the use of patterns in systems engineering · 10/24/06 2 topics • abstract • ... systems...

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The Use of Patterns in Systems The Use of Patterns in Systems EngineeringEngineering

Satya MoorthySatya MoorthyRobert Cloutier, Ph.D.Robert Cloutier, Ph.D.

Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin –– MS2MS2

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TopicsTopics•• AbstractAbstract•• DefinitionsDefinitions•• Value of PatternsValue of Patterns•• Documented Pattern LanguageDocumented Pattern Language•• PatternsPatterns•• New Pattern LanguageNew Pattern Language•• SummarySummary•• ReferencesReferences

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About the AuthorsAbout the AuthorsSatya MoorthySatya Moorthy is currently a Systems Engineer with is currently a Systems Engineer with Lockheed Martin in Moorestown NJ. He develops Lockheed Martin in Moorestown NJ. He develops architectures for complex systems using systems architectures for complex systems using systems engineering tools and architecture frameworksengineering tools and architecture frameworksSatya has as a M.E. in Systems Engineering, and a B.E. in Satya has as a M.E. in Systems Engineering, and a B.E. in Computer Engineering, both from Stevens Institute of Computer Engineering, both from Stevens Institute of Technology. He is also a Certified Enterprise Architect from Technology. He is also a Certified Enterprise Architect from the Federal Enterprise Architecture Certification (FEAC) the Federal Enterprise Architecture Certification (FEAC) InstituteInstitute

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About the AuthorsAbout the AuthorsRobert CloutierRobert Cloutier received his Ph.D. in Systems Engineering received his Ph.D. in Systems Engineering from Stevens Institute of Technology. He currently is a from Stevens Institute of Technology. He currently is a Principal Systems Engineer with the Lockheed Martin Principal Systems Engineer with the Lockheed Martin Corporation in Moorestown, NJ. He is responsible for Corporation in Moorestown, NJ. He is responsible for developing and modeling architectures for complex developing and modeling architectures for complex systems, and has over 20 years experience in systems systems, and has over 20 years experience in systems engineering, software engineering, and project engineering, software engineering, and project management in both commercial and defense industries. management in both commercial and defense industries.

Rob also has an M.B.A. from Eastern College, and a B.S. Rob also has an M.B.A. from Eastern College, and a B.S. from the United States Naval Academy. He is an Industry from the United States Naval Academy. He is an Industry Fellow at Stevens Institute of Technology and an Adjunct Fellow at Stevens Institute of Technology and an Adjunct Professor for Eastern University. He is a member of the Professor for Eastern University. He is a member of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), an International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), an associate editor for the Journal of Enterprise Architecture, associate editor for the Journal of Enterprise Architecture, and is a member of IEEE. Rob also chairs the Rowan and is a member of IEEE. Rob also chairs the Rowan University Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Industry Advisory Board. Finally, Rob teaches Architecture Industry Advisory Board. Finally, Rob teaches Architecture and Design for Stevens Institute’s Systems Engineering and Design for Stevens Institute’s Systems Engineering Graduate program.Graduate program.

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AbstractAbstract•• A pattern is a solution that can be applied to similar A pattern is a solution that can be applied to similar

problems, or problems with similar characteristics. problems, or problems with similar characteristics. Patterns have existed since before most people can Patterns have existed since before most people can remember, and have been used across different disciplines remember, and have been used across different disciplines from designing a building, to developing software, to from designing a building, to developing software, to making clothing.making clothing.

•• Recent research has examined the use of patterns in Recent research has examined the use of patterns in systems engineering and at the documentation of such systems engineering and at the documentation of such patterns to enable reuse.patterns to enable reuse. Based on a documented systems Based on a documented systems engineering pattern language from this recent research, this engineering pattern language from this recent research, this presentation reviews the documented pattern language, presentation reviews the documented pattern language, identifies the patterns used to develop the pattern identifies the patterns used to develop the pattern language, and then develops a new pattern language based language, and then develops a new pattern language based on an existing functional sequence.on an existing functional sequence.

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Architect’s ChallengeArchitect’s Challenge

•• The artThe art--like quality of systems architecting depends on the like quality of systems architecting depends on the architect’s ability to recognize complex system requirements architect’s ability to recognize complex system requirements patterns and the ability to match those patterns to architecturepatterns and the ability to match those patterns to architecturesolutions [Carpenter, 1996]solutions [Carpenter, 1996]

•• Through years of experience, the architect recognizes Through years of experience, the architect recognizes relationships and patternsrelationships and patterns

–– Applies correct solution to the problem at handApplies correct solution to the problem at hand

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What Constitutes a Pattern?What Constitutes a Pattern?Some patterns seem self evident, but Some patterns seem self evident, but have actually matured out of have actually matured out of experience…experience…

Simple at first…Simple at first…

They are the result of trial and They are the result of trial and error, but survive the test of error, but survive the test of time.time.

And maybe theyAnd maybe theybecome more complexbecome more complex

Patterns are Reusable Successes

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DefinitionsDefinitions•• System architecture patterns constitute highSystem architecture patterns constitute high--level level

structures, appropriate to the design of the major structures, appropriate to the design of the major components of a system. They express the relation between components of a system. They express the relation between the context, a problem, and a solution, documenting the context, a problem, and a solution, documenting attributes and usage guidance. They are attributes and usage guidance. They are timetime--provenproven in in solving problems similar in naturesolving problems similar in nature to the problem under to the problem under consideration. [Cloutier, Doctoral Dissertation, 2006]consideration. [Cloutier, Doctoral Dissertation, 2006]

Patterns are not invented, patterns are mined Patterns are not invented, patterns are mined from past successful designsfrom past successful designs

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Patterns In Use by Multiple DisciplinesPatterns In Use by Multiple Disciplines

Requirements EngineeringControl Systems Engineeringhttp://g.oswego.edu/dl/acs/acs/acs.html

IBM e-Business Pattern Hierarchy

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Pattern HistoryPattern History•• 1964 1964 –– Christopher AlexanderChristopher Alexander

–– Books on Architecture, building and urban planningBooks on Architecture, building and urban planning–– Notes on the Synthesis of FormNotes on the Synthesis of Form–– A Pattern LanguageA Pattern Language–– A Timeless Way of BuildingA Timeless Way of Building

•• 1987 1987 -- Ward Cunningham & Kent BeckWard Cunningham & Kent Beck–– Decided to use some of Alexander's ideas Decided to use some of Alexander's ideas –– Developed five patterns for guiding novice Smalltalk programmersDeveloped five patterns for guiding novice Smalltalk programmers–– Presented paper at OOPSLA'87 in OrlandoPresented paper at OOPSLA'87 in Orlando

•• "Using Pattern Languages for Object"Using Pattern Languages for Object--Oriented Programs"Oriented Programs". . •• 1995 1995 -- Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides

–– Software DesignSoftware Design–– Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable ObjectDesign Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object--Oriented SoftwareOriented Software

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What is a Pattern? What is a Pattern?

A pattern is a model or facsimile of an actual thing or action, which provides some degree of representation (an abstraction) to enable the recreation of that entity over and over again.

Client

Server

Client

DepartmentalServer

EnterpriseServer

Client-ServerPattern

Three-tierPattern

“Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem in such a way that you could use this solution a million times over without doing it the same way twice.” [Ale77].

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Value of PatternsValue of Patterns•• Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management

–– “… mining the patterns of classic embedded systems “… mining the patterns of classic embedded systems to capture the core competencies of their business… to capture the core competencies of their business… Why? We can trace availability and fault tolerance to Why? We can trace availability and fault tolerance to patterns, and we have extracted those patterns from patterns, and we have extracted those patterns from the minds of longthe minds of long--standing experts.” [Cop97] standing experts.” [Cop97]

•• Capture Good Architecture ConceptsCapture Good Architecture Concepts–– Enable reuse of good concepts and implementations, Enable reuse of good concepts and implementations,

and to preserve them for future projects and to preserve them for future projects •• Control ComplexityControl Complexity

–– Architectural patterns may help control the complexity Architectural patterns may help control the complexity of an architecture by standardizing it on a well known of an architecture by standardizing it on a well known and practiced pattern and practiced pattern

•• Common UnderstandingCommon Understanding–– Describe parts of the designs and implementations in Describe parts of the designs and implementations in

the context of known and understood patterns may the context of known and understood patterns may foster a common understanding of the architecturefoster a common understanding of the architecture

•• Mitigate RisksMitigate Risks

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Documented PatternDocumented PatternPattern Name: Pattern Name: Perform C2Perform C2Aliases:Aliases: None knownNone knownKeywords:Keywords: Plan Detect Control Act C2Plan Detect Control Act C2

Command ControlCommand ControlProblem Context:Problem Context: Does not address “Prepare” precondition Does not address “Prepare” precondition

nor “Assess” post conditionnor “Assess” post conditionProblem Description:Problem Description: In command and control (C2), it is normal In command and control (C2), it is normal

for the problem to progress from one for the problem to progress from one stage stage to another. Those stages are to another. Those stages are Plan/Detect/Control/ActPlan/Detect/Control/Act

Forces:Forces: Terminology from various domains may be Terminology from various domains may be different, and must be adapted in the different, and must be adapted in the application of the patternapplication of the pattern

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Perform C2 PatternPerform C2 PatternPattern Solution:Pattern Solution: This pattern provides the basis for This pattern provides the basis for

developing the command and control developing the command and control (C2) interfaces and information that (C2) interfaces and information that moves through the stages of C2. It moves through the stages of C2. It provides the A0 Context and the first provides the A0 Context and the first level of decomposition using IDEF0. level of decomposition using IDEF0.

Interfaces:Interfaces: Information flows between the stages Information flows between the stages of this pattern, as well as feedback of this pattern, as well as feedback loops. Some information is generated loops. Some information is generated only in a particular stage and then only in a particular stage and then output in the form of reports. Names of output in the form of reports. Names of information can be modified as information can be modified as required by specific domain required by specific domain application.application.

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Perform C2 PatternPerform C2 Pattern

Tracks/Targets of InterestTasking

Strategy

Situational DataSensor DataResource AssignmentsReq for InformationReportsRaw IntelPlansOrdersMission Support RequestsMission StatusMission Assessment

External Guidance

External Data

Environmental Data

Doctrine

Resources

Coordination DataAssessment (BDA)0

Perform C2 (Pattern)

Date:Tuesday, January 17, 2006

Author:Robert J. Cloutier

Number:0

Name:Perform C2 (Pattern)

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Pattern LanguagesPattern Languages•• A pattern language is a network of patterns that are A pattern language is a network of patterns that are

complementary, and may work together to form a larger complementary, and may work together to form a larger pattern. The C2 pattern is actually a pattern language. It is pattern. The C2 pattern is actually a pattern language. It is comprised of four architecture smaller patterns comprised of four architecture smaller patterns –– plan, plan, detect, control and act. Each of these four patterns could be detect, control and act. Each of these four patterns could be used independently to architect the Concept of Operations used independently to architect the Concept of Operations (CONOPS) of another system. For instance, the Plan pattern (CONOPS) of another system. For instance, the Plan pattern shown could be used by a marketing organization shown could be used by a marketing organization developing a new software application to manage new developing a new software application to manage new product launches. product launches.

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Perform C2 Pattern LanguagePerform C2 Pattern Language

Tracks/Targets of Interest

Strategy

Situational Data

Tasking

Situational Data

Sensor Data

Sensor Availability

Resource Assignments

Req for InformationReports

Raw Intel

PlansOrders

Mission Support Requests

Mission Status

Tasking

Situational Data

Situational Data

Situational Data

Sensor Availability

S&D Reports

Resource AssignmentsResource Assignments

Resource AssignmentsPlansPlans

Plans

Planning Reports

Orders




TaskingMission RequirementsMission Requirements

Mission Assessment

Intel Products

Immediate Tasking

External Guidance

External Data

Environmental Data

Doctrine

Coordination Data

C2 Resource Availability

C2 Reports

A...

Analysis

Resources

Mission AssessmentMission Assessment

Intel Products

Engagement Report

Coordination Data

Analysis

1

Plan (Operations)

1

2

Detect(Surveillance &

Tracking)

2

3

Control(Classification

& Identification)

3

4

Act(Execute/ProsecuteMission)

4

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Perform C2 Pattern LanguagePerform C2 Pattern Language•• The Perform C2 Pattern Language is comprised of four The Perform C2 Pattern Language is comprised of four

patternspatterns–– PlanPlan–– DetectDetect–– ControlControl–– EngageEngage

•• The patterns can be reused by an architect who is starting The patterns can be reused by an architect who is starting to develop an activity model based on another functional to develop an activity model based on another functional sequencesequence

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New Pattern LanguageNew Pattern Language•• Reuse of elements of Perform C2 Pattern to develop a new Reuse of elements of Perform C2 Pattern to develop a new

Pattern Language based on another functional sequence.Pattern Language based on another functional sequence.•• Example Example –– MAPEMAPE

–– Monitor the SituationMonitor the Situation–– Assess the SituationAssess the Situation–– Plan OperationsPlan Operations–– Execute the MissionExecute the Mission

•• Reuse “Plan” from previously documented pattern in order to Reuse “Plan” from previously documented pattern in order to develop new pattern language based on MAPEdevelop new pattern language based on MAPE

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Strategy

Situational Data

Tasking

Situational Data

Sensor Data

Sensor Availability


Req for InformationReports

Raw Intel

PlansOrders


Mission Status

Tasking

Situational Data

Situational Data

Situational Data

Sensor Availability

S&D Reports

Resource AssignmentsResource Assignments

Resource AssignmentsPlansPlans

Plans

Planning Reports

Orders




TaskingMission RequirementsMission Requirements

Mission Assessment

Intel Products

Immediate Tasking

External Guidance

External Data

Environmental Data

Doctrine

Coordination Data

C2 Resource Availability

C2 Reports

A...

Analysis

Resources

Mission AssessmentMission Assessment

Intel Products

Engagement Report

Coordination Data

Analysis

1

Plan (Operations)

1

2

Detect(Surveillance &

Tracking)

2

3

Control(Classification

& Identification)

3

4

Act(Execute/ProsecuteMission)

4

Plan Pattern in Perform C2Plan Pattern in Perform C2

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““Plan” PatternPlan” Pattern

A00

PlanOperations

Strategy

ExternalGuidance

Doctrine

Resources

Mission Assessment

Mission Support Request

Resource Availability

Planning Reports


Request For InformationRaw Intel

Plans

Analysis

Tasking Orders

Intel Products

Mission Requirements

External Data

Environmental Data

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Reusing “Plan” in MAPE Reusing “Plan” in MAPE -- Situational AwarenessSituational Awareness

A11

Monitor theSituation

A44

Execute theMission

A33

PlanOperations

A22

Assess theSituation

Coordination Data

Coordination Data

External Guidance

Mission AssessmentReports

RFIs

RFIsReports

ReportsRFIsTOI InformationResource Availability

Situational Data Update

Command Authority

External Data (Intel Report, RFI’s)

External Environmental Data

Tasking Orders

Reports

RFIs

Common Operational Picture (COP)



Reports

External Tasking Orders

Subscription to COP

Mission Assessment

External Subscription to COP

RFIs

DoD FAA DHS

A11

Monitor theSituation

A44

Execute theMission

A33

PlanOperations

A22

Assess theSituation

Coordination Data

Coordination Data

External Guidance

Mission AssessmentReports

RFIs

RFIsReports

ReportsRFIsTOI InformationResource Availability

Situational Data Update

Command Authority

External Data (Intel Report, RFI’s)

External Environmental Data

Tasking Orders

Reports

RFIs




Reports

External Tasking Orders

Subscription to COP

Mission Assessment

External Subscription to COP

RFIs

DoD FAA DHS

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SummarySummary•• The use of patterns aids systems engineers in The use of patterns aids systems engineers in

solving similar problemssolving similar problems•• Patterns can be combined into pattern languagesPatterns can be combined into pattern languages•• Documenting patterns can be useful for Documenting patterns can be useful for

architecting systems in the futurearchitecting systems in the future•• Pattern documentation is not confined to, or Pattern documentation is not confined to, or

limited by, engineering toolslimited by, engineering tools

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ReferencesReferencesAlexander, Christopher, Notes on the Synthesis of Form, CambridgAlexander, Christopher, Notes on the Synthesis of Form, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, e: Harvard University Press,

1964.1964.

Alexander, Christopher, A Pattern Language, New York: Oxford UniAlexander, Christopher, A Pattern Language, New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.versity Press, 1977.

Alexander, Christopher, A Timeless Way of Building. New York: OxAlexander, Christopher, A Timeless Way of Building. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.ford University Press, 1979.

Alexander, Christopher, The Order of Nature: An Essay on the ArtAlexander, Christopher, The Order of Nature: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of of Building and the Nature of the Universe, Book 1 The Phenomenon of Life, Berkley, CA: The Cethe Universe, Book 1 The Phenomenon of Life, Berkley, CA: The Center for Environmental nter for Environmental Structure, 2002.Structure, 2002.

Carpenter, Robert Glenn. System Architect’s Job Characteristics and Approach to the Conceptualization of Complex Systems. Doctoral Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Southern California, May 1996.

Cloutier, Robert and Dinesh Verma, Applying Pattern Concepts to Cloutier, Robert and Dinesh Verma, Applying Pattern Concepts to Enterprise Architecture, Enterprise Architecture, Journal of Enterprise Architecture Volume 2, Number 2, May 2006.Journal of Enterprise Architecture Volume 2, Number 2, May 2006.

Cloutier, Robert, Applicability of Patterns to Architecting CompCloutier, Robert, Applicability of Patterns to Architecting Complex Systems, Doctoral lex Systems, Doctoral Dissertation, Stevens Institute of Technology, 2006.Dissertation, Stevens Institute of Technology, 2006.

Cloutier, Robert, Towards the Application of Patterns to SystemsCloutier, Robert, Towards the Application of Patterns to Systems Engineering, Proceedings of Engineering, Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Systems Engineering Research, March 2005.the 2005 Conference on Systems Engineering Research, March 2005.

Cloutier and Verma, Applying the Concept of Patterns to Systems Cloutier and Verma, Applying the Concept of Patterns to Systems Architecture, INCOSE Architecture, INCOSE Systems Journal, PreSystems Journal, Pre--release.release.

Cloutier, Robert, Calimar Consulting Website, http://www.calimarCloutier, Robert, Calimar Consulting Website, http://www.calimar.com/research.htm.com/research.htm

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ReferencesReferencesCoplien, James, Idioms and Patterns as Architectural Literature,Coplien, James, Idioms and Patterns as Architectural Literature, IEEE Software Special Issue IEEE Software Special Issue

on Objects, Patterns, and Architectures, January 1997.on Objects, Patterns, and Architectures, January 1997.

Hartnett, Kenneth , Enhanced Civilian/Military Airspace SecurityHartnett, Kenneth , Enhanced Civilian/Military Airspace Security (ECMAS) System Conceptual (ECMAS) System Conceptual Architecture, Spring 2005Architecture, Spring 2005

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Contact InformationContact InformationSatya MoorthySatya MoorthyLockheed Martin MS2, Moorestown NJLockheed Martin MS2, Moorestown NJEE--mail : mail : [email protected]@lmco.com

Robert Cloutier, Ph.D.Robert Cloutier, Ph.D.Lockheed Martin MS2, Moorestown NJLockheed Martin MS2, Moorestown NJEE--mail : mail : [email protected]@lmco.com

[email protected]@stevens.edu

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Any Questions?Any Questions?

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the use of patterns in systems engineering · 10/24/06 2 topics • abstract • ... systems...

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