the use of minerals - cobb learning · of the atoms within the crystal. •the arrangement of atoms...

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Chapter 3

The Use of Minerals

• Metallic Minerals are good

conductors of heat and electricity.

They can be processed for various

uses, including building aircraft,

automobiles, and communications

and electronic equipment.

• Examples of useful metallic

minerals include gold, silver, and

copper.

Section 3 The Formation, Mining, and Use of

Minerals


Chapter 3

• Nonmetallic Minerals are good

insulators of electricity. They have uses

that range from glass-making to

producing computer chips.

• Calcite, one nonmetallic mineral, is a

major component of concrete, which is

used in building roads, buildings,

bridges and other structures.


Minerals


Chapter 3

• Gemstones are highly valued for

their beauty and rarity, than for their

usefulness.

• Important gemstones include

diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald,

aquamarine, topaz, and tourmaline.


Minerals


Section 1 What Is a Mineral?Chapter 3

Key Points Notes

Hi, Mrs. Parsons’ class! My

name is Ruby Redding. I’ll be

helping you take notes .

Mineral Structure



Mineral Structure

• A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic solid

that has a definite crystalline structure.

You can ask 4

questions to

determine if an

object is a mineral!



• Is it a nonliving material?

• Is it a solid?

• Does it have a crystalline structure?

• Is it formed in nature?



Let’s

practice!

Is coal a

mineral?

Is sugar a

mineral?

Is salt a

mineral?



Elements are pure substances that cannot be

separated or broken down into simpler substances

by chemical means.

To understand what a

crystalline structure is,

you need to know about

the atoms that make up

a minerals.



• Solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a

repeating pattern of atoms that is present through-

out the mineral are called crystals.

• A crystal’s shape is determined by the arrangement

of the atoms within the crystal.

• The arrangement of atoms in turn is determined by

the kinds of atoms that make up the mineral.



What does it look like

when crystals form into

a mineral?



Let’s make minerals and take a look

at their crystalline structures…



Two Groups of Minerals

• Minerals are divided into two groups based on their

chemical composition.

• Silicate minerals are minerals that contain a

combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more

metals.

• Examples of silicate minerals are quartz, feldspar,

and mica.



Two Groups of Minerals, continued

• Nonsilicate minerals are minerals that do not

contain compounds of silicon and oxygen. There

are six main classes of nonsilicate minerals.

• Native Elements

• Carbonates

• Halides

• Oxides

• Sulfates

• Sulfides



Key Points Notes

Make sure to

keep notes with

their key points!

Mineral Structure

Silcates/

nonsilicate

Seven ways to

identify minerals


Section 2 Identifying MineralsChapter 3

Identifying Minerals

• You can determine the identity of a mineral by

noting different properties.

• Color Minerals display a wide variety of colors,

and often the same mineral can be found in many

different colors.

• Because of this, color is usually not the best way

to identify a mineral.



• The way a mineral reflects light is called luster.

There are three types of mineral luster:

• Metallic

• Submetallic

• Nonmetallic



• The color of a mineral in powdered form is called

the mineral’s streak.

• A mineral’s streak can be found by running the

mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain

called a streak plate.

• The color of a mineral’s streak is not always the

same as the color of the mineral sample.



Mineral Color, Luster, and Streak

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

80030.html

80030.html



Cleavage and Fracture

• Different types of minerals break in different ways.

• Cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to

break along smooth, flat surfaces.

• Fracture is the tendency of some minerals to

break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces.



Hardness

• A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is called

hardness.

• To determine the hardness of minerals, scientists

use Mohs hardness scale, shown on the next slide.



Density

• Density is the measure of how much matter is

in a given amount of space. Density is a ratio of

an object’s mass to its volume.

• Different minerals have different densities.



Special Properties

• Some properties are particular to only a few types

of minerals.

• The properties shown on the next slide can help

you quickly identify some minerals.



Minerals

Activity

Look at a mineral resource map of your

state and locate the mines closest to

where you live. Which mineral

commodities are mined there?

Chapter 3


Chapter 3

Formation of Minerals

• Minerals form in a variety of environments in the Earth’s crust. Each environment has a different set of physical and chemical conditions that determine the minerals’ properties.

1) Evaporating Salt Water When a body of salt water dries up, minerals such as gypsum and halite are left behind.


Minerals


Chapter 3

2) Metamorphic Rocks When changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical makeup alter a rock, metamorphism takes place.

Minerals that form in metamorphic rock include calcite, garnet, graphite, hematite, magnetite, mica, and talc.


Minerals


Chapter 3

3) Limestones Surface water and groundwater carry dissolved materials into lakes and seas, where they crystallized on the bottom.

• Minerals that form in this environment include calcite and dolomite.


Minerals


Chapter 3

4) Hot-Water Solutions Groundwater works its way downward and is heated by magma, and then reacts with minerals to form a hot liquid solution.

• Dissolved metals and other elements crystallize out of the hot fluid to form new minerals, such as gold, copper, sulfur, pyrite, and galena.


Minerals


Chapter 3

5) Pegmatites As magma rises upward from the Earth’s crust, it can form teardrop-shaped bodies called pegmatites.

• Many gemstones such as topaz and tourmaline, form in pegmatites.


Minerals


Chapter 3

6) Plutons As magma rises upward through the crust, it sometimes stops moving before it reaches the surface and cools slowly, forming millions of mineral crystals.

• Eventually, the entire magma body solidifies, forming minerals such as mica, feldspar, magnetite, and quartz.


Minerals


Chapter 3

Mining

• Many kinds of rocks and minerals must be mined

to extract the valuable elements they contain.

• Geologists use the term ore to describe a mineral

deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined

for profit.


Minerals

the use of minerals - cobb learning · of the atoms within the crystal. •the arrangement of atoms...

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