiting
• We can see 5 planets – Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn– Besides the sun and moon, Venus is the
the brightest in our sky
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Division of Solar System
• Inner Planets– Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars– Small and mostly rock
• Asteroid belt– Asteroid = small rocky object that orbits the sun– Usually found in this belt
• Outer Planets– Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune– Very large and mostly thick gas atmosphere
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Our Moon
• Rock that orbits Earth
• Reflects light of the Sun so we see it in the night sky– Depending on where it is, different
amounts of sunlight hit the moon– Makes phases of the moon
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Phases of the Moon
One cycletakes
4 weeks
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Eclipses
• When a shadow is cast over the sun or the moon
• Don’t happen all the time because moon’s orbit is at an angle
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Solar Eclipse
You can only see a total solar eclipse when in the umbra.Total solar eclipses are very rare.
These can only occur in the new moon phase.
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Lunar Eclipse
You can only see a total lunar eclipse when in the umbra.Total lunar eclipses are the most likely to be seen.
These can only occur in the full moon phase.