the urban geology of ucl and the university of london’s

UrbanGeologyinLondonNo.1

©RuthSiddall&WendyKirk2017 1

TheUrbanGeologyofUCLandtheUniversityofLondon’sBloomsburyCampusRuthSiddall&WendyKirkThisguidetothebuildingstonesofUCLandpartsoftheUniversityofLondonBloomsburyCampus,isformedfrommuchaccumulatedwisdomandknowledgeacquiredbyEricRobinsonandWendyKirkofUCLEarthSciences.Someoftheoccurrencesofstoneoncampushasbeenpreviouslypartiallypublishedintheformofhand-outsandtutorialguidesaswellasinVolume2ofEricRobinson’sIllustratedGeologicalWalks(Robinson,1985).Apreviousversionofthisguidewasproducedin2013withinformationcollatedbythecurrentauthors.Thissecondversion(2017)substantiallyrevisesthatdocumentandwillcontinuetobeupdatedasUCL’sMasterplanofbuildingworksandrenovationscontinuesandtakesplace.Thisself-ledguideissubdividedintosixparts;TheWilkinsBuilding;TheUCLSouthQuadandMaletPlace;TheUCLCruciformBuilding;TheInstituteofArchaeologyandtheUniversityofLondon’sGordonSquareGardens;outlyingUCLbuildingsandfinallybuildingsbelongingtothefederalUniversityofLondon.Thisguidemainlyfocusesonstoneusedontheexteriorsofbuildings,butmuchofUCL’scampusaswellhasUniversityofLondon’sSenateHouseispublicaccess.Howeverpermissionshouldbesought(atthereception)toenterTheCruciformBuilding.ArchitecturalinformationincludedhereisderivedfromCherry&Pevsner(2002)andHarte&North(2004)unlessotherwisestated.HarteandNorthisalsorecommendedreadingforthoseinterestedinthehistoryofUCLwhilstAshton(2012)providesahistoryofthedevelopmentoftheBloomsburyarea,includingthatoftheUniversityofLondonandUniversityCollegeLondon.

UCLPorticoandMainQuadrangle,Autumn2013



Part1:UCLMainQuadandtheWilkinsBuildingUCLMainQuadrangleTheWilkinsBuilding(1827-9),namedafteritsarchitect,theGreekRevivalistWilliamWilkinswastheearliestbuildingofthethenUniversityofLondon,whichopenedin1828.ThePorticowiththetencolumnsinPortlandStoneWhitbedwasthefirstofitskindtobebuiltinBritainandthecolumns,withtheirCorinthiancapitalswereinspiredbytheRomaneraTempleofOlympianZeusinAthens.ThesymmetricalSouthandNorthWingsoftheMainQuadranglewerebuiltin1869-76and1870-81byT.HayterLewis,followingWilkins’sproposalsandCorinthiancapitalsoccuragaininthecentralapsidalsections.Theobservatorieswerebuiltin1905.TheQuadwasnotfullyencloseduntilthePearsonandChadwickWingswerebuilt.TheformerbyF.M.Simpsonin1914andthelatter,builttohousetheBartlettSchoolofArchitecture(nowlocatedinWatesHouse)byProfessorA.E.Richardsonin1923.Thesewereextendedandcompletedin1985bySirHughCasson.

ThecolumndrumsonthePortico.TheQueen,forscale,isprobably5’4”inhatandheelsandProvostJamesLighthill(left)andChairofCouncil,SirPeterMatthews(right)areaboutthesameheightofthecolumndrums.ThefoundationsoftheWilkinsBuildingareofCarnsewGranitefromtheCarnmenellisPluton,justwestofFalmouthinCornwall.Thesearenotobvious.Muchofthefoundationcoursearoundthequadiscoveredinleadflashing,howeverafewblocksarerevealedinthecornerwherethePorticoattachestotheWilkinsBuildingonthesouthsideofthisstructure.ThelowerstepsofthePorticoarealsogranite,probablyofthesameorigin,butthisiswornanddiscolouredanditsorigincannotbeconfirmed.ThemainbuildingmaterialusedinallphasesofthequadisPortlandStoneWhitbed.PortlandStoneisquarriedintheIsleofPortlandnearWeymouthinDorset.IthasprobablybeenusedlocallysinceMedievaltimesbutitcameintopopularityinthe17thCenturywhenitwasusedbyarchitectInigoJonesfortheconstructionoftheBanquetingHouseinWhitehall(completed1622).FollowingtheGreatFireofLondonin1666,itbecamethebuildingstoneofchoiceforChristopherWrenandhisfollowers’reconstructionoftheCityandhasremainedpopulareversince.ItisanUpperJurassic(Tithonian)ooliticlimestone.ThebuildingstonescomeformtheFreestoneMemberofthePortlandLimestoneFormation.ThestratigraphicsuccessionstartswiththelargelyfossilfreeBasebed,thenalayercalledtheCurfwhichisnotsuitableforbuilding.ThisisoverlainbytheWhitbedwhichhasvariablefacies,rangingfromsparselyfossiliferoustocrowdedwiththefossiloysterLiostreaexpansa.Italsohascross-beddedfacieswithdetritalshellandalgaefragments.Asaruleofthumb,‘classic’Whitbedisrelativelyfossilfreeinitslowerportions,becomingmorefossiliferousupwards,thoughthereisalsolateralvariationinfacies.FinallytheWhitbedisoverlainbytheRoach,whichisverydistinctiveduetothecavitiesformedbyfossilshellsthathavebeendissolvedaway.TheRoachisnotusedasabuildingstoneatUCL.ThePortlandLimestonesweredepositedinshallow,



tropicalseasandlagoonsandthewholesequencevariesbetweenonly10-15minthickness.WhitbedispredominantlyusedintheUCLquadbuildingsandagoodplacetoviewitisinthecolumndrumsonthePortico.Heredrumsapproximately1.5mhighshowthethicknessoftheWhitbed,theycanbeseenbecomingfossiliferoustowardsthetopsofeachdrum(thoughsomedrumsareupsidedownandevensideways).Oolitescanbeseenwiththeuseofahandlensonmostsurfaces.PortlandStonesufferedinthepollutedatmosphereofthe19thand20thCenturies,causingablackeningwhichhasnecessitatedcleaningonseveraloccasions.Thisiscosmetic,thestone’sdurabilityisnotaffectedbythegrimeanditindeedarguablyprotectsit.SomeofthestoneonthePorticohasbeendamagedbyovercleaningovertheyearsresultinginaratherunsightly,flakycrustdeveloping.SteamblastingisthepreferredmodernmethodforcleaningPortlandStone.OnthenorthsideofthequadstandstheSladeSchoolofFineArt.AlsobuiltofPortlandStoneWhitbedtheslabsformingtheflooroftheentranceporchareofparticularinterestastheyhavesomenicefossils.Thestepsontherighthandside(approachingthebuilding),haveverywellpreservedfossilbivalveshells,oystersand(half)awellpreservedCamptonecteslamellosus,avarietyofscallopshell.TheslabsimmediatelyinfrontofthedoorcontainsectionsthroughalargeammoniteofTitanitessp.TherearetwomainspeciesfoundinthePortlandStone,T.anguiformisandT.giganteus,withtheformer,describedby

Wimbledon&Cope(1978)beingthemostabundant.ThisexampleonthestepsoftheSladeisjustasmallfragmentofawhorl.Butwegetthreeviewsforthepriceofone,becausetheopposingslabappearsnexttoitandathirdjustbeyond.Thisspecieswastruegiantoftheammoniteworld,withshellsuptoametreindiameter.(seeimagesatWest,2012)andtheyarefrequentlyseenasgardenornamentsandindeedquarrysignsontheIsleofPortland.T.anguiformisoccursthroughoutthePortlandFreestoneMemberbutismostcommonlyencounteredintheRoachandtheWhitbed,butmuchmorerarelyencounteredinarchitecture,partlybecausegoodspecimensfoundwereoftenheldbackbyquarrymenassouvenirs.LeftisaTitanitessp.ammoniteondisplayinUCL’sGrant

Museum.Itisababy,atapproximately35cmindiameter.

Above,left,sectionsthroughtheSladeammonite,withboottipsforscaleandright,halfaCamptonecteslamellosuswithafag-endforscale.InsidetheSladeSchool,totherightoftheentrancefoyer,isthewarmemorialtomembersoftheschoolwhodiedinWWI1.Thisisasmallwall-mountedplaquewiththenamesinscribedontoabufflimestoneand

1WarMemorial#191631;WarMemorialsonline;http://bit.ly/1xCaCoN



theseincludethewarpoetandartistIsaacRosenberg.Thestonehasnotbeensecurelyidentified,butitiscompactandapparentlyfossilfree.Itispossibly,andappropriately,aslaboflithographiclimestone.ThepavingintheMainQuadrangle(the‘FrontQuad’)asweknowittodaywasprobablylaiddowninthe1950s.Thelawnsaresurroundedbyapavementofsandstoneflagstones,whichareinturnborderedbyredgranitesets.Themaindrivewayiscoveredinanaggregate-richtarmacandthebollardsareawhitegranite,alsoprobablyCarnsewGranite.Althoughpredominantlymediumgrained,afewmegacrystsoforthoclasefeldsparcanbefound.Thesearemoreprominentafterrainhaswettedthesurface.ThesebollardsacquiredbrieffamewhenonewashitbytheQueen’schauffeurduringtheopeningoftheextensiontothefrontwingsin1985.ThesettsareofMountsorrelGranodiorite.LocatednearthevillageofMountsorrelinCharnwood,Leicestershire,thegranodioritequarryisreputedlythebiggestgranitequarryinEurope,nowworkedpredominantlyforaggregateandroadstoneandcurrentlyoperatedbyLafargeAggregatesLtd.IthasbeeninproductionfromatleastRomantimes,butindustrial-scalequarryingbeganintheearly1800s(seeHorton&Harald,2012).TheMountsorrelGranodioriteisnowacceptedtobeOrdovicianinage(c.400Ma)incontrasttootherigneousrocksintheCharnwoodareawhichareprobablyNeoproterozoicinage.Itcontainsquartz,orthoclase,plagioclase,biotiteandbrownhornblende.Theredcolourismainlyimpartedbythepresenceofironoxides.TheaggregateinthetarmacisalsocrushedMountsorrelGranodiorite.

TheMainQuadduringafetein1909.ThedarkcolourofthePortlandStoneisobviousandstreakscanbeseenalongthefront.Comparewiththefrontispiecephoto,takeninAutumn2013,followingsteamcleaningearlierintheyear.Theflagstonesaroundthequadareayellowish-brown,slightlymicaceousfinesandstoneknownasYorkStone.ThisstoneisfromnowherenearYork.ManyvarietiesofitareextractedfromquarriesintheCarboniferousstrataofLancashireandsouthwestYorkshire.ItbelongstothePennineLowerCoalMeasuresGroupwhichisaseriesofsandstones,shalesandofcourse,coals(Lott,2012).ThesandsproducetheperfectflagstoneandareubiquitousaspavingstonesinEnglishtowns.Thesandstonesarefinegrained,thinlybeddedsilty-sandstonescontainingquartzandmuscovite.Theyfrequentlyshowbeddinglaminations,ripplesandothersedimentarystructures.Theyalsoshowevidenceofhydrothermal,iron-richwatersthatonceflowedthroughthem,creatingorange-brownstainsandstripesknownasliesegangbanding.



Thetwosmalllodgesatthefrontentranceshouldbenoted.TheoneonthesouthsideactsasthemainreceptionfortheUCLandtheoneonthelefthousesexhibitionsorganizedbytheSladeSchoolandUCL’sMuseumsandCollectionsdepartment.Theyareroofedwithverystainedslate.Betweenthemossystripsobscuringtheroofs,thecolouroftheslatecanbediscernedtobepurple,indicatingthatitisaHeatherSlatefromquarriesworkingtheLowerCambrianLlanberisSlateFormationofNorthWales.NumerousquarriesarelocatedalongthestrikeofthesebedswithimportantcentresofproductionbeingatPenrhyn,LlanberisandNantlle.ThefloorsoftheselodgesarepavedwithstripsofPurbeckMarble,ahardblue-greylimestonefromtheIsleofPurbeckinDorset.Thisstoneispackedwiththefreshwatergastropod,Viviparusspecies.Unfortunately,followingtherestorationofthelodgesandtheinstallationofcarpets,thesecannolongerbeseen.HoweverthesamestoneisusedinthefoyeroftheChadwickBuilding,bytheentrancetotheUCLStudentCentre.ThePearsonBuildingisoppositetheChadwickBuildingandtheinteriorhasrecentlybeenmodifiedtoaccommodatebothGeographyandEarthSciencesdepartments.BoththeentrancefoyersatthefrontgatesandintheNWcorneroftheQuadarepavedwithablue-blackflagstone,whichoccasionallyshowsfinelaminations.TheseareBrathayFlagsfromKirkstone’squarriesnearSkelwithBridgeinAmbleside.TheseareWenlock(Silurian)agedflagstonesfromtheTranearthGroupoftheEnglishLakeDistrict,representingdeepeningwaterconditionsfollowingthecessationoftheigneousactivityoftheBorrowdaleVolcano.TherampandstoneworkaroundtheentrancetothePearsonBuildingintheNWcorneroftheQuadisconstructedfromamediumgrained,micaceousarkosesandstonewithminorironstaining.Quartz,feldsparandmuscoviteareallvisibletothenakedeye.TheoriginofthisstoneisunknownbutitislikelytobeoneofthebuffCarboniferousfluvialsandstonesofeitherthePenninesortheScottishBorders.TheCloistersThemainstoneusedforpavingonthefloorofthecloistersisthenon-fossiliferousPortlandBasebed,butvarietiesfromtheoverlyingWhitbedareapparentincludingcross-beddedooliticlimestones,withbrokenshellsandfragmentsofthealgaeSolenopora.Otherslabsshowthemarksofbioturbationfromburrowingorganisms.Theblackslabsareofalargelynon-fossiliferous,blacklimestone.Thecolourisproducedbythepresenceofcarbonandpyrite.Thereareafewfossils(thesecanbeobservedonslabsatthenorthendofthenorthcloisters)whicharewhiteincolourandgenerallypoorlypreserved.Theyappeartobeconicalgastropods.BlacklimestonesareverydifficulttoprovenanceandseveralvarietiesareknownparticularlyfromthelowerCarboniferousstrataofBelgium,IrelandandtheIsleofMan.TraditionallyEricRobinsonhasidentifiedthesestonesontheCloistersasbeingIrishKilkennyBlack.WewillstartourtouroftheCloistersatthenorthend,andwillexitthroughthegardendoorstotheWilkinsTerrace.TheWilkinsTerraceCompletedinJune2017,theWilkinsTerraceisaccessedfromtheNorthCloisters.ItwasdesignedbyarchitectsandlandscapearchitectsLevittBernsteinaspartofUCLson-goingestatesmasterplan.ThestonehasbeenprovidedbyAlbionStoneandinkeepingwithmuchoftheUCLBuildings,PortlandStoneisused.HoweverawidevarietyoffaciesofWhitbedareusedwhicharenotseenelsewhereinUCL’solderbuildings.AlbionsuppliedstonefromtheirJordansandGrovemines(muchofPortlandStoneisextractedfromundergroundworkingthesedays).Thefollowingstonesareused:GroveWhitbed,JordansWhitbed,JordansFancyBeachWhitbed,JordansBasebedandPatchReef.Grove,JordansandFancyBeachWhitbedvarietieshavemuchhigherfossilshellcontentsthantheaverageWhitbed,suchasthoseseeninUCL’sFrontQuad.Thesearepredominantlyfragmentsoftheoyster



Liostreaexpansa.Lookingatexamplesofthese,manyofthethick-walled,laminateshellsshowboringsbyworms(Glomerulasp.;Townson1975).JordansWhitbedisusedforsomeofthepavingandisslightlybrownerthantheslabsofGroveandFancyBeach.Itshowstidalcross-beddingandalongwithoystershellfragments(whicharealignedparalleltothecross-bedding)aresmall,white‘florets’ofthealgaeSolenoporaportlandica.Thesefaciesrepresentreworkedfossilmaterialderivedasreefdebris.

Top,TheWilkinsTerrace,withUCLVice-ProvostResearchProfessorDavidPrice,pointingoutPatchReef,forscale.Below,fossilsinthePortlandStone.Left,oystersshells;Middle,externalcastsoftheturret-shapedgastropodAptyxiellaportlandica,morecommonlyknownasthe‘PortlandScrew’;Right,a‘floret’ofreefformingalgaeSolenoporaportlandicawithseasonalgrowthringsrepresentinglighterWinterlayersanddarkerSummerlayers(seeFürsichetal.,1994).PatchReefisusedaroundtherathermonumentaldoorwaywhichwilleventuallyleadtotheBloomsburyTheatreandanewentrancetoUCLfromGordonStreet.ReefalstructuresinthePortlandLimestoneFormationandtheirbiotahavebeendescribedbyFürsichetal.(1994)andcanformstructuresupto4mhighand8mdiameter.WhenencounteredintheupperpartsoftheWhitbedandRoach,thestonesare



extracted,slabbedandstoreduntilthereisenoughaccumulatedforaproject.Thereefswerenotformedbycoralsaswewouldoftenexpecttoday;thePortlandpatchreefswerecomposedofbivalveshells(LiostreaoystersandPlicatuladamoni.‘kittenpawclams’)whichcementedthemselvestogether,Solenoporaalgaeandbryozoans(Hyporosoporaportlandica).Anyremainingporespacewouldhavebeenfilledwithlimemudandooliticsediment.Thereef-formingorganismswerealsoboredbythethin-walledbivalveshellsLithophagasp.andencrustedbyworms.TheremainsofboringsmadebythebivalveLithophagasubcylindricaformtracefossilsintheirownright,lookinglikesmallskittles,thistracefossil,evidenceofgrazingbivalves,iscalledGastrochaenolitestorpedoandcanbeseeninsideshellcavities.

Left,closeupofPatchReef,amassofbryozoaandbivalvesboredbythinwalledLithophaga;fieldofview15cm;Right,GastrochaeonolitestorpedoboringsandwormcastsinsideashellcavityinPortlandPatchReef.Fieldofview8cm.ReturnnowsouthwardsthroughtheNorthCloistersandintotheOctagonGallery.TheOctagonTwostatues,featuringseatedfiguresarelocatedintheanteroomsbetweenthecloistersandtheOctagon.OnthenorthsideisL’InnocenzaPerduta(LostInnocence),halfheartedlytryingtocoverherselfup,whilstbeingwatchedby(theremainsof)asnake.ThisisbyItaliansculptorEmilioSantarelli(1801-1886),dated1862andwasbequeathedtoUCLbyLadyLouisaGoldsmidinthelater19thCentury(seeCleere,1997).LostInnocenceiscarvedfromwhiteCarraraMarbleandsitsonaplinthoftheredserpentinitebreccia,RossodiLevanto,fromLiguria,Italy.OppositeLostInnocenceinthesouthanteroomisaportraitsculptureofJohnFlaxman,himselfanimportantsculptor,byMusgraveLewthwaiteWatson,dated1843-7(Banerjee,2009).PlastercastsofFlaxman’ssculpturesaredisplayedintheFlaxmanGalleryinUCL’smainlibrary,abovetheOctagon(Lookup!YouwillseeFlaxman’sStMichaeldefeatingthemonster).FlaxmaniscarvedfromCarraraMarbleandissittingonaplinthofpalegrey,streakyCarraraArabescatomarble.TheflooringintheOctagonispredominantlyLowerCarboniferousHoptonWoodStonefromWirksworthinDerbyshire.ThisisacrinoidallimestoneoftheBeeLowFormation.Oneneedstogetonhandsandkneestoseethesmallbuttonorsequin-likecrinoidossicles.Thepavingalsocontainsmoreobviousfossilsofwhite,thick-shelledProductidbrachiopods,whichreadilydistinguishitfromthepaler-colouredPortlandStone,whichhasbeenusedtopatchafewdamagedslabs.TheHoptonWoodStonewaslaidafterWorldWarII.UCLsufferedconsiderabledamageduringthewar,withthedomeandpartofthesouthcloistersdestroyedbybombingandfireinSeptember1940andagaininApril1941(Harte&North,2004).SlabsofCarraraSicilianmarblesurroundtheHoptonWoodStone.EnteringtheSouthCloisters,turnimmediatelyleftandlookbackatthemarbleintarsiapanelbehindyou.



TheSouthCloisters:MarmorHomericumandtheKoptosLionsApartfromtheauto-iconofJeremyBentham,themoststrikingfeatureoftheSouthCloistersistheintarsiapanelinmarbleandpaint,depictingscenesfromtheworksofHomer,MarmorHomericum.Thesculptor,HenriJosephFrançoisdeTriqueti(1803-1874)wasbornnearOrléans,France.HemovedtoEnglandinthemid19thCenturyandachievedpopularity.HewascommissionedbyQueenVictoriatoproduceintarsiapanelsinstonetolinethewallsofheAlbertMemorialChapelatWindsorCastlein1864.Triqueti’spanelMarmorHomericumwaspresentedtoUCLbyGeorgeGrotein1865(Banerjee,2010).ThemainimagedepictsHomerrecitingtheIliadtoagroupofpeopleincludingwarriorsandtemplemaidens,whilsttheborderpanelsdepictscenesfromtheOdysseyandtheIliad.ThetwomainstonesusedherearebothfromtheHettangianMarblesoftheAlpiApuaneintheCarrararegionofItalyandarewhiteCarraraMarble(sometimesstainedorange-brownwithochre)andblue-greymarblewithwhitestreakswhichwasgenerallyknownasDoveorBleuTurquin.Thiswasconsideredaplainandworkmanlikemarble,recommendedforflooringandmakingelectricalswitchboards(Renwick,1909).ItwasquarriedintheSeravezzaareaofMassa&CarraraProvince.TheredstrapsthatdivideupthepanelsaremadeofanIrishLowerCarboniferouslimestonecalledCorkRedoralternatively,VictoriaRed.Itisastreaky,red,fine-grainedlimestonewithabundantdetritalfragmentsofcrinoids.Thesewereonce‘sealilies’animalswithstemsmadeupofstringsofcircular‘ossicles’asseenintheHoptonWoodStoneintheOctagon(above).Otherfossilfragmentsincludingshellsandgoniatitesarealsopresent.Thecolourtotheoriginalstoneisimpartedbythepresenceoftheironoxidehematite.ThequarriesarebetweenthetownsofCorkandMiddletoninthefarsouthofIreland.

DetailofMarmorHomericum:Penelope’ssuitorsaredismayedbythereturnofOdysseus.GreyBleuTurquinMarbleformsthedrapesofthebackground,whilstthefiguresandforegroundareinwhiteCarraramarble,stainedyellow-brown.Finedetailisaddedinsgraffitoinfilledwithpaint.AtthesouthendoftheSouthCloistersistheofficeofUCL’sProvostandPresident,guardedbytwoEgyptianlionsinglasscases.Theselions,excavatedasfragmentsbySirWilliamFlindersPetriein1894,arefromtheEarlyDynastictempleatKoptos,ansitenearthetownofQift,ontheeastbankoftheNilenorthofLuxor.Theywouldhavebeencarvedbetween3100–2686BC.Followingexcavation,thefragmentsofthelionsfoundtheirwayintothecollectionofSirHenryWellcome,andtheWellcomeInstitutereturned



themtoUCLin1980.Thepiecesarrivedinteachests.BarbaraAdams,DirectorofthePetrieMuseum,realisedthatthesewerethemissinglionsandcollaboratedwithconservatorRichardJaeschketorestorethem.Oftenidentificationofstonesusedinmuseumobjectscanonlybemadefrommacroobservationbuttheprocessofconservationallowsforsamplestobetakenandmoredetailedanalysestobemade.BarbaracontactedmicropalaeontologistDrAdrianLloydinwhatwasthentheDepartmentofGeologicalSciences(nowEarthSciences)whosampledafewgrammesofthelimestone.Preservationwaspoor,butseveralgeneraofforaminiferawerefound,predominantlyfromtheFamily

GlobigerinaceawhichenabledthelimestonetobedatedtotheLowerEocene(Adams&Jaeschke,1984).Theremainingstonefragmentsofthelionsiscomposedofapalegreyweathering,chalkylimestonefromtheThebesLimestoneGroup(Klemm&Klemm,2008).ThesewerenotimportantbuildingstonesinEgyptbutwereusedlocallyatplacessuchasKoptos.ThelionsareneverthelessimportantarthistoricallybecausethefindsfromKoptosrepresentsomeoftheearliestmonumentalsculptureinEgypt.TheGardenTerraceislocatedadjacenttotheSouthCloistersandmaybeaccessedviathegardendoorsinthecentreoftheCloisters.GardenTerraceTheGardenTerraceisactuallytheroofofasinglestoreybuilding,partoftheBernardKatzBuildingwhichhousestheDepartmentofBiochemicalEngineering.ItisaccessedfromtheSouthCloisters.Lookingovertherailings,tothewestandnorthsideoftheterrace,theslopingroofofMerrivaleGraniteisobserved.Bestseenwhenwet,thisgraniteisporphyritic,meaningthatithaslargecrystalssetinafinergrainedmatrix.Thelargercrystalsareknownasphenocrystsandareinthisexamplepotassicfeldspars.Thereareafew,scatteredmuchlargercrystalsandtheseareknownasmegacrysts.Othermineralsaredark,greybrownquartzandblackbiotitemica.Theassociationofquartz,micaandfeldspardefineatruegraniteinthegeologicalsense.MerrivaleGranitecomesfromtheDartmoorPluton,themosteasterlyoftheSWEnglandGraniteswhicharecollectivelyknownastheCornubianBatholith.TheywereintrudedattheendofamajormountainbuildingepisodecalledtheVariscanOrogeny,intheearlyPermian.TheDartmoorGranitewasintrudedat290Ma.ThecopingstonesaroundtheperimeterwalloftheterracearealsoCornubiangranite,thistimefromDeLankQuarriesontheBodminMoorPluton.Italsocontainsquartz,micaandfeldsparbutitisaltogetherpalerincolourthantheMerrivalestone.Neverthelessitisaboutthesameage.Inaddition,honed(unpolished)MerrivaleGranite(left,fieldofviewis8cm)isalsousedtopavetheporchoftheentrancetotheBernardKatzBuildingandDeLankisusedinconjunctionforfoundationsandbollards.FormerUCLViceProvostandHeadofHistoryofArt,ProfessorJohnWhitewasresponsiblefortheerectionofthememorialtotheJapanesestudentswhostudiedatUCLin1863-5onthesouthsideoftheGardenTerrace.Thememorialwasinstalledin1993(right).WeareindebtedtoProfessorWhiteforinformingEricRobinson2thatthestonesusedinthemonumentareblackZimbabwe‘granite’andawhitePortuguesegranite.Unfortunatelymorepreciseprovenanceisnotpossible.LiketheCornishGranites,Portuguesegraniteswerepredominantly2Robinson,E.‘ANewGeologicalMonumentatUCL.’



emplacedduringtotheVariscanOrogenyandthereareanawfullotofthem,oftenwithmanyquarriesineachgranite.LittlemorecanbesaidaboutthisgraniteexceptthatitisatypicallyVariscanleucogranite(meaningitispaleincolour),containingquartzfeldsparandmicaandprobablyaround300-290millionyearsold.TheblackZimbabwe‘granite’isactuallyadolerite,withvariablymediumtocoarsegrainsize.Thesestones,marketedunderthenameofNeroAssolutoZimbabweareamongstthatcountry’smajorexports.Theyarederivedfromasuiteofsheet-likeintrusionswhichoutcropasaseriesoflowhillsinalargeregioneastandsouth-eastofthecapitalHarare.KnownastheMashonalandSillComplex,theseintrusionsare1870millionyearsold(1.87Ga).Doleritesarecomposedofthemineralplagioclaseplusblackpyroxene.Theblackironoxidemagnetiteisalsoamajorcontributortothecolourofthisparticularstone.AmysterysurroundsareputeduseofNorthumbrianPrudhamStoneatUCL.Elsden&Howe(1923),anormallyreliablesourceonbuildingstones,saysthatPrudhamStonewasusedatUniversityCollegeLondonduringthebuildingphasesof1882-3.This‘fact’isrepeatedinanequallyrespectedtextbyAshurst&Dimes(1998).However,therewerenomajorbuildingphasesatUCLintheearly1880sandarchitecturalsandstoneisuncommononcampus.ThequarryatFourstones,nearHexhaminNorthumberlandproducedcoal,limestoneusedforlimeburningandalsoacream-coloured,finegrained,CarboniferoussandstoneknownasPrudhamStone.AccordingtoCoombsetal.(2009),thequarryandcollierywereprobablyinoperationfromthe1820s,howeverthedateofthestartofPrudhamStoneextractionisnotknown.Itwascertainlyoccurringonanimpressivelyindustrialscalewhen100membersoftheNorthofEnglandInstituteofMiningandMechanicalEngineersvisitedthequarryin1877toseeHunter’spatentstonedressingmachine.Thevisitorswitnessedthisfancydeviceinaction;‘astoneaboutfivefeetnineinchesinlengthandeighteeninchesbroadwasdressedinaboutfourandahalfminutes.’(Anon.,NEIMMEPapers,1877).

The1849LibraryExtension.NotetheyellowishstonesframingthewindowsincontrasttothewhitePortlandStonealongtheroofline.SowhereisthisstoneusedatUCLifatall?Intheabsenceofotherdocumentarysources,themostlikelycandidateisthestoneusedonthewindowarchesontheMainLibraryextensiontotheWilkinsBuilding,constructedin1849(Harte&North,2004).Unfortunatelythisstoneisnotaccessibletoviewatclosehand.FromtheGardenterrace,lookuptowardsthebuildingwhichconnectstheDometotheBloomsburyTheatre.Thehighestrowofhalf-moonwindows,interspersedwithterracottaroundels,areframedinayellowishstone(comparewiththewhitePortlandStoneformingthecopingonthetopofthebuilding).ThisisthecorrectcolourforPrudhamStone,andviewingthroughbinocularssuggestthatitisasandstone.Couldthisbethemysterysolved?LeavetheCloistersviatheSouthWingstaircaseandthenexittheWilkinsBuildingintotheSouthQuad.



SouthWingStaircaseInthestairwell,HoptonWoodStoneisusedtoframetheliftdoorsandfortheflooroftheliftintheSouthWingStairwell.Althoughcastinterrazzo,thetreadsofthestairshavealsobeensetwithtinycubesofadarkpurpleporphyrytoaidgrip.ThisisbyfarthebusiestthoroughfareintheCollegeandnotreallyaplacetostopandgetoutahandlens,especiallyonweekdaysbetweenlectures.Nevertheless,thisismostprobablyPermianTrentinoPorphyryfromnorthernItaly.Part2:AroundtheSouthQuadandMaletPlaceHuxleyCourt,‘MRCCircle’TheturningcirclebetweentheHuxleyBuildingandtheMedicalResearchCouncil’s(MRC)LaboratoryforMolecularCellBiologyismainlypavedintarmacbutthecentreoftheareaisacircleofcube-shapedsettsofabluegreygranite.ThisstoneshasnotbeensecurelyidentifiedbutitisprobablyaPortuguesegranitefromnearBragacalledAzulGondomar.AlthoughthisstonewasanimportantconstructionmaterialinPortugalandparticularlyinthetownofBragafromatleastthe16thCentury,themainexportusedofthestoneisaspavingsetts.ItisfrequentlyseeninLondonandmanyotherEuropeancities.The310MaBragaPlutonisoneoftheextensiveplutonsintrudedduringtheclosingepisodesoftheVariscanOrogenyintheLateCarboniferoustoearlyPermian.Itisablue-grey,porphyritic,medium-grained,granitewithsparsebutlarge,prismatic,euhedralwhitefeldsparphenocrysts,3-4cmlong.Thegroundmassplagioclase,quartz,orthoclase,biotiteandmuscovite.TakethepassagebetweentheMRCandthebacksoftheterracetotherearoftheMedawarBuilding.Pewterers’Gate,theMedawarBuildingTherearoftheMedawarBuildingisarathergloomyandseldomvisitedcornerofUCL’smainCampus,buthasahiddengem.Pewterers’Gate(1668)formsthebackdoortotheMedawarBuildingandisanunexpectedarchitecturalelementonthisCampus.PredatingthebuildingofUCLbysome150years,thisonceformedtheentrancetothePewterers’HallintheCityofLondon.ThedoorwaywasbroughttoUCLbyarchitectandBartlettprofessor,SirAlbertRichardson,in1932andisreputedtohavebeendesignedbySirChristopherWren(Harte&North,2004).ItisconstructedfromPortlandStoneWhitbed.MaletPlaceAfirstglanceMaletPlacedoesappeartooffermuchtotheurbangeologist,beinglinedwithbrickorconcrete-cladbuiltbuildingsoccasionallydressedwithPortlandStone.ThisisneverthelessasignificantlyimprovedpieceofUCL’sestatehavingbeentreatedprettymuchasagoodsentranceuntilafewyearsago.Theroadhasbeenresurfaced,trafficrestrictedandnewbuildingshavebeendesignedandbuilt.TheentrancestoseveralbuildingshavebeenshieldedwithshortstretchesofwallbuiltfromDeLankSilver-GreyGranite.DeLankQuarry,nearStBrewardinCornwallistheonlyactivequarryworkingtheCornishGranitesfordimensionstone.SituatedonthewestsideofBodminMoor,thisisarelativelynon-porphyritic,weaklyfoliatedgreygranite,composedofgreyquartz,whitefeldsparandtwomicas,blackbiotiteandsilverymuscovite(whichhasgiventhegraniteitstradename).DeLankQuarryhasbeenincontinuousoperationsince1834andhassuppliedstonetomanyprestigiousbuildingsincludingtheEddystoneandBishop’sRocklighthousesandofcoursehereatUCL.Theentranceto33-35TorringtonPlaceisonMaletStreetfirstdoorontherightasyouenterthecampus,behindthefirstwallofDeLankGranite.Ofbriefgeologicalnoteisthesmallpatchofpavinginfrontofthedoor.Atfirstglancethisisablackrockoflittleinterest,butcloseinspectionshowsthatitisabasaltporphyrywith5-8mmdiameter,black,phenocrystswithadistinctivepolyhedralshape.Thesearethemineralsclinopyroxene.ThisbasaltcomesfromspectacularcolumnarjointedlavaflowslocatedinFujianProvince,eruptedintheCretaceous,between140-130millionyearsago.ItismarketedasBlackPearlandhasbecomeaverypopularpavingstoneinrecentyears.



Thewarmemorialontherighthandside,justbeforetheentrancetoFosterCourtcommemoratestheresidentsofUniversityCollegeHallwhofellinWWI3.Itisawall-mountedplaqueofLakeDistrictGreenSlate,depositedduringtheOrdovicianeruptionoftheBorrowdalevolcano,similartothatseenontheInstituteofArchaeology.Thisisacoarsergrainedversion,alapillituff.Thegrey-greencolourationischaracteristicoftheseformations.

DeLankGranitewallonMaletPlace.TheentrancetoFosterCourtisjustbeforethe‘AnatomyArch’(lookforthe‘PleaseHoot…Slowly’ghost-signonthebrickworktotherightofthearch).Therevealsandsoffitsoftheporcharecladwithbook-matchedslabsofawhitemarble,cross-cutwithgreyveins.ThisisCarraraCalacattamarblethathasbeenpartiallybrecciated.AboveisaslabofgreyBardiglioMarble,alsofromtheCarrararegion.TheCarraraMarblesareatexturallyveryvariablesequenceofmarblesandmarblebrecciaswhichformtheHettangianMarbleUnitoftheAlpiApuanetectonicwindow.ThemarblesrepresentasequenceofLowerJurassiclimestoneswhichwereincorporatedintotheAlpineTuscanNappeandsubsequentlymetamorphosedanddeformedatgreenschistfaciesduringtheOligocene.Thestepsaremadefromamediumgrainedsandstone,figuredwithironoxidestainingintheformofliesegangbands.ThisisprobablyavarietyofYorkStonefromthesouthPennines,butequallycouldbeanimitationimportedfromIndia.Part3:TheCruciformBuildingThemainentrancetotheCruciformBuildingislocatedonGowerStreet,oppositetheentrancetoUCL’sfrontquad.PreviouslytheNewHospitalandthenUniversityCollegeHospital,builtbetween1896and1906byarchitectAlfredWaterhouse,thebuildingformsanXinplanview,henceitsname.Thebuildingwasclosedasahospitalin1996andrefurbishedbyHLMArchitectsin1997andisnowhometotheWolfsonInstituteofBiomedicalResearchaswellasteachinglabsandlecturetheatres.Theexteriorofthebuildingiscladwitharchitecturalterracotta,andrecentlyconservedusingspeciallycommissionedpiecesfromIbstockBrickCompany’sHathernWare.Theentranceporchhasstepsandcolumnsofarich,pink-red,streakygraniteofmediumgrainsize.Theredfeldsparsandgreyishquartzareobvious,butthisgraniteisnotrichin

3WarMemorial#191628;WarMemorialsonline:http://bit.ly/1xzG6Mh



mica.ItisCorennieGranitefromTillyfourieinAberdeenshire.ThiswasapopularbuildingstoneinthelateVictorianera,butnotfrequentlyseeninLondon.Howe(1910)notesthatCorrennieGranitewasusedintheTayBridgeandinseveralmunicipalbuildingsinGlasgow.Itwasalsousedtomake‘millstonesandrollersforpaperandpaint’.Hereweseeaparticularlydeepred,streakyvarietyofthisgranite.LargevolumesofgranitestendtobeintrudedduringtheclosingstagesofmountainbeltsaswehaveseenwiththeVariscangranitesofCornwallandPortugaldescribedabove.HereinAberdeenshireweseethesameprocessesconnectedwithanoldermountainbuildingevent,theCaledonianOrogeny.Corenniegranitewasintrudedatc.450Ma.Theflooroftheporchispavedwithamosaicofstonetesserae.Theblackandwhitechequer-boardprobablyuseswhiteCarraraMarbleandBelgianBlacklimestone.Thereisaborderofbright,grassgreen,streaky,highqualityConnemaraMarbleandthenanouterborderofapink-yellowcolouredstone.Thesearevarietiesofso-calledNumidianMarblefromnorthernAlgeria.ThequarriesnearSidiBenYebkaontheMediterraneancoastwereworkedbytheRomans,butrediscoveredandreopenedinthemid19thCenturyandachievedgreatpopularityinlateVictorianarchitecture,andcanbeseeninbuildingscontemporarywiththeCruciformsuchastheHotelRussellinRussellSquareandWestminsterCathedral(Rogers,2008;Siddall2013).TheinterioroftheCruciformBuildingisworthavisitasithassomefineexamplesofdecorative‘marbles’andotherstones.IfyouarenotpartofanorganisedwalkandarenotamemberofUCLyoumayneedpriorpermissiontovisittheinteriorofthebuilding.FoyerThefoyerispavedwithmosaicwhichusestesseraeofablackandwhitemarble(probablyBelgianBlackandCarraraSicilian)anddistinctive,greenConnemaraMarbleformingdiamondshapesaroundtheborder.Themosaicisframedbyslabsofablacklimestone,withwhitefossilsofthickwalledshells,probablythelargebrachiopodProductussp.andcross-cutbyafewwhitecalciteveinlets.ThisisablackCarboniferouslimestone,probablysourcedfromIreland.Movinguptheflightofsteps,ontheleftisacurvedstonebalustradesetwithironrailings.ThisisCarboniferousHoptonWoodStonefromDerbyshire,asseenontheflooroftheOctagonintheWilkinsBuilding.Darkgreyshellfragmentsandtheoccasionaldistinctivecrinoidossicle,resemblingsmallbuttons,~4mmdiameter,arevisibletothenakedeye.FoundationPlaqueandMemorialtoListerAtheendofthecorridor,afoundationplaqueisattachedtothebuildinginstalledin1898anddedicatedbyH.R.H.AlbertEdward,PrinceofWalesandSirJohnBlundellMaple.TheletteringispickedoutingoldleafonaslabofPeterheadGranitefromStirlinghill,northofAberdeen.OntheothersideofthestaircaseisamemorialtoJosephLister(1827-1912)inwhiteCarraraMarble

Left:MosaicfloorintheCruciformPorch.Right:MemorialtoJosephLister.



FirstFloorLanding;TheYatesMemorialOnthefirstflooroutsidetheentrancetotheWolfsonInstituteisamemorialtoEdwardYates(d.1864,agedonly36)agiftedbarristerwholeftanendowmenttotheUCLmedicalschool(heisnottobeconfusedwitharchaeologistJamesYateswhoendowedChairsinGeologyandArchaeology;Harte&North,2004).ThispanelisalsobytheFrenchSculptor,BaronHenrideTriquetiwhocreatedtheMarmorHomericumpanelintheCruciformandthesimilarityinstyleisclear.Triqueti’ssignatureandthedateofconstruction,1870,aretobeseeninthebottomrighthandcornerofthemaininscription.ItsgeologyhasbeendescribedbyEricRobinsoninanunpublishedhand-out,fittinglyentitled‘AJewelintheCruciform’,andcertainlythisplaqueismuchmoregeologicallydiversethanMarmorHomericum.Theplaquedepictsanailingmotherandchildbeinggivenrestorativemedicinebyhealthpersonified.TheystandaroundagreycentralblockcarryingthededicationtoYates.Thistableauisframedbyvinesspringingfromjars.Allisexecutedincolouredstones,someofwhichhavebeenstainedwithpigment.Thescenesarefurtherembellishedusingsgraffito–scratchinglinesintothemarblesubsequentlyinfilledwithpaint.

DetailsofstoneworkontheYatesMemorialThefollowingstoneshavebeenused:

Mainpanelwithfigures:WhiteCarraraSicilianmarble,withthecentralinscriptioninapalegrey,slightlystreakyvarietyofCarraramarble.Theoriginofthename‘Sicilian’forwhitemarblesfromtheCarrararegionisunknown.CertainlythesestonesarenotfromSicily!HoweveritispossibletheymayhavebeenshippedviaSicily(ormaybeeveninashipcalled‘Sicily’).

Innerframe:ThissceneisframedwithinaraisedframeofgreyBardiglioMarble,alsofromtheCarraraarea.Astripofblacklimestoneandthenageometrickeydesigndecoratetheframe.Thekeydesignismadewithgreen,mottledserpentiniteandwhiteCarraraMarble.SmallroundelsofConnemaraMarble(alsousedinthevineleaves,seebelow)aresettocontrastwiththeCarrara,androundelsofyellowSpanishlimestoneknownasCremaValenciamarble,withpinkveinletsandstylolites,aresetintotheserpentinite.AnotherstripofCremaValenciaissetbetweentwostripesofgreymarble.

Vinestems:TheyellowstemisinlaidwithSienaMarblefromMontarrentiinTuscany.ThisisaJurassiclimestonewhichunderwentmetamorphismintheEocene.Thegreenstemisinlaidinserpentinite.SuchstonesarecommonthroughouttheEuropeanAlpinebeltfromtheCentralAlpstoGreeceandTurkey.ItismostlikelythatthisstoneisVerdeFioritofromItaly,becauseGreekandTurkishQuarrieswerenot(re)-openeduntillaterinthecentury.Howeversuchstonesarenotoriouslydifficulttoidentifyandsoasourcecannotbeascertainedfromobservationalone.



Vineleaves:ConnemaraMarblefromGalway,westernIreland.ThisisaLateProterozoicDalradianlimestone,metamorphosedatc.480MaduringtheCaledonianOrogeny.ItisextractedfromvariousquarriesaroundthetownofClifden.Thisisaslightlydifferentvarietythanthebrightgrass-greenmarbleseeninthemosaicsintheporchandthefoyer,withpalergreenandpinkishstreaks.

Grapes:thepurplegrapesareconstructedinreliefaremadefrompolishedcabochonsofamethystandfluorite.Theorangegrapesarepolishedalabaster.

Vases:AccordingtoEricRobinson,thevasesareinlaidwitharedartificialstone.Howevertheoneonthelefthandsideappearstohaveatracefossil,aburrowcuttingthroughit,whichsuggeststhatthisisinfactanaturalstone.Howevernofurtheridentificationshavebeenmade.

Thelowerpartofthepanelbehind‘TheYatesMemorial’inscriptionismadefromBrecciaVioletta(alsocalledBrecciadiSeravezza)fromtheSeravezzaregionofTuscany,afewmilessouthofCarrara,TheSeravezzaBrecciaimmediatelyunderliestheHettangianMarblewhichisthemainmarbleunitquarriedintheAlpiApuaneintheMassaandCarraraProvince.Cruciform‘VIP’StaircaseTheso-calledVIPstaircaseislocatedintheNEwingoftheCruciformBuilding.ItisaccessedbyfollowingsignsfortheCruciformLectureTheatre1and2inthebasementofthebuilding.Followthemainstaircasedowntothebottom.Onceinthebasement,walkpasttheTheatrestotheendofthecorridorandturnrightthroughdoubledoorsintoanimpressive,‘marble’-linedstairwell.

CruciformBuilding,NEStaircase

Fewhavecausetovisitthisnorth-easternarmofthecruciform,whichisashame.Thewallsarecladinthreevarietiesofdecorativestones,nottruemarblesinthegeologicalsense,butfittingthetradedescriptionforanydecorativestonethatisabletotakeagoodpolish(andisnota‘granite’).Herewehave



largeslabsof‘book-matched’EnglishAlabasterwithacreamandredstreakytexture,greenandwhiteCampanVertfromtheFrenchPyrenéesandredRossoVeronafromItaly.EnglishAlabasterwasaverypopularstonefordecorativecarvingsincetheMedievalperiod.ItisseenineffigiesandotheraspectsofecclesiasticalarchitectureinBritishandEuropeanchurches.Ithasalsobeenwidelyusedininteriordecorationinstatelyhomesandcivicbuildings.ThestoneisminedfromtheTriassicTutburyGypsumBedsprimarilyaroundChellastoninDerbyshireandFauldinStaffordshire(Ashurst&Dimes,1998;Cooper&Saunders,2002).CampanVertwasextractedfromEspiadetQuarry,southofCampanintheFrenchPyrenées.ItisaweaklymetamorphosednodularlimestoneofLateDevonianage,subsequentlycaughtupinPyreneandeformationandcontortedintoaseriesoftightfolds(Mirouse,2008)Thegreencolourationismainlyduetothepresenceofchlorite.CampanVerthasbeenaprizeddecorative‘marble’sincetheRomanperiod,butwasverypopularforinteriordecorationduringthe18thand19thCenturies(Price,2007).ItisalsoknownasCipollinoMandolato–‘cipollino’wasafamousgreenbandedtruemarblefromGreeceandmandolatomeansalmond,becausetheflattenedlimestonenodulesinthisstonearethesizeandshapeofalmonds.RossoVeronaisanothernodularlimestone,thistimestainedredwiththeironoxidehematite.ItbelongstotheAmmoniticoRossoformationoftheAlpsandrepresentsaLateBajocian-Tithonian(Jurassic)carbonateplatform.TherearemanyquarriesforthisandassociatedstonesontheTrentoPlateautothenorthofVerona,andsimilarfaciesarealsoquarriedfromnearEpidaurusinGreece.However,thisisalmostcertainlyItalianAmmoniticoRossowhich,likeCampanVert,hasbeenapopulardecorativestonesincetheRomanperiod.Part4:TheInstituteofArchaeologyandGordonSquareInstituteofArchaeology

InstituteofArchaeology.RivenLakeDistrictGreenSlate.



DesignedbyBooth,Ledeboer&Pinckheardandcompletedin1958,ThebuildinghousingtheInstituteofArchaeologyfacingGordonSquareandontoTavitonStreet(DepartmentofAnthropology)isofprincipalgeologicalnotebecauseofit’sfacingatpavementlevelwithriven(i.e.roughsplit,unpolished)slabsofLakeDistrictGreenSlate.Thegreen‘ornamental’slatesoftheEnglishLakeDistrictarequarriedfromtwogeologicalformations;theSeathwaiteFellSandstoneFormationisworkedatKirkstone,Seathwaite,Elterwater,Broughtonandmanymorelocalities.TheEagleCragSandstoneMemberoftheBirkerFellFormationisquarriedatHonister.Allvarietieshavebeenmetamorphosedatgreenschistfacieswhichtransformedthemfromsandstonesintoslatesandalsoimpartedthegreenishcolourasaresultifthegrowthofmineralsincludingepidoteandchlorite.Howeverthemetamorphismdidnoterasetheoftendelicatebandingthatgavethe‘ornamental’slatestheirname.TheyareultimatelypartoftheBorrowdaleVolcanicGroupandtheserocksformedasvolcanicashandotherpyroclasticmaterialwhichwasdepositedinacraterlakeenvironmentduringtheOrdovician.Atthattime,theLakeDistrictwaspartofacontinentalmargin,similartotheCascadesRangeoftheWestCoastoftheUSA.TheporchoftheIoAispavedwithblackCarboniferouslimestone,probablyfromBelgiumorIreland,andwhiteandgreyCalacattamarblefromCarrara.CrosstheroadandenterGordonSquareGardens.GordonSquareGardensGordonSquarewaslaidoutbetween1820-1850andnowbelongstotheUniversityofLondon.Twomonumentsareworthlookingathere.ThefirstintheNEcornerisamemorialtoNoorInayatKhan(1914-1944),wholivednearbyasachild.DuringtheWWII,shebecameaSpecialOperationsExecutiveAgentandwasthefirstfemaleradiooperatortogotoFrancetohelptheResistance,butshewasbetrayedandcapturedbytheGermansandsubsequentlyexecutedinSeptember1944.ShewasposthumouslyawardedtheCroixdeGuerreandtheGeorgeCross(LondonGazette,1949).ThememorialhasabronzeportraitbustbyKarenNewman(2012)whichstandsonaplinthofpolishedandinscribedLakeDistrictGreenSlate.ThepolishedsurfaceprovidesbetteranalysisofthetexturesofthisstonethantherivenexamplesontheInstituteofArchaeologyabove.FromthismemorialturntotheNWcornerofthesquare,easytomissatfirst,attheedgeofthetreesisaboulder,aboutametrehigh.ThisisaSarsen,placedintheGardensinJune2013tocommemoratethe75thAnniversaryoftheUCLInstituteofArchaeology(right).TheSarsenwasdonatedbyafarmerwhoownslandnearAveburyinWiltshire.SarsenswereusedinthestonecircleatAvebury,andofcourseforthemonolithictrilithonsatStonehenge.SoamodernstandingstoneisafittingmemorialandprovidesfurthergeologicalinteresttoGordonSquareGardens.Geologically,Sarsensareisolatedblocksofsilica-cementedquartzsandstoneswhicharefoundscatteredacrossChalkdownland.TheyarePalaeoceneinageandbelongtotheWoolwichandReadingFormations,remnantsofwhatwasonceamoreextensiveandcoherentlayer.Theoriginoftheword‘sarsen’isprobablyacorruptionofthe‘sarstan’meaningastonetroublesometoploughing,butmayequallybederivedfromSaracen,implyingthattheyappeared‘foreign’on



theChalkdownland.Thesarsenswerealsolocallyknownas‘wethers’astheylayonthesurfaceandlookedlikeaflockofsheepfromadistance.WalkingtowardsthesouthwestsideofGordonSquareweencounteranotherbronzeportrait.ThisisamemorialtothepoetandformerUCLstudentandNobelPrizewinner,RabindranathTagore(1861-1941)byShendaAmery(2011).Theportraitsitsonaplinthofgreygraniteofunknownorigin.Itiscomposedofwhitefeldspar,grey-brownquartzanblackbiotite.Itcontainssmallxenolithsofblack,biotite-richschist.Part5:OutlyingUCLBuildingsBenthamHouse,4-8EndsleighStreetWC1H0EGNB:Atthetimeofwriting,BenthamHouseiscurrentlyunderrestorationandrenovationandcannotbevisited.Howeverhopefullythefossiliferousinteriorwillreappearonceworksarecompleted…BenthamHouse,housingtheUCLLawDepartment,isonthecornerofEndsleighGardensandEndsleighStreet.Atfirstglance,itlookslikea1930sbuilding,however,itwasbuiltinaratherretrostyle(an‘eccentricmixture’accordingtoPevsner)in1954-8byH.andH.MartinLidbetter,OncemoremainlyconstructedofPortlandStone,thefoundationsareofaLakeDistrictGreenSlate.Insidethefoyer,andcertainlyworthaquicklook,thewallsarecladwithayellowish,polishedlimestone,absolutelypackedwithfossilshellfragments,coralsandoncoids(ballsofalgae).Theoriginofthisstoneisunknown,butitmaybeForestMarble.TheBartlettSchoolofArchitecture,22GordonStreetWC1H0QB

Above:TheGordonStreetKlinkerbricksusedatTheBartlettSchoolofArchitecture.Notethefingerprintsandthegreycolourdenotingalowironcontent.Eachbrickis290x52x70mm.22GordonStreethousesTheBartlettSchoolofArchitecture.Thebuildingwascompletedin2017anddesignedbyHawkins\BrownArchitects.ThestructureisaretrofitoftheformerWatesHouse,theghostofwhichstillexistsinthecoreofthebuilding.Whatreplacesitisaspacious,fit-for-purposebuildingfortheUCLSchoolofArchitecture.Themaininteriorbuildingmaterialisconcrete,buttheexterioriscladwithhand-madebricks,specificallyproducedforthisprojectbyGermanbrickmakersJaninhoff,andwiththereownspecialname,‘TheGordonStreetKlinker’.Thesearewater-struckbricks,withhighfiringtemperatures(1200°C)and140,000wereusedintheproject.Geologicallytheclayisderivedfromthe10-20kaglaciogenicdepositsofnorthernGermanyandDenmark,whereiron-poorclaysareinabundance.Theabsenceofironisresponsibleforthesubtleshadesofgrey



colouringthesebricks.Aleft-overbrickwasusedtomakeathinsectionandthishasrevealedittohaveasandytemper(orperhapsnaturalinclusionsintheclay)derivedfromagraniticsource(seeSiddall,2017).

Above:AphotomicrographofathinsectionofaGordonStreetKlinker;leftisinplanepolarisedlightandtherighthandimageistakenundercross-polarisedlight(XPL).Thesetwolightsourcesenablegeologiststoidentifymineralsviatheopticalproperties.TheblackmatrixofthebrickinXPLindicatesthatthebrickisfired>1000°Candtheclaymatrixhasvitrified.Greyparticlesaregrainsofquartz,feldsparandchert.1-19TorringtonPlaceWC1E7HB1-19TorringtonPlacehousescentraladministrationaswellasanumberofteachingspacesandacademicdepartments.ThiswasformerlyMullardHouse,homeoftheheadofficeoftheMullardRadioValveCompanyLtd.Serpentiniteslabsareusedtocladthelowerwallbelowthevitrinesat1-19TorringtonPlaceandalsomakesupanattractivedecorativepanelbetweenthemainentranceandtheentrancetothecarpark.Herethestoneslabshavebeenseparatedlikeopeningabook,creatingaRorschachpatternintherock.Closeinspectionshowsthesilvery-green‘bastite’porphyroblastssetinafinegrainedblackmatrix.Therockischaoticallyveinedwithwhitecalciteordolomite.Theoriginofthisbeautifulserpentiniteisunknown.ItisprobablyfromItaly,GreeceorTurkey,butitisequallypossiblyfromVermontintheUSA.Anunidentified,butratherbeautiful,polished,fossiliferouslimestonelinestherecessedporchtothebuilding.Thisisacalcarenitecontainingvariousshellfragments,withgoodevidenceofcross-bedding.Theslabsarelaidwiththebeddingorientatedvertically.TheGrantMuseumandtheRockefellerBuilding,21UniversityStreetWC1E6DETheexterioroftheUCLGrantMuseumofZoologyisbuiltofPortlandStoneWhitbed,whichgradesupintoredbrickwithPortlandStonedressingsontheupperstories.TheweatheredPortlandstoneontheexteriorallowsthehardoysterfossilstoweatheroutslightly.ThesecanbeeasilyseenontheUniversityStreetfaçade.Themuseumitself,ofcourse,hasmuchofpalaeontologicalinterestincludingaspecimenoftheTitanitesspeciesammonite(seep.3above).LeavingtheMuseum,onecaneitherwalkalongtheinternalcorridororalongthestreettothemainentranceoftheRockefellerBuilding.ThelobbyoftheRockefellerBuildingiscladinslabsofstreaky,yellow-whiteandredEnglishAlabaster,fromStaffordshire.ThisisthesamestoneasusedintheCruciformBuildingNEStaircase.Thefloorispavedwithblackandwhitetilesofawhitemarblewithgreystreaks,probablyCarraraSicilian,pairedwithablack,finegrainedlimestonewithalowfossilcontent.TheoriginofthislimestonecannotbeconfirmedbutitiseitherBelgianBlackoroneoftheblacklimestonesfromSouthernIreland,suchasKilkennyBlack.BothvarietiesareCarboniferousinage.ThememorialtothemembersoftheUCLMedicalSchoollostintheFirstWorldWar4ismountedonthewalltoone’srightasoneentersthelobbyfromthestreet.ItisframedinVerdeAntico,aserpentiniteandmarblebrecciafromThessalyincentralGreece.Thepanelwiththenames

4WarMemorial#191294;WarMemorialsTrust:https://www.warmemorialsonline.org.uk/node/191294



isprobablyawhiteCarraramarble.Theoverallyellow-ishcolourofthemarblealongwiththeyellowedcolourofthealabastersuggeststhatthesestonesareinneedofagood(butverycareful)clean.TheKathleenLonsdaleBuilding,GowerPlaceWC1E6BTTheKathleenLonsdaleBuilding,frontingontoGowerPlace,isalsobuiltofPortlandStoneWhitbed.Thestepsuptothemainentrancearerichintracefossils;relicsoftheburrowsofmarineorganismsinthelateJurassicPortlandseas.Y-shaped,branchingburrowsaretypicalandobservedhere.ThebuildingisenteredfromTheWilkinsBuilding,fromacorridoradjacenttotheHousmanRoom.TherearefourcommemorativeplaquesinthefoyeroftheKathleenLonsdaleBuilding.Twohavesimilarstyleandwereseeminglyinstalledin1911,tomarktheopeningoftheRalphFosterandWilliamRamsayLaboratories.ThesehaveframesofVerdeAntico,aserpentinitebrecciaquarriedinThessaly,CentralGreece.ThisstonehasbeenworkedsinceatleasttheRomanperiod.Thequarrieswererediscoveredinthe1880sandthestonebecameveryfashionableandwasquarriedandexportediningreatquantities.TheinscriptionsareonwhiteCarraraMarble.AnothermemorialtoRamsayhasabronzereliefonamountofratherstained,CarraraMarble.AmorerecentplaquemarkstheopeningoftheHaskellHighPressureLaboratory(1989)andhasaframeofgreyBardiglioMarbleandtheinscriptionisonwhiteandgreyCarraraSicilianMarble.UCLEarthSciencesDepartmentRockRoomisaccessed(withpermissionfromtheDepartmentalOfficeopposite)byturningleftinthefoyerandthenitisthefirstroomontheright.ThisroomdisplayssomeofthetreasuresofUCL’sgeologycollectionsincludingsomebuildingstonespecimens.SchoolofPharmacy,29-39BrunswickSquareWC1N1AXTheSchoolofPharmacyispredominantlybuiltofredbrick,butwithtrimmingsandobelisksatthemainentranceofPortlandStoneWhitbed.Walkinginsidetheinteriorlobbyisclad,bothfloorandwallswithItalianTivoliTravertine(whichwillbedescribedindetailwhenseenatSenateHouse,below).Howeveradarkredstoneisusedasdecorativesquaretilesonthefloor;thisistheredserpentinite,RossodiLevanto,alsoofItalianorigin.TheInstituteofNeurology,QueenSquareWC1ThemainpointofinterestisthebustofLordWolfsoninQueenSquareGardens.Thiswasinstalledin2017andthebronzesculptureisbyNickRoberson.Ofgeologicalinterestistheplinthinwhatappearstobedarkgrey,Welshslate.Thefrontoftheplinth,withtheinscriptionisacleavagepalneintheslate,andthecleavageandbeddingcanbeseenlookingatthesidesoftheplinth.

MemorialtoLordWolfsson,QueenSquareGardens.



ThegreyNorthWelshslatesarequarriedtheBlaenauFfestiniogslatebeltwhichisofLowerOrdovicianage.GeologicallythesestratabelongtotheNantFfranconGroup.Thevarietyusedhere,withtheobviousbeddingiscalledBlackVeinanditisworkedtodayfromCwt-y-BugailQuarryinBlaenau.OtherdecorativestonesaroundUCLAfewfine‘marble’firesurroundswhichstillsurviveinprivateofficesandafullsurveywouldberequiredtocataloguethese.Theseexamplesarenotavailableforpublicaccess.HowevertheyincludeagoodexampleofGriottedeSost,agoniatite-bearing,rednodularlimestonefromtheDevonianofthePyreneesin3TavitonStreetandaBleuTurquin,greymarblefromCarrara,Italyfiresurroundisin4TavitonStreet.TheSladeProfessor’sofficehasafinecoral-richlimestonefiresurroundmadeofaBelgianMarblecalledSainteAnne.Manymoreexamplesprobablyexistintheolderroomsofthecollegeandanyfurtherinformationconcerninguseofstones,decorativeorfunctional,notmentionedhereisgratefullyreceived.Part6:ByngPlaceandTheUniversityofLondonWenowturnourattentiontothebuildingsoftheUniversityofLondon’sBloomsburyCampus,whichliesadjacenttoUCL.ThisshorttourstartsinByngPlace.Christ-The-KingChurchNotpartoftheUCLCampus(forobviousreasons,weareafterallthe‘GodlessStudentsofGowerStreet’),Christ-the-Kingcertainlyencroachesontoitandcannotbeignored.ThechurchwasbuiltintheGothicStylebyRaphaelBrandonin1853.ThegoldencolourofthestoneisinstantlyrecognisedasdifferentfromtheubiquityofPortlandStoneusedelsewhere,anditisBathStonefromAvon.BathStoneisfromtheBathOoliteMember,ChalfieldOoliteFormation,oftheGreatOoliteGroupofOxfordian(UpperJurassic)age.Itwillcomeasnosurprisethenthatthisisanooliticlimestone,composedofcloselypacked,tinyspheresofcarbonatesand,ooidsorooliths.Sonamedfortheirresemblancetofishroe(ooidisderivedfromtheLatinforegg),thesedeveloparoundtinyparticlesofshellorquartzgrainswhichaccumulatecalciumcarbonateastheyrollbackandforthinshallowtropicallagoons.Theooidscanjustbeseenwiththenakedeyeandareeasilyviewedwiththeaidofahandlens.ByngPlaceByngPlace,theareaofawideroadwaybetweenUCLandChrist-the-KingChurchandtheUniversityofLondonUnionBuildinghasrecentlybeenpavedin‘granite’settsinanattempttomakeitasharedspaceforpedestrians,cyclesandmotortraffic.ThishasworkedwellforpedestriansbutappearstobeirksometocyclistsandLondonCabbies,whoareirritatedatslowmoving,wheel-lesshumans.Neverthelessitlooksveryniceandisaninterestingexperimentintheuseofurbanspace.ThesettsarecomposedofwhatarealmostcertainlygraniteandgneissofChineseorigin.Chinesegraniteslackimaginativenamesandaremarketedinthewestbynumbers,prefixedbyGforgranite.Thepalepink,finegrainedgraniteisprobablythevarietyG663,aMesozoicgranitefromLuoyaninFujianProvinceinSEChina.Theoriginofthegreygneiss,withanattractivebandedandfoldedtextureisunknown.CrossingByngPlacetothesouth,wemoveintoTorringtonSquare,thefirst,raisedpartofwhichformstherooftoStudentCentre(akaULU)’sswimmingpool.ContinuesouthtowardsthemainentrancetoBirkbeckCollegeontherighthand(W)sideofthesquare.TorringtonSquareThepavinginfrontofthemainentrancetoBirkbeckCollegeisofaporphyriticgranite.Ascatteringoflarge(upto4cm)phenocrystsofbothpinkandwhite,euhedralfeldsparsarepresent,setinamediumgrainedgroundmassofgreyquartz,biotiteandfeldspar.Thegreygroundmassshowsaweakfoliation,whichisdeformedaroundthephenocrystsandsomephenocrystsshowmarkedcolourzoning,withwhiterimsandpinkcores.ThisisanotherChinesegranitefromLaizhouinShandongProvinceontheeastcoastofChina,namedG341.



Left:graniteandgneisssetts,ByngPlaceandright:porphyrygraniteinTorringtonSquare,fieldofview60cm.SenateHouseThefirstviewofSenateHousefromtheendofTorringtonSquareisanextensionaddedtothewestofthebuilding.ThishasafoundationcourseinDeLankSilverGranite,asdescribedaboveatMaletPlace.EnterSenateHousefromthedooronyourright.SenateHouseandLibrarywheredesignedbyCharlesHoldenandbuiltduring1932-37.Thisisactuallyapaired-downversionofHolden’soriginalplanswhichincludedbuildingsoccupyingthelandnowtakenbyBirkbeckCollege,ULUandTorringtonSquarebehindthesebuildings,leadingfromByngPlace.NeverthelessthecompletedSenateHouseisastrikingbuildingandhasbeenusedasafilmsetonnumerousoccasions.ThemajorbuildingmaterialisdressedPortlandStoneWhitbedwhichhasretainedagoodwhitecolour.Thelowercoursesareofaxe-dressedCornishGranite,probablyfromCarnsewQuarryintheCarnmenellisPluton,nearFalmouthinCornwall.ThisintrusionispartoftheextensiveCornubianBatholithwhichincludesallthegranitesofSWEnglandfromtheScillyIslestoDartmoor.ThesewereemplacedinthefinalstagesoftheVariscanmountainbuildingphaseintheearliestPermian,atc.290Ma.Generallypaleincolour,therockisacoarsegrained,slightlyporphyriticgranitewithphenocrystsofwhiteorthoclasefeldsparaswellasquartzandtwomicas,blackbiotiteandsilverymuscovite.Thepubliclyaccessible,spaciousfoyerispavedandcladwithTivoliTravertinefromRome.Byfartheyoungestbuildingstoneswewillencounteronthiswalk,itsageismeasuredinthousands(ka)ratherthanmillions(Ma)ofyears.VisitorstoTivolitodaywillbeimpressedbythewaterfallsdepositingtravertines.FewertouristseethevastquarrieswhichnowoccupywhatwasoncetheswampyLakeTiburtinus(‘travertine’isacorruptionofTiburtinus).ThisbodyofwateraccumulatedonafaultzonewhichproducedhotspringsassociatedwiththeRomanVolcanicFieldanddepositedtheselayersoflimestone(Facennaetal.,2008).Thesestonesarebandedorlayeredwithbothmicriteandsparitecalcite.Anothercommonfeaturearedelicate‘arborescent’or‘shrub’featureswhicharemicriticaggregatesreplacingcyanobacteriabuild-ups(ÁngelesGarcía-del-Curaetal.,2012).Pisoliths,plantfossilsandotherdetritalmaterialmayalsobepresent.Thesetravertinesweredepositedbetween115-30kaandhavebeenworkedasbuildingstonessinceAntiquity.ThereisasampleofRomanTravertine(fromBagniodiTivoli)intheUCLBuildingstonecollectionwhichisinscribedontheback‘usedintheUniversityofLondonBuilding,Bloomsbury’.InterestinglyasecondsampleofDurbanTravertinefromSouthAfricabearsthesameinscription–thetwostonesItalianandSouthAfricanaresimilarbutitmaywellbethatthismoreexotictravertinewasalsousedinSenateHouse.LeaveSenateHouseviathemainentranceontoMaletStreet,crossoverandcontinuestraightaheadalongKeppelStreet,pausingattheentrancetotheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicineonthecornerofKeppelStreetandGowerStreet.



LondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine,KeppelStreetWC1E7HTAlsobuiltofbeautifullydressedPortlandStoneWhitbed,theLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine’sbuildingisofinterestarchitecturally.Pre-datingSenateHouse,thebuildingwasdesignedbyarchitectsP.MorleyHorderandVernerO.Reesanderectedbetween1926-28.Theratherausterearchitectureisoffsetbygildedmodelsoffloraandfaunaassociatedwithtropicaldisease,andoftencharmingintheircharacterdespitetheirmurderousreputations,aswellasthenamesofpioneersinthisfield.Ofgeologicalnotearethebrecciassurroundingthedoorways.ThedooropeningontoMaletStreetiscladwithaserpentinitebreccia.Asbrecciasgo,thisoneisquitefinegrainedwithmaximumclastsizeofafewcentimetresandwithastrongfoliation.ThisisoneofthevarietiesofserpentinitequarriedfromtheophiolitebodiesoftheAlpinePiemonteseNappes.Theyaremetamorphosedandtectonised(meaningdeformedandbrokenup)fragmentsofancientoceaniccrustemplacedanddeformedduringcontinentalcollision.Thenetworkofwhiteveinssurroundingthedarkgreenclastsarecalcite.Theclaststhemselvesarecomposedpredominantlyoftremoliteandtalc.Suchstonesarethereforeoftenreferredtoas‘ophicalcites’.ThisvarietyissimilartostonesusedinWestminsterCathedralanddescribedasVerdeMare(Rogers,2008).Howeverthefaciesofthesestonesisnotoriouslyvariable(seeSandroneetal.,2004)andanidentificationcannotbemadewithcertainty.ThesamestoneisalsousedatthemainentrancetotheSchoolonKeppelStreet.FollowthebuildingaroundontoGowerStreet.ThedoorwayopeningontoGowerStreethasrevealsandlintelcladinaverydifferentstone,averyweathered,palegrey-brownlimestone.Thisisacompact,lowporositystonewithstreakymarkings.Closeinspectionshowthatthesehavedendriticshapesandthisisinfactanalgallimestone,calledBoulonnaisMarbleandderivedfromtheeponymousregionofNWFrance.DevonianandCarboniferouslimestones,representingthesouthernmarginoftheLondon-BrabantMassif,cropoutintheFerquesInlier(Ager&Wallace,1966).TheViseanCalcaireCarboniférehasseveralmemberswhichhavebeenexploitedforbuildingstone,theBancHenrietteandBancCarolineoftheHauteBancFormationandtheLunel,NapoléonandJoinville‘Marbles’.Thealgalmarbleswiththeir‘pattesdesalouettes’(lark’sfeet)markingsweremuchprized;fragmentsofProductidshellsandcrinoidsmayalsobepresent.OneCartwrightGardensWC1H9ENAdiversiontoCartwrightGardensistoberecommendedfortheurbangeologist.ThisUniversityofLondonintercollegiatestudenthallofresidencehasrecentlyundergonerenovationandrebuildingbyarchitectsMacreanorLavingtonandopenedin2016.Theentranceporticoshowsaninnovativeanddecorativeuseofstoneanditiswellworthavisit.ThestonesusedhereweresuppliedbycontractorsStone&CeramicLtd.andfourvarietiesareusedinageometricpavingandcladdingonthefoyer;GoldTravertine,EmperadorLight,CeniaBeigeandlastbutnotleastNerineaMarble.TheyellowstoneisGoldTravertinecomesfromTurkey.AmorepreciseprovenanceisunknownduetoverysimilarstonesbeingquarriedatseverallocalitiesacrossAnatolia.MainareasofproductionareatBitlis,intheeastnearLakeVan,DenizliinthewestandSivasinnorthcentralTurkey(Erdogan,2011).AllareQuaternarytravertinedepositsassociatedwithactivehotsprings.Thepalegrey-brownstoneisEmperadorLightadolomiticlimestonefromBursainTurkey.Thewhitestone,CeniaBeigeisoneofseveralvarietiesofmidCretaceous(Aptian)limestones

quarriedaroundthevillagesofLaJanaandUlldeconaintheprovinceofTarragona,Spain.Itisrichinfossils,butthesearehardtodiscernhereasthistoneisusedwitha‘bush-hammered’surfacetogiveitaroughenedtexture.

NerineaMarbleisthebrownandredfossiliferousstoneusedhereandatthetimeofbuildingOneCartwrightGardens,thisstonewasrelativelynewonthemarket.Itisaspectacularstone,richinwellpreservedsnailshellsofNerineaspecies.NerineoidgastropodsarefoundinUpperJurassicandCretaceouslimestonesandthesestoneswerequarriedfromUpperJurassicstrataofAlmeriainSpain.Theseareparticularlyattractive,turret-shapedshells,whichhavecomplex-shapedinternalchambers



knownas‘plaits’(left).Insectionasseenintheseslabs,thesecanbeseenass-orz-shapedinternalstructures.Therichredandbrownshadesdevelopedinthisrockarearesultofthepercolationofiron-richfluidsdepositingochresandstainingtheshells.

DecorativeStoneworkatOneCartwrightGardens.YellowstoneisGoldTravertine,thepalebrownstoneisEmperadorLight,thewhite,texturedstoneisCeniaBeigeandthefossiliferousbrownstoneisNerineaMarble.UniversityCollegeHospitalThoughnotstrictlypartoftheuniversitycampuses,thistourwouldbeincompletewithouttheinclusionofastunningpieceofurbangeologyoutsideUniversityCollegeHospital(UCH).

JohnAiken’s‘Monolith&Shadow’outsideUniversityCollegeHospital.



Alargepebble,intendedasseating,standsoutsidethemainentranceofUCHonEustonRoad.ThisisasculpturebyJohnAikenentitledMonolith&Shadow.Itwasinstalledherein2005.OnanurbangeologicaltouroftheUCLandUniversityofLondon’sBloomsburycampus,thiscannotbeignored,anditisprobablythepieceofrockintheurbanenvironmentthatIammostfrequentlyaskedabout.Thisisaspectacularconglomerate,containinglarge,roundedcobblesofquartzite,granitoids,gneiss,basicigneousrocksandironstonesinagreen,epidote-andchlorite-richmatrix.ThisstonewasmarketedasVerdeTropicalíabythestonecontractorsGranitosMaceiras,whosuppliedJohnAikenwithhisstone.TheconglomerateisquarriedaroundOliveiradeBrejinhosinBahiaState.Geologically,itisderivedfromtheRiachoFundoFormation(PajeuSynthem)whichiscomposedofaseriesofrift-relatedalluvialfans,partoftheProterozoicSerradoEspinhaçoSupergroupofsupracrustalrocks.Itwasdepositedat~1.7Gaandunderwentmildthermalmetamorphismaround600Ma(seeSiddall,2016).AcknowledgementsManythankstoFrankPenterfordrawingattentiontotheCruciformNEStaircase,andtoAliceStevensonandSusiPancaldointhePetrieMuseumforprovidingtheinformationontheanalysisofthestonesoftheKoptosLions.ThanksarealsoduetoLeisaClemente,UCLEarthSciencesforprovidingtheinformationontheflooringmaterialusedinthePearsonBuilding,JohnAikenoftheAcademyofVisualArts,HongKongBaptistUniversity,KevinJonesofTheBartlettSchoolofArchitectureandAlbionStone.IndexofStones

Amethyst–CruciformYatesMemorial.

AzulGondomar–MRCCircle.

BardiglioMarble–CruciformYatesMemorial,PlaquesintheKathleenLonsdaleBuildingFoyer.

BathStone–Christ-the-KingChurch.

BelgianBlack–pavingintheCruciformPorch,FoyerandRockefellerFoyer.

BlackPearl–pavinginMaletPlace.

BleuTurquin–MarmorHomericum

BoulonnaisMarble–LondonSchoolofHygiene.

BrathayFlags–interiorpavinginthePearsonBuilding.

BrecciaVioletta–CruciformYatesMemorial.

CampanVert–Cruciform‘VIP’Staircase.

CarnsewGranite–FoundationsoftheWilkinsBuildingandSenateHouse.

CarraraArabescato–FlaxmanPortraitplinth.

CarraraCalacatta–FosterCourt.

CarraraMarble–MarmorHomericum,L’InnocenzaPerduta,FlaxmanPortrait,pavinginCruciformFoyer,PlaquesintheKathleenLonsdaleBuildingFoyer.

CarraraSicilian–Octagonpaving,CruciformYatesMemorial,pavingintheRockefellerFoyer,PlaquesintheKathleenLonsdaleBuildingFoyer.

CeniaBeige–OneCartwrightGardens.

ConnemaraMarble–pavingintheCruciformPorchandFoyer,CruciformYatesMemorial.

CorennieGranite–CruciformBuildingporchcolumns.

CorkRed–MarmorHomericum



CremaValencia–CruciformYatesMemorial.

DeLankSilverGreyGranite–streetfurnitureinMaletPlace,foundationsofSenateHouseextension.

DurbanTravertine–SenateHouseinterior.

EmperadorLight–OneCartwrightGardens.

EnglishAlabaster–CruciformYatesMemorial,Cruciform‘VIP’Staircase,RockefellerFoyer.

G341Granite–ByngPlacepaving.

G663Granite–ByngPlacepaving.

GoldTravertine–OneCartwrightGardens

GreyGneiss–ByngPlacepaving.

HeatherSlate–roofoftheFrontLodge.

HoptonWoodStone–Octagonpaving,LiftdressingsintheSouthWing,CruciformFoyer.

KilkennyBlack–pavingintheCloisters.

LakeDistrictGreenSlate–WarMemorialonMaletPlace,InstituteofArchaeology,NoorInayatKhanMemorial.

LithographicLimestone–SladeSchoolWarMemorial.

MerrivaleGranite–BernardKatzBuilding.

MountsorrelGranodiorite–settsintheFrontQuad.

NerineaMarble–OneCartwrightGardens

NeroAssolutoZimbabwe–JapaneseMemorial

NumidianMarble–pavingintheCruciformPorch.

PeterheadGranite–CruciformFoundationPlaque.

PortlandBasebed–pavingintheCloisters.

PortlandFancyBeachWhitbed–TheWilkinsTerrace.

PortlandGroveWhitbed–TheWilkinsTerrace.

PortlandJordan’sBasebed–TheWilkinsTerrace.

PortlandJordan’sWhitbed-TheWilkinsTerrace.

PortlandPatchReef–TheWilkinsTerrace.

PortlandStoneWhitbed–WilkinsBuilding,SladeandSouthWing,PearsonandChadwickBuildings,pavingintheCloisters,Pewterer’sArch,GrantMuseum,KathleenLonsdaleBuilding,SchoolofPharmacydressings,SenateHouse,LondonSchoolofHygiene.

PortugueseGranite–JapaneseMemorial.

PrudhamStone–LibraryExtension.

PurbeckMarble–pavingintheFrontLodgeandtheChadwickBuildingvestibule.

PurpleFluorite–CruciformYatesMemorial.

RossodiLevanto–L’InnocenzaPerduta,SchoolofPharmacyFoyer.

RossoVerona–Cruciform‘VIP’Staircase.

Sarsen–GordonSquareGardens.

Serpentinite–1-19TorringtonPlace.



SienaMarble–CruciformYatesMemorial.

ThebesLimestone–KoptosLions.

TivoliTravertine–SchoolofPharmacyFoyer,SenateHouseinterior.

TrentinoPorphyry–SouthWingstaircase.

VerdeAntico–RockefellerMedicalSchoolWarMemorial,PlaquesintheKathleenLonsdaleBuildingFoyer.

VerdeFiorito–CruciformYatesMemorial.

VerdeMare–LondonSchoolofHygiene.

VerdeTropicalía–Monolith&ShadowatUCH.

YorkStone–pavingintheFrontQuad.

ReferencesandFurtherReadingAdams,B.&Jaeschke,R.,1984,TheKoptosLions.,ContributionsinAnthropologyandHistory,No.3.MilwaukeePublicMuseum.32pp.

Ager,D.V.&Wallace,P.,1966,TheenvironmentalhistoryoftheBoulonnais,France.,ProceedingsoftheGeologists’Association,77(4),385-417.

ÁngelesGarcía-del-Cura,M.,Benavente,D.,Martínez-Martínez,J.&Cueto,N.,2012,Sedimentarystructuresandphysicalpropertiesoftravertineandcarbonatetufabuildingstone.,ConstructionandBuildingMaterials.,28,456–467.

Anon.,NorthofEnglandInstituteofMiningandMechanicalEngineers(NEIMMEPapers):VisittotheStonecroftandGreysideLeadMines,PrudhamQuarries,andtheSettlingStonesLeadMine,October13th,1877:http://www.mininginstitute.org.uk/papers/stonecroftvisit.html

Ashton,R.,2012,VictorianBloomsbury.,YaleUniversityPress.,320pp.

Ashurst,J.&Dimes,F.G.(Eds.),1998,Conservationofbuildinganddecorativestone.,Part1.,Routledge,187pp.

Banerjee,J.,2009,TheUniversityofLondon’sArtCollections.,http://www.victorianweb.org/history/education/ulondon/7.html

Banerjee,J.,2010,BaronHenriJosephFrançoisdeTriqueti(1803-1874).,http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/triqueti/biography.html

Cherry,B.&Pevsner,N.,2002,TheBuildingsofEngland.London4:North.,YaleUniversityPress,810pp.

Cleere,C.,1997,L’InnocenzaPerduta(LostInnocence):conservingaCarraraMarblestatue.,JournalofConservation&MuseumStudies.,2,1-5,http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jcms.2971

Coombs,P.,Foster,C.B.&Kearney,J.,2009,FourstonesColliery,LimeandCementWorks.NorthEasternExpress,48.http://www.fourstonesandnewbrough.co.uk/page31aa.html

Cooper,A.H.&Saunders,J.M.,2002,RoadandbridgeconstructionacrossgypsumkarstinEngland.,EngineeringGeology65,217–223.

Elsden,J.V.&Howe,J.A.,1923,TheStonesofLondon.,CollieryGuardian,London.,p.100.

Erdogan,Y.,2011,EngineeringpropertiesofTurkishtravertines.,ScientificResearchandEssays,6(21),4551-4566.

Facenna,C.,Soligno,M.,Billi,A.,DeFilippis,L.,Funicello,R.,Rossetti,C.&Tuccimei,P.,2008,LatePleistocenedepositionalcyclesoftheLapisTiburtinustravertine(Tivoli,CentralItaly):Possibleinfluenceofclimateandfaultactivity.,GlobalandPlanetaryChange63,299–308.

Fürsich,F.T.,Palmer,T.J.&Goodyear,K.L.,1994,GrowthanddisintegrationofbivalvedominatedpatchreefsintheUpperJurassicofSouthernEngland.,Palaeontology,37(1),131-171.

Harte,N.&North,J.,2004,TheWorldofUCL,1824-2004.3rdEdition.,UCLPress,London.304pp.

Horton,A.&Harald,J.,2012,Strategicstonestudy:abuildingstoneatlasofLeicestershire.EnglishHeritage.,33pp.http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/stones/EH_atlases.html



Howe,J.A.,1910,TheGeologyofBuildingStones.,EdwardArnold,London.,p.414.

JaninhoffBricks:http://www.janinhoff.de/en/brick-slips-janinhoff-klinkermanufaktur

Kirk,W.,AGeologicalWalkaroundUCLandBloomsbury;http://www.ucl.ac.uk/es/impact/geology/walks/Earth_Sciences_Geotrail_UCL_and_Bloomsbury.pdf

Klemm,R.&Klemm,D.D.,2008,Stones&QuarriesinAncientEgypt.,TheBritishMuseumPress.,354pp.

LevittBernstein:WilkinsTerrace,Camden;http://www.levittbernstein.co.uk/project-stories/wilkins-terrace/

LondonGazette.1949,http://www.londongazette.co.uk/issues/38578/supplements/1703

Lott,G.,2012,Strategicstonestudy:abuildingstoneatlasofWest&SouthYorkshire.,EnglishHeritage.,25.http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk/mines/stones/EH_atlases.html

Mirouse,R.,2008,GuidesGeologiquesRégionaux:PyrénéesCentralesFranco-Espagnoles.,Dunod,Paris.,p.112.

Price,M.T.,2007,DecorativeStone:TheCompleteSourcebook.ThamesandHudson,288pp.

Renwick,W.G.,1909,MarbleandMarbleWorking.,D.VanNostrandCompanyInc.,NewYork.,226pp.

Robinson,E.,1985,London:IllustratedGeologicalWalks,Book2.,ScottishAcademicPress,Edinburgh.,142pp.

Robinson,E.,AjewelintheCruciform.(unpublished)

Robinson,E.,ANewGeologicalMonumentatUCL.(unpublished)

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Howtocitethisarticle:Siddall,R.&Kirk,W.,2017,TheUrbanGeologyofUCLandtheUniversityofLondon’sBloomsburyCampus;urbanGeologyinLondonNo.1,28pp.,http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfbrxs/Homepage/walks/UCL&UoL.pdf

the urban geology of ucl and the university of london’s

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