the urban environment impacts on health and wellbeing
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The Urban Environment Impacts on Health and Wellbeing. A successful urban area stimulates those who live and work there and reinforces self-esteem. The urban environment affect health and wellbeing of everyone who lives and works there. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Urban Environment Impacts on Health and Wellbeing
•A successful urban area stimulates those who live and work there and reinforces self-esteem.
•The urban environment affect health and wellbeing of everyone who lives and works there.
•Many problems are concentrated in the most deprived areas where environmental, social and economic factors interact especially children and older people.
•Relationship between health, wellbeing and place are complex interacting and poorly understood.
Effects of Urban Environment on Health
• Air pollution: 24,000 deaths/yr brought forward by~8 months and 24,000 hospital admissions.
• Traffic accidents: 3,300 deaths and 29,000 serious injuries/yr.
• Climate: Winter - 25,700 extra deaths Dec 2005-March 2006.
Summer - 2,000 excess deaths in heat-wave of 2003.
• Mental health: Strong association between urban residence and psychiatric disorders.
• Infectious disease: Spread of pandemic flue and new diseases with climate change.
• Obesity: 34,000 extra deaths each year.
The London Smog of December 1952
Clean Air Act of 1956
•1,000,000,000,000 particles enter into lungs daily
•10,000 lts of air pass through the lungs every 24 hours.
•Surface area exposed to the external environment - 150 m2
AIR POLLUTION PARTICLES AND THE LUNG
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 20 40 60 80
Time (mins following inhalation)
CPM/gram blood
Tc99-Technigas <100nm mmd
%
Incr
ease
Tota
lRe
sp
Cardi
ovas
cula
r
MortalityMortality
Asth
ma
Pneu
mon
i
a
COPD
All r
esp.
Cardi
ovas
cula
r
HospitalisatioHospitalisationn
Upper
re
sp
Asth
ma
Cough
Lower
re
sp
SymptomsSymptoms
PEF
FEV1
DecreaseDecreased lung d lung
functionfunction
4
3
2
1
Percentage Change in Health End-point for a 10Percentage Change in Health End-point for a 10g/mg/m33
Increase in PMIncrease in PM1010
(summarised from over 100 studies)(summarised from over 100 studies)
Adverse health effects of particles persist after controlling for smoking
Meta-analysis of TSP & cardiovascular mortalityAnderson R et al
*
Cardiovascular Mortality: PM2.5 and Black Smoke:Long-term Exposure
**
PM2.5 Black Smoke
Relative risk of all cause mortality per 10 g/m3 change in annual average PM2.5: 1.06 (95% CI:1.02-1.11)
Cardiac Admissions & PM10
*
Asthma & Bronchitis Associated with PM10
Influence of Closing and Reopening a Steel Mill in Utah Valley
Pope, Am J Public Health 19890 100 200 300
FeCuZnPbNi
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
Concentration (ppb)
1985-86 1986-87 1987-88
0
50
100
150
200
250
Sep
- N
ov
Dec
- F
eb
Sep
- N
ov
Dec
- F
eb
Sep
- N
ov
Dec
- F
eb
PM
10 (g
/m3)
Mean High PM10
Mean PM10
1985-86 1986-87 1987-88
0
20
40
60
80
100
Sep
- N
ov
Dec
- F
eb
Sep
- N
ov
Dec
- F
eb
Sep
- N
ov
Dec
- F
eb
Ho
sp
ita
l Ad
mis
sio
ns
As
thm
a +
Bro
nc
hit
is Ages 0-17
Emission of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ammonia and non methyl VOCfrom anthrop0genic sources by sector in the UK
Traffic growth by mode for the period 1980-2003
Proportion of diesel vehicles in car fleet
(D’Amato et al, Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 628-636)
COUNTRY DIESEL CARS (%)
Austria 54%
Belgium 52.2%
Spain 47.3%
France 40.2%
Italy 22.5%
Holland 20.3%
Portugal 18.8%
Germany 17.6%
UK 15.3%
Sweden 11.0%
EUROPEAN MEAN 25.3%*
* Forecast to increase to 50% by 2010
Temporal trend in sulphur dioxide emissions by source category in Hong Kong
Particulate Matter
Photochemical smogPhotochemical smogincluding OZONEincluding OZONE
PollutantsPollutants
SunshineSunshineNONO22 + radiation + radiation NO + O NO + O
O + OO + O22 OO33
RORO22 + O + O22 RO + RO + OO33
Ozone
Percentage change in PM10 emissions in selected European countries between 1990 and 2001
Complex Interactions Influencing Individual Health
The web of connections between increased car ownership and use and environmental and social outcomes in urban areas
The Urban Environment – Royal Commission on Environmental PollutionMarch 2007
Reccommendations that Directly Influence Health
• Reduce hot spots of air pollution in urban settings.
Schematic representation of population exposure to air pollution and potential Impacts of air quality
management strategies
Schematic representation of population exposure to air pollution and potential Impacts of air quality
management strategies
Reccommendations that Directly Influence Health
• Reduce hot spots of air pollution in urban settings.
• Promotion of overall air pollution reduction for the whole population (Gap Closure).
Schematic representation of population exposure to air pollution and potential Impacts of air quality
management strategies
Unravelling Environmental Factors Shaping Health
Air pollutionObesity Mental illness
What we must aspire to
Exercise Space and a sense of place
Diet
Reccommendations that Directly Influence Health
• Reduce hot spots of air pollution in urban settings.
• Promotion of overall air pollution reduction for the whole population (Gap Closure).
• Develop a statutory framework for Health Impact Assessments as a component of Environment Impact Assessment in urban planning.