THE USE OF RIVER CLAM SHEELLS AS AN ENERGIZER IN CASE CARBURIZATION OF MILD

STEEL.

BY

AMACHUKWU FRANK

2003/15535EM

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGERIA.

NOVEMBER, 2010.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this research work titled "The use of River clam shells as

an Energizer in case carburization of mild steel" has not been presented wholly

or in part for the award of any degree elsewhere. Information derived from

personal communication, published and unpublished works of other persons

have been duly acknowledged in this thesis.

Amachukwu Frank k ........ . 2003/15535EM signature Date

CERTIFICATION

This research project titled "The use of river clam shells as an energizer in case carburization of mild steel", carried by Amachukwu Frank has been read and approved having met the requirement for the award of Bachelor of

Engineering(B.ENG) degree in Mechanical Engineering of the Federal

uni versity of technology Minna, Niger state.

Project supervisor. Signature & Date

I lead of department Signature & Date

External Examiner Signature & Date

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ABSTRACT

River clam shell which mainly contains calcium carbonate (CaC03) was plored for the use as an energizer during pack -carburization process. The mild

eel samples were pack-carburized at 950ofor various time duration in carbonizing mpounds containing a mixture of charcoal and varying amount of clam shell up maximum of 50% clam shell (CaC03) as energizer. Some other samples from

e same stock were also pack -carburized using 100% charcoal. The carbonization epths and hardness of the heat treated samples was measured using a microscope d a micro hardness tester. The results showed that the river clam is an effective ergizer with maximum hardness obtained with the composition of 70% charcoal 30% river cam shells.

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DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to JESUS CHRIST, whom all honor is due to for

given me wisdom, knowledge and understanding, and my loving Mother Mrs . Uche Amachukwu, for standing by me and giving me encouragement necessary

for the completion of this project

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep heart-felt gratitude and appreciation in the first ace to God Almighty for his grace, love and strength that he gave me throughout y project work.

My profound gratitude also to my Mother Mrs. Uche Am achukwu , Uncle Mr. binna Amachukwu, Engr. Okoronkwo and family and other staffs of Delta state ompany CDSC) who has greatly contributed in many ways in making this proj ect success.

Similarly my appreciation also goes to all HODs, lecturers and other staffs of echnical Engineering department who contributed to acquiring the wealth of owledge throughout my degree program.

I want to express my appreciation to my siblings Ifenna, Onyinye, Olu, sopsop d kene and lastly to all my friends and all members of 500-level Mechanical

ngineering student.

Once again, I thank God Almighty for his grace, mercy, protection and favor mongst men.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

DECLARATIONS II

CERTIFICATION III

DEDICATIONS IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V

ABSTRACT VI

TABLE OF CONTENT VII

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 2

1.2 RELEVANCE OF STUDY 2

1.3 JUSTIFICATION 2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 RIVER CLAM SHELL 3

2.2 HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL 5

2.2.1 Principle of Heat Treatment 5

2.3 Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram 7

2.3.1 Terminology 7

2.3.2 Phases in the Fe-Fe3C System 8

2.4 ALLOYS OF IRON AND CARBON 8

2.5 Fe-Fe3C PHASE DIAGRAM 9

2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF FE-C ALLOY 12

2.7 CARBURIZATION 12

2.7.1 Basic Theory 13

2.7.2 Method 13

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2.7.3 Hardening Agent

2.7.4 Change in Material Propeliies

2.7 .5 Geometrical Possibilities

2.7.6 Dime!1sional Change

2.7.7 Work Piece Material

2.7.8 Cost Element

2.7.9 Comparing Different Methods

2.7.10 Choice of Equ ipment

2.7.11 Advantages of Pack Carburization

2.7.12 Disadvantages of Pack Carburization

2.7 .13 Carburization Compounds

2.7.14 Addition Rate

2.7.15 Proc,ess Control

2.7.16 Temperature

2.7.17 Time

2.7.18 Steel Composition

2.2.19 Applications

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION Al\T)) RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

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REFERENCE 34

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