(aka “imperialistic dog”)

The Pressure to ExpandEssential Questions:

• What factors led to the growth of imperialism around the world?

• In what ways did the United States begin to expand its interests abroad in the late 1800s?

• What arguments were made in favor of United States expansion in the 1890s?

Chapter 10, Section 1

ImperialismWhat’s imperialism?• Under imperialism, stronger nations

attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination.

Growth of Imperialism around the World• Factors that account for the growth of imperialism

around the world. – Economic factors: The growth of industry

increased the need for natural resources & overseas markets.

– Nationalistic factors: Competition among European nations for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism—or devotion to one’s own nation.

– Military factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships.

– Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to other countries. “White Man’s Burden”

• .

Chapter 10, Section 1

• By 1890, the United States was eager to join the competition for new territory. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) Yet annexation did take place

Setting the Stage• The US continues to expand under the Monroe Doctrine.

–1891: Chilean mob attacks group of US sailors ――► $75,000–1893: Brazilian rebellion threatens US shipping interests ――► US Navy–1895: US tells Britain to leave Venezuela alone ――► GB backs off

4D’s – Diety, Dollars, Destiny & Defense

1a. Economic Factors (U.S. Foreign Investments)

dollars

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1b. Economic Factors (U.S. Foreign Trade) Dollars

2. Military/Strategic Factors = protect U.S. shipping/foreign

investments - Defense3. D

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 660-1783

(U.S. needs powerful Navy to protect overseas markets)

3a. Humanistic FactorsSocial Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurden

The Hierarchyof Race

3b. Religious/Missionary Interests - Diety

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

4. Closing the American Frontier - Destiny

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii

1875 – Reciprocity Treaty1890 – McKinley Tariff1893 – Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen Liliuokalani.Sanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

Opened Japanese ports to U.S. trade Ended Japans 300 years of seclusion

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries.The U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco to rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separateschools.

1908 Root-Takahira Agreement.

Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Non-European powers,like Japan, would beexcluded from owningterritory in the WesternHemisphere.

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Cuban Rebellion• 1868: Island rebels against Spain• 1895: Island rebels again

–Spain crushes the rebellion–Spain’s “re-concentration”

• Cuban exiles cry out for US aid• Destruction of US sugar plantations in Cuba…. This gets the attention of the U.S.

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

The Imperialist Taylor

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Remington: “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!”

Steps to War• Stolen de Lôme letter• USS Maine blows up• Preparing in the Philippines (?)• McKinley’s demands

–Non-compliance ――► WAR!

2. De Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.

Theodore RooseveltAssistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.Imperialist and American nationalist.Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

The “Rough Riders”

Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War (1898):

“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

The Spanish-American War (1898):

“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the FilipinoUprising.

July 4, 1946:Philippine independence

William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the Philippines

Great administrator.

Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898Ends S-A War

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines.The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

The American Anti-Imperialist

LeagueFounded in 1899.Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.Campaigned against the annexation of thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment (1898)

Platt Amendment (1903)1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with

foreign powers that would endanger its independence.

2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.

3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.

4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker Act. PR became an “unincorporated

territory.” Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goods

1901-1903 the Insular Cases. Constitutional rights were not

automatically extended to territorial possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 18981917 – Jones Act. Gave full territorial status to PR. Removed tariff duties on PR goods

coming into the US. PRs elected their

own legislators &governor to enforcelocal laws.

PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.

A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

The Panama Canal• US wants a

shorter shipping route

• Colombia won’t give it

• US “frees” Panama

• US builds the canal

• Varied reactions to canal

Panama: The King’s Crown1850 Clayton-Bulwer

Treaty.1901 Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.Dr. Walter Reed.Colonel W. Goethals.1903 Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.

Panama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!

Stereotypes of the Chinese

Immigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.“55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door Policy

Secretary John Hay.Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

TheOpen Door

Policy

America as a Pacific Power

The Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”

Improve financialopportunities for American businesses.Use private capital tofurther U. S. interestsoverseas.Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910sEmiliano

Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.

Spread democracy.

Promote peace.

Condemn colonialism.

Searching for Banditos

General John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America,

1914

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1934

Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”