THE U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-THE U.S. CIVIL WAR 1861-18651865

APRIL 12, 1861 Fort Sumter, APRIL 12, 1861 Fort Sumter, SCSC

Fort in Charleston Fort in Charleston HarborHarbor

Lincoln in a bindLincoln in a bind Gen. P.G.T Gen. P.G.T

Beauregard—CSABeauregard—CSA Major Anderson-Major Anderson-

UnionUnion Fort surrenders-no Fort surrenders-no

casualties!casualties!

Call for Volunteers-Both sides Call for Volunteers-Both sides predict a quick war!predict a quick war!

The South has:The South has:

1. Better Military 1. Better Military Leaders Leaders

2. Southern Sons 2. Southern Sons went to West Point went to West Point in greater numbersin greater numbers

3. Farm boys shoot 3. Farm boys shoot better!better!

The North has:The North has:

1.1. Sheer numbers in Sheer numbers in populationpopulation

2.2. Better and more Better and more weaponsweapons

3.3. Stronger industry Stronger industry and more miles of and more miles of R.R. trackR.R. track

Harper’s FerryHarper’s Ferry

North: Anaconda PlanNorth: Anaconda Plan

1.1. Control the Mississippi River-Cut off Control the Mississippi River-Cut off Texas from the rest of the SouthTexas from the rest of the South

2.2. Blockade all Southern PortsBlockade all Southern Ports

3.3. Take the war to the South—Capture Take the war to the South—Capture Richmond, VA—The CapitalRichmond, VA—The Capital

Battle of Bull Run/Manasses Battle of Bull Run/Manasses July 1861July 1861

► Mr. McLeanMr. McLean’’s Houses House► Washington VisitorsWashington Visitors► Thomas (Stonewall) Thomas (Stonewall)

JacksonJackson► Traffic JamTraffic Jam► Mistakes Mistakes

LincolnLincoln’’s Troubless Troubles Fires Gen. Irwin Fires Gen. Irwin

McDowellMcDowell Hires Gen. George Hires Gen. George

McClellanMcClellan Army of the PotomacArmy of the Potomac Trains and waitsTrains and waits Lincoln asks to Lincoln asks to ““borrow borrow

the Armythe Army”” Loses in the Peninsula Loses in the Peninsula

CampaignCampaign SouthSouth’’s new heroes: s new heroes:

General Robert E. Lee, General Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson and Stonewall Jackson and Jeb StuartJeb Stuart

SouthSouth’’s New Heroess New Heroes

Battle of Shiloh,TN Battle of Shiloh,TN April 6-7,1862April 6-7,1862

►USA:U.S. GrantUSA:U.S. Grant►CSA:Albert CSA:Albert

Sidney JohnstonSidney Johnston

22ndnd Bull Run/Manassas Bull Run/ManassasAugust 28-29 1862August 28-29 1862

Lincoln fires McClellan!

Hires Gen. John Pope

Jeb Stuart Pays a visit

Pope defeated!

LeeLee’’s New Plans New Plan

►No more defenseNo more defense►Take the War to the NorthTake the War to the North►Beliefs:Beliefs:

1. Win in Maryland and turn state to 1. Win in Maryland and turn state to the Souththe South

2. Make Washington D.C. an Island in 2. Make Washington D.C. an Island in the Confederacythe Confederacy

3. Demoralize the North3. Demoralize the North

LincolnLincoln’’s Dilemmas Dilemma

Lincoln fires PopeLincoln fires Pope Rehires Rehires

McClellan!McClellan! McClellan still McClellan still

over cautiousover cautious Lincoln needs a Lincoln needs a

victory!victory! Wants a moral Wants a moral

objective to the objective to the warwar

Battle of Battle of Antietam/SharpsburgAntietam/Sharpsburg

Sept. 17, 1862Sept. 17, 1862 Lee invades Maryland by crossing the Lee invades Maryland by crossing the

Potomac RiverPotomac River LeeLee’’s Battle Plans Found! Lils Battle Plans Found! Lil’’ Mac Mac

does nothing—asks for more men!does nothing—asks for more men! Three battle phases:Three battle phases:

1. Morning-Dunker Church & Cornfield1. Morning-Dunker Church & Cornfield

2. Midday- Sunken Road2. Midday- Sunken Road

3. Afternoon- Burnside3. Afternoon- Burnside’’s Bridges Bridge

Morning-Dunker Church/CornfieldMorning-Dunker Church/Cornfield

Midday-Sunken RoadMidday-Sunken Road

BurnsideBurnside’’s Bridges Bridge

““He has the slowsHe has the slows”” No clear winner but No clear winner but

south leaves the fieldsouth leaves the field McClellan has McClellan has

advantage but waits advantage but waits more than a week!!more than a week!!

Lee escapes across the Lee escapes across the Potomac RiverPotomac River

Lincoln Fires Lincoln Fires McClellan!McClellan!

Single bloodiest day in Single bloodiest day in United States historyUnited States history

23,000 Killed or 23,000 Killed or WoundedWounded

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Lincoln needed a victoryLincoln needed a victory““……all persons held as slaves within any all persons held as slaves within any

State or designated part of a State State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and shall be then, thenceforward, and forever freeforever free.. ””

Border States could still keep slavesBorder States could still keep slavesReality Emancipation Proclamation Reality Emancipation Proclamation

freed no slaves! But gave moral freed no slaves! But gave moral cause to the war.cause to the war.

Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Fredericksburg December 11-15 1862December 11-15 1862

Lincoln fires Lincoln fires McClellan!!McClellan!!

Lincoln hires Gen. Lincoln hires Gen. Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside

Lee controls MaryeLee controls Marye’’s s HeightsHeights

Series of Union Series of Union attacks all attacks all unsuccessfulunsuccessful

Men know they will Men know they will diedie

““Northern Lights Northern Lights ““ ““Angel of MaryeAngel of Marye’’s s

HeightsHeights””

Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle of ChancellorsvilleApril 30-May 6 1863April 30-May 6 1863

► Lincoln fires Burnsides!Lincoln fires Burnsides!► Lincoln hires Lincoln hires ““FightinFightin’’

Joe HookerJoe Hooker””► 138,000 Union forces138,000 Union forces► Lee has about half as Lee has about half as

manymany► Stonewall Jackson Stonewall Jackson

makes a makes a ““grand grand manuevermanuever””

► Stonewall accidently Stonewall accidently shot by own troopsshot by own troops

Battle of GettysburgBattle of GettysburgJuly 1-3 1863July 1-3 1863

Lee moves north again to put fear in the orth and Lee moves north again to put fear in the orth and hopefully end the war.hopefully end the war.

Lincoln fires Hooker hires Gen. George MeadeLincoln fires Hooker hires Gen. George Meade Shoes? Gen. BufordShoes? Gen. Buford’’s Delays Delay ChamberlainChamberlain’’s Pinwheel Charges Pinwheel Charge PickettPickett’’s Charges Charge Pvt. Elias Durfee fought at Little Round Top with Pvt. Elias Durfee fought at Little Round Top with

Col. Joshua Chamberlain of the 20Col. Joshua Chamberlain of the 20thth Maine Maine 43,000 Killed, wounded or missing—25,000 from 43,000 Killed, wounded or missing—25,000 from

the south—will never recoverthe south—will never recover Gettysburg is the turning point of the war!Gettysburg is the turning point of the war!

First Day-First Day-””save the high save the high groundground””

Gen. BufordGen. Buford

22ndnd Day- Chamberlain saves Day- Chamberlain saves the Union Armythe Union Army

Little Round TopLittle Round Top

DevilDevil’’s Dens Den

Day 3—PicketDay 3—Picket’’s Charges Charge

““Attack the Center, where Attack the Center, where they are weakthey are weak”” Robert E. Robert E.

LeeLee

Civil War in the WestCivil War in the West Control the Control the

MississippiMississippi Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant Wins at Ft. Donnelson Wins at Ft. Donnelson

& Fort Henry—No & Fort Henry—No Terms! Terms! ““Unconditional Unconditional Surrender!Surrender!””

Battle of Shiloh Battle of Shiloh Church April 6-7 1862Church April 6-7 1862

High casualties Grant High casualties Grant almost loses—almost loses—temporarily relieved of temporarily relieved of commandcommand

Admiral David Admiral David Farragut (Union Navy) Farragut (Union Navy) captures New Orleans captures New Orleans and Baton Rouge and Baton Rouge (spring of 1862)(spring of 1862)

Grant lays siege of Grant lays siege of Vicksburg, MS (May Vicksburg, MS (May 1963 - July 41963 - July 4thth, 1863, 1863

Cuts off food and Cuts off food and suppliessupplies

30,000 Confederates 30,000 Confederates surrendersurrender

““He FightsHe Fights”” Not thought of highlyNot thought of highly Drinks too muchDrinks too much Has enemies in Has enemies in

Congress and ArmyCongress and Army Undercover officer Undercover officer

sent to dig up dirt in sent to dig up dirt in order to get Grant order to get Grant firedfired

Lincoln Lincoln ““find out find out what he drinks and what he drinks and send a case to all my send a case to all my generals—he fights!generals—he fights!

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg AddressNovember 19 1863November 19 1863

• National Cemetery DedicationNational Cemetery Dedication

• DidnDidn’’t want Lincoln invited—after t want Lincoln invited—after thoughtthought

• Edward Everett spoke almost 2 Edward Everett spoke almost 2 hours-hours-””top thattop that””

• One of AmericaOne of America’’s top 3 speeches only s top 3 speeches only 3 minutes long3 minutes long

• Biblical connection to speechBiblical connection to speech

The Gettysburg The Gettysburg AddressAddress

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created

equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether

fitting and proper that we should do this.fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it,

far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion

to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people,

for the people, shall not perish from the earth.for the people, shall not perish from the earth.““

VICKSBURGVICKSBURG

• GrantGrant’’s army sails up the Mississippi River s army sails up the Mississippi River and continuously bombards Vicksburg.and continuously bombards Vicksburg.

• Day and night bombs flew into city- Day and night bombs flew into city- demoralizing town and citizensdemoralizing town and citizens

• No supplies in or out to help people No supplies in or out to help people survive.survive.

• CONTROL OF RIVER- SPLITS SOUTH IN CONTROL OF RIVER- SPLITS SOUTH IN HALF! HALF!

Grant Now in ChargeGrant Now in Charge

• Grant replaces Grant replaces Meade now in Meade now in command of all command of all Union ArmiesUnion Armies

• New strategyNew strategy——””Total WarTotal War””

• Grant has more Grant has more men, weapons, men, weapons, supplies, supplies, transportationtransportation

• South will never South will never recover from recover from Gettysburg & Gettysburg & VicksburgVicksburg

• Must now fight a Must now fight a desperate defensive desperate defensive warwar

• Cannot replace men, Cannot replace men, weapons, supplies weapons, supplies and transportationand transportation

Grant, Grant, ““The ButcherThe Butcher”” The WildernessThe Wilderness Battle of Cold Battle of Cold

HarborHarbor 7000 KIAs in only 2 7000 KIAs in only 2

hours!hours! Lee digs inLee digs in Grant lays siege at Grant lays siege at

PetersburgPetersburg ““I can replace I can replace

soldiers, Lee cannotsoldiers, Lee cannot””

War in the West 1864War in the West 1864

• Gen. William Gen. William Tecumseh ShermanTecumseh Sherman

• Tennessee to Tennessee to AtlantaAtlanta

• Victory helped Victory helped Lincoln win re-Lincoln win re-electionelection

• ShermanSherman’’s necktiess neckties

ShermanSherman’’s March to the Seas March to the Sea

• ““Make Georgia howl!Make Georgia howl!””• 60,000 men, 60 miles 60,000 men, 60 miles

widewide• Total War!Total War!• Break the SouthBreak the South’’s will s will

to fightto fight• Can do this anywhereCan do this anywhere• Savannah, GA Dec. Savannah, GA Dec.

10, 186410, 1864• ““Merry Christmas Mr. Merry Christmas Mr.

PresidentPresident

Appomattox Court HouseAppomattox Court House

• Lee makes contactLee makes contact

• April 9April 9thth, 1865, 1865

• Farm houseFarm house

• ReminisceReminisce

• Lee asks for termsLee asks for terms

• Grant allows for horses and sidearmsGrant allows for horses and sidearms

• Gives food—time to replantGives food—time to replant

McLeanMcLean’’s Houses House

• Moved far away from ManassasMoved far away from Manassas

• House used for the surrenderHouse used for the surrender

• ““the war began in my front yard, and the war began in my front yard, and ended in my front parlorended in my front parlor””

The Price in Blood!The Price in Blood!Casualties in the Civil War Casualties in the Civil War • At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some

experts say the toll reached 700,000. The number that is experts say the toll reached 700,000. The number that is most often quoted is 620,000. At any rate, these casualties most often quoted is 620,000. At any rate, these casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam. Revolution through Vietnam.         The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000         The Union armies had from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000 men. Their losses, by the best estimates:men. Their losses, by the best estimates:

• Battle deaths:110,070 Disease, etc.:250,152 Total 360,222Battle deaths:110,070 Disease, etc.:250,152 Total 360,222

•                 The Confederate strength, known less accurately The Confederate strength, known less accurately because of missing records, was from 750,000 to because of missing records, was from 750,000 to 1,250,000. Its estimated losses:1,250,000. Its estimated losses:

• Battle deaths: 94,000 Disease, etc.:164,000 Total258,000Battle deaths: 94,000 Disease, etc.:164,000 Total258,000

Medical Treatment during Medical Treatment during the Civil Warthe Civil War• New weapons + old New weapons + old

strategies=terrible strategies=terrible woundswounds

• Amputation most Amputation most common treatmentcommon treatment

• Infections kills more Infections kills more than bulletsthan bullets

• Disease is rampantDisease is rampant

• Clara BartonClara Barton

Home frontHome front

• Women doing more on the farms and Women doing more on the farms and factoriesfactories

• CopperheadsCopperheads

• Draft and New York Draft riotDraft and New York Draft riot

• Habeas CorpusHabeas Corpus

African-Americans in the Civil African-Americans in the Civil WarWar

• Early oppositionEarly opposition

• Contraband in the SouthContraband in the South

• 5454thth Massachusetts Massachusetts

• 186,000 served in the Union Army186,000 served in the Union Army

• 50,000 served in the Confederate 50,000 served in the Confederate ArmyArmy

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