the ussr in the anti-hitler coalition. a german world war ii poster
TRANSCRIPT
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The USSR in the Anti-Hitler Coalition
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A German World War II poster
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Russian communism was a specifically Russian product of a global crisis, the hallmark of which was the start of the Era of World Wars
The Russian Revolution was an act of rejection of the World War logic – and of its capitalist roots
In the 1920s, under NEP, USSR experienced a brief respite from global conflict - the Soviet state was tested for its ability to serve society’s peaceful needs
In the 1930s, the logic of global war reimposed itself Preparation for war – and capability to win as the main
criterion of the state’s vitality and strength
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The Romanov Empire failed that test in WWI – and fell By the time of the next test – WWII, the Russian state was
transformed into a more formidable machine The “socialist” organization of the country was aimed at
making the state more militarily capable A similar logic unfolded in Italy and Germany under
different forms of “socialism” They talked of “socialism”, but they meant winning world
wars
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Global civil war and interstate conflict Fierce Left-Right struggles in European countries since
WWI, the lure and fear of revolution Stalinism in Russia as a new stage in the Russian civil
war: forced modernization to strengthen the state and make it fit for the next round of interstate wars
Fascism as a new stage in European Left-Right conflict: to defeat the Left internally and externally
Projection of the internal conflicts on interstate relations Spain: a classic example Appeasement: betrayal of Czechoslovakia The fall of democracies across Europe was due to both
internal (Left vs. Right) and external (German policies) factors
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As a state committed to world revolution, the Soviet Union was viewed as a threat by Western elites
The rise of fascism was partly a response to the threat – and anticommunism was one of the motives of Western appeasement of Hitler
Stalin saw the prospect of a new world war as an opportunity for the spread of communism: the WWI template
But ultimately, WWII was not about revolution: it was an interstate conflict of a traditional kind, similar to WWII, waged on a global scale
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The geopolitical triangle: Germany, USSR, Western democracies (WDs)
WDs hoped to channel Hitler’s aggression to the East, toward conflict with Russia – reluctant to fight Germany
Hitler was determined to prevent WDs and USSR from joining forces: beat them one by one
Stalin was determined to avoid war with Germany as long as possible
1939: A divergence of interests between USSR and WDs – and a convergence of interests between Germany and USSR
The unexpected deal was logical – but only temporary
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September 1, 1939: Nazi Germany invades Poland
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Soviet and Nazi officers in occupied Poland, 1939
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May 1940, Dunkirk: British troops evacuated from the continent
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Hitler and his High Command after occupation of France, summer 1940
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Hitler and Mussolini in Munich, June 1940
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1940: Hitler in occupied Paris
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1939-1941: growing tensions between USSR and Germany At first: division of the spoils. But then: Germany’s unexpected triumph in the West emboldens
Hitler Hitler’s strategic goal of conquering the USSR was never
abandoned – for geopolitical and ideological reasons Stalin expected the new war to generate a new wave of
revolutions – and intended to get involved By 1941, his fear of German power became the
overwhelming factor He was appeasing Hitler – and preparing for war against
him at the same time Each of the two intended to strike first Hitler outfoxed Stalin and delivered a crushing blow
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June 1941: Plan Barbarossa
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June 22, 1941: Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union
Goals: Total destruction of the Soviet state Colonization of the Soviet territory, together with
allies – Japan especially Enslavement of the population, turning the territory
into a resource base for the Third Reich
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In the first 10 days, German armies moved 550 km into Soviet territory
In the first 20 days of the war, the Red Army lost 1/5 of its manpower – 600,000 men
By July, 20 mln. Soviets found themselves under occupation. Nazi terror began.
Resistance Redeployment of industry to the East
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General von Richthoffen in Russia with his officers
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Rolling across Ukraine: 1941
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Invaders
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Nazi propaganda poster: SS forces kill the Red beast of communism
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German poster depicting Soviets: “The lower race”
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Soviet POWs in Auschwitz concentration camp
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A German patrol in a Russian village
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Celebrating success in Lightning War
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In the wake of German occupation
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A Holy Warhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWwE56y-THM&feature=related
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Volunteers signing up for Red Army, 1941
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Moscow, October 1941
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Red Army infantry in assault
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1942: The ruins of Stalingrad
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Soviet “Katyusha” rocket attack
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Stalingrad: street fighting
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1943: Germany’s defeat at Stalingrad
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Stalingrad: surrender of German Field Marshal von Paulus
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Summer 1943: Soviet anti-tank unit in the Battle of Kursk
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Soviet tanks and infantry at Kursk, summer 1943
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German POWs in Russia
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German POWs outside Moscow
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Ovens in Buchenwald concentration camp
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Buchenwald, 1945: Survivors of Hitler’s “Final Solution”
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Berlin, 1945: Hitler’s boy soldiers
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The Red Army takes Berlin, May 1945
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Berlin, 1945: surrender of German High Command
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Berlin, 1945: after the capture of Hitler’s headquarters
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Checking out Hitler’s headquarters, May 1945
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June 1945: Victory parade in Red Square
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The Big Three: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, Feb.1945
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July 1945: Stalin, Truman and Churchill at Potsdam, Germany
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DIMENSIONS OF WORLD WAR TWO
Ideological:Global Right (The Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, and smaller allies)
vs. Global Left (The USSR and the international communist movement)
vs. Global Center (US, Britain, Nationalist China)
1939: Right and Left make a deal, liberal democracy the big loser; the Right and Center at war
1941: The Right attacks the Left and the US; a Center-Left coalition is formed
1945: The Right is defeated by the Center-Left coalition; the war’s aftermath gives a major boost to the global Left; liberal internationalism becomes the blueprint of a new world order
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Geopolitical The Axis as the challenger to the world order The West is torn apart by war USSR as a status-quo power and a victim of aggression
– not as a revolutionary state The battle for Russia as decisive for defeat of the Axis
challenge Russia’s decisive role entitles it to geopolitical gains from
common victory BUT: In the ideological atmosphere of 1945 (democracy,
anti-imperialism, rights of nations, human rights) a geopolitical deal could only be couched in ideological terms incompatible with Stalinism
The geopolitical deal contained a timebomb: ideological conflict between democracy and Stalinism
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Stalin’s wartime goals:
At first - survival of the country and the regime Later - maximum possible spoils from the victory – a
security belt in Eastern Europe Postwar cooperation with the West, hope for
Western economic assistanceStalin’s foreign policy tools:
The Worker-Peasant Red Army (renamed the Soviet Army)Intelligence services (GRU and NKVD)Diplomacy (Molotov, Litvinov, Maisky)International communist movement and its allies
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World War II losses, military and civilian
50-80 mln. dead (36 mln. in combat)Global capitalism shattered even more than by WWIThe stage is set for WW III
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Soviet losses in World War II: Over 27 mln. killed (13.6% of the population) 29 mln. took part in the fighting (including 0.8 mln.
women) Battlefield losses – 9-11 mln. (Germany lost 3.25 mln.) 5.8 mln. POWs (of them 3 mln. died in concentration
camps) 1710 cities and 70,000 villages completely or partially
destroyed 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, 43,000 libraries
destroyed Historically unprecedented level of damage inflicted on a
country
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The war took all nine of her sons