The Value of Biodiversity Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo abelii)

The Value of Biodiversity
Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelii

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-X4ebtNWNSbI/TYoSUfuDliI/AAAAAAAAB_s/6td5M6M3Pr8/s1600/female-sumatran-orangutan-and-baby-pictures.jpghttp://surrey.greenparty.org.uk/assets/images/local_parties/surrey/Mole%20Valley/sumatran_orangutan.jpgFigure 1: Female Sumatran orang-utan with baby

Figure 2: Male Sumatran orang-utan

Introduction to the orang-utan (Pongo App)

Orang-utans are the only great apes found in Asia. The largest animals that live in trees.

Restricted to the islands of Sumatra and Borneo; regarded as their own unique species.

Large scale habitat conversion, destruction and fragmentation and hunting for food in the pet trade has been a major threat.

Long inter birth intervals, large body size. Restricted to lowland rainforest areas and small forest fragmentations makes them vulnerable to hunting.

Critically endangered on the IUCN red list

(S.Wich et al. 2007)

http://s.wsj.net/public/resources/images/OB-TB915_orangu_G_20120524003621.jpgFigure 3: The European Press photo Association/Sumatran Orang-utan Conservation program

Orang-utans are the only great apes found in Asia. They are also the largest animals that primarily live on trees. Today their distribution is restricted only to the islands of Sumatra and Borneo; because of their locations, they are regarded as their own unique species. Large scale habitat conversion, destruction and fragmentation and hunting for food in the pet trade have been a major threat for their survival They have long inter birth intervals, large body size. As well as being restricted to lowland rainforest areas and small forest fragmentations makes them vulnerable to hunting.As of 2007, the Sumatran orang-utan has become critically endangered due to this and immediate action is required.

Habitat & Ecology

Swamp and tropical forests; altitudes less than 1,000 meters above sea level.

The population density influences the amount of fruit available. Sumatrans populations are more dense than Borneo.

Young leaves, ripe fruit, bark, flowers, honey, insects, and vines, and shoots from plants are primary food sources

The durian tree has the Orang-utans preferred fruits, known as the Cultivated durian. Considered king of the fruits.

They eat soil, which ingests minerals that neutralize high qualities of toxic rennin's and acids.

Also eat slow lorises, by taken them out of tree holes.

(Oran-utan facts and ecology)

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Iw2mxplg1xo/Tz0tANcTMII/AAAAAAAAACg/QWD3g6x0vM4/s400/4.jpgFigure 4: The Cultivated durian: A primary food source for Sumatran Orang-utans

The Sumatran islands consist of swamp and tropical forests in altitudes of less than 1,000 meters above sea level. The population density of this species influences the amount of fruit available in the areas. Because the Sumatran forests seem more productive than Borneo, the Sumatrans populations are more dense than Borneo. Their primary food source are young leaves, ripe fruit, bark, flowers, honey, insects, and vines. They may also eat shoots from plants. The durian tree has the Orang-utans preferred fruits, it has a strong smell with a sweetness flavour; the fruit is known as the Cultivated durian and is considered king of the fruits. They discard the skin, eat the flesh and spit out the seeds. They also eat soil, which ingests minerals that neutralize high qualities of toxic rennin's and acids in their primarily vegetarian diet. They may also eat slow lorises, by taken them out of tree holes

Role in Biodiversity

Orang-utans are considered a keystone species, which means their survival has a great impact on the health of tree species living in the ecosystem. (Greenpeace, 2005)

Orang-utans role in the forests they inhibit are crucial: Because their diet consists of fruit as well as their mobility makes them well adapted to seed dispersal. This gives them a vital role in maintaining forest ecosystems, specially lowland ecosystems where seed dispersal is impacted the most.

Maintaining forest ecosystems provides important environmental services for humanity; which includes water resources and climate regulation. (Nellemann, C., Miles et al 2007)

http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/1A/1AC43792-60F2-4F64-8889-85478D0DE401/Presentation.Large/Immature-male-Sumatran-orangutan.jpgFigure 5: Immature Male Sumatran Orangutan @ Anup Shah/Naturepl.com

Orang-utans are considered a keystone species, which means their survival has a great impact on the health of tree species living in the ecosystem. Orang-utans role in the forests they inhibit are crucial: Because their diet consists of fruit as well as their mobility makes them well adapted to seed dispersal. This gives them a vital role in maintaining forest ecosystems, specially lowland ecosystems where seed dispersal is impacted the most. Maintaining forest ecosystems provides important environmental services for humanity; which includes water resources and climate regulation.

Species Taxonomy

Sumatran orang-utan (Pongo abelii)

Kingdom

ANIMALIA

Phylum

CHORDATA

Class

MAMMALIA

Order

PRIMATES

Family

HOMINIDAE

Table 1: Pongo Abelii Taxonomy

Red List category: Critically Endangered

Population: Around 7,300-7,500 (Singleton et al.2004)CITES listing: Appendix 1Height: 97m(Male), 78m (Female)Weight: 87kg (Male), 37kg (Female)Gestation: 8-5 Months Lifespan: 50-60 Years (wild) (GAFI Orang-utans)Justification: Estimated to have declined by over 80% in the last 75 years.

Most of these orang-utans are outside protected areas, this includes potential logging areas and conversion forests.

The demand of timber and natural resources has increased after the 2004 tsunami.

(ICUN: Pongo Abelii Taxonomy)

(ICUN: Pongo Abelli Justification)

Taxonomy and Justification

Red List category: Critically Endangered

Population: Around 7,300 (Singleton et al.2004)CITES listing: Appendix 1Height: 97m(Male), 78m (Female)Weight: 87kg (Male), 37kg (Female)Gestation: 8-5 Months Lifespan: 50-60 Years (wild) (GAFI Orang-utans)Justification: Estimated to have declined by over 80% in the last 75 years.

Most of these orang-utans are outside protected areas, this includes potential logging areas and conversion forests.

The demand of timber and natural resources has increased after the 2004 tsunami.

Geographic Range

Sumatran orangutan rangeThe Sumatran Orang-utan is generally restricted to the north side of the island, north of Betang Toru river and west coast of North Sumatra province (S.Wich et al.2003)

Surveys gathered by Wich show no evidence of the Orang-utans survival in the south.

Populations found within North Sumatra province. Only two potential populations are found within North Sumatra province: West Batang Toru and East Sarulla; located south-west of lake Toba. (ICUN: Range Description)

Figure 6: Distribution of the Sumatran Oran-utan P. abelii. Original version of the map was produced by Sumatran Orang-utan Conservation Programme and the leaser management unit: Updated in 2007

North Sumatra

Lake Toba

Orang-utan Distribution

Aceh

Lhok seumawe

Langsa

Medan

The Pongo Abelli is generally restricted to the north side of the island, north of Betang Toru river and west coast of North Sumatra province

There has been surveys gathered by Serge A Wich that show that there is no evidence of the Pongo Abillis survival in the south of Sumatra.

Populations have been found within North Sumatra province. Only two potential populations are found within North Sumatra province: West Batang Toru and East Sarulla which are both located south-west of lake Toba.

Population Dynamics

Estimated 7,501 Sumatran Orang-utans left in the wild (Singleton et al 2004). S. Wich servey shows 3 viable population sizes containing >1000 and an additional 1000>250 individuals.

West Leaser region is shown to have larger population sizes.

91% of the population located in leaser ecosystem.

butang Toru area south of Lake Toba has the next best population area.

Borneo has 6 Sumatran populations having more than 250 individuals. Borneo species have 32, 250+ individuals.

(S. Wich et.al 2007)

Species: P. abelii

Estimated number of individuals

W. Middle Aceh

103

E. Middle Aceh

337

W. Leaser

2,508

Sidiangkat

134

E. Leaser

1,053

Tripa Swamp

280

Trumon-Singkil

1,500

Table 2: Estimated numbers of P.abelii in Sumatra. Sample of areas taken from the S.Wich et.al Distribution and conservation project.

(S.Wich et.al 2007)

As stated there are estimated 7,501 Sumatran Orang-utans left in the wild. A survey by S. Wich shows 3 viable population sizes containing more than 1000 individuals and an additional 1000 to 250 individuals. As shown from the table, the area with the largest population is found in West Leaser region. The Leaser ecosystem seems to be a stronghold for Sumatran orang-utans with 91% of the population located there. Outside leaser the most important orang utan population is located in the butang Toru area south of Lake Toba. The number of surviving orang-utans in Sumantra are much lower than Borneo with only 6 Sumatran populations having more than 250 individuals unlike Borneo species have 32, 250+ individuals.

http://ecoempire.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/www-palmoilaction-org-auslashpagesslashshoppinghyphenguide-html-31052011.jpgPalm oil plantations

What is palm oil?: Fruit of the oil palm tree, containing palm oil and kernel oil. Extracted from the fruits pulp which is the edible oil used in food. The seed of the fruit contains kernel oil for cosmetics.

Why is it a threat?: This is the main threat to deforestation, thought to be 85% of the global distribution of palm oil. This is considered unsustainable, the orang-utans habitats are getting destroyed because of mass habitat destruction.

Estimated that 50% of the Orang-utan population has been killed, 1,000 are killed every year.

(The Orangutan Project, 2013)

Figure 7: Yummy right? But guess what ingredient is a major contributor to these products? You guessed right, palm oil contains 40% of all labelled products in Australia. (Palmoilaction.org.au, 2014)

Main ThreatsWould you stop eating palm oil products if labelling said otherwise? Discuss.

What is palm oil?: Taken from the fruit of the oil palm tree, this palm fruit contains both palm oil and kernel oil. It is extracted from the fruits pulp which is the edible oil used in food. The seed of the fruit contains the kernel oil which is used in the manufacture of cosmetics.

Why is it a threat?: This is the main threat to deforestation in the islands of Sumatra & Borneo, and is thought to be 85% of the global distribution of palm oil. This is considered very unsustainable, and the orang-utans habitats are getting destroyed because of mass habitat destruction. It is also estimated that 50% of the Orang-utan population has been killed because of this and STILL 1,000 are killed every year on average.

Illegal logging

all forestry practices or activities connected with wood harvesting, processing and trade that do not conform to Indonesian law (FWI/GTW 2003; Shroeder- wildberg and Carius 2003).

Costs the Indonesian government 3 billion USD. Profits of up to 2.4 of 6.6 Billion has been made from unreported illegal logging in 2003, accounts for 30% of total export. (Sizer 2005; White et al 2006)

Forces Adult male Orangutans to move along the ground, increases their vulnerability, increased abundance of fruit (Ancrenaz et al, 2005)

Huge impact in oil palm plantations and other crops which heavily influence orangutan decline (C.,Miles et al 2007)

http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/tesso_nilo_104232_362764.jpgFigure 8: Logging in Sumatra rainforest @Alain Compost

Another major threat linked with palm oil and many other industry factors. Illegal logging defined as: all forestry practices or activities connected with wood harvesting, processing and trade that do not conform to Indonesian law

A high profit organisation which has cost the Indonesian government 3 billion USD alone. Profits of up to 2.4 of 6.6 Billion has been made from unreported illegal logging in 2003 which accounts for 30% of total export.

Illegal logging forces Adult male Orang-utans to move along the ground, which increases their vulnerability, the increased invasion of logged vines and pioneer species resulted in increased abundance of fruit (Illegal logging a huge impact in oil palm plantations and other crops which heavily influence orang-utan decline

Road Networks: Required for distribution of oil palm plantations from remote areas. An islandasion impact on the orang-utans, the road networks cut down their habitat, blocking out available habitat hotspots. (David L A Gaveau. et al 2009)

Agricultural impact: Take up forest space and kill any orang-utans that raid crops in search for food.

Illegal Trade: ender protection from illegal trade governed in 1931, this prohibits the owning, killing and capture of the species. Many Orang-utans die during transport.

Poaching: Linked to logging and plantations, taken place to free the area of populations.

Wildfires: Common in Indonesian countries, they spread thick clouds and smoke, caused by many natural and human-related factors. Timber harvesting, land clearance and agricultural settlements influence increase fire hazard risks. (David Glover et al 1997)

Orang-utans are listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention on international trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

Orangutans are facing increasing danger as a result of the pet tradeFigure 9: Sumatran Orang-utans continue to be captured for use of pets or exhibits in local zoos despite legal protections and campaigns . (Latimesblogs.latimes.com, 2014)

Road Networks: Road networks require distribution of oil palm plantations from remote areas of the rainforest to market destinations. This has an islandasion impact on the orang-utans, as these road networks cut down their habitat, blocking out available habitat hotspots the orang-utans require.

Agricultural impact: Also influenced the decline as they take up forest space and kill any orang-utans that raid crops in search for food.

Illegal Trade: Orang-utans are under protection from illegal trade that was governed in 1931, this prohibits the owning, killing and capture of the species. But of course, this practice still goes on. Sadly, many orang-utans die during transport from this practice.

Poaching: Linked to logging and plantations, illegal poaching of the species has taken place to free the area of populations

Wildfires: Indonesian countries are known to get forest fires which spread thick clouds and smoke, the dry conditions caused by many natural and human-related factors. Timber harvesting, land clearance and agricultural settlements influence increase fire hazard risks.

Orang-utans are listed in Appendix 1 of the Convention on international trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

Lets do the maths

Over 300 football fields of rainforest are being destroyed every hour in south east Asia. (Palmoilaction.org.au, 2014)

By the time this presentation is finished, the equivalent of 75 football fields of rainforest has just been destroyed!

Singleton estimates that there are 7,500 Sumatran Orang-utans left in the wild backed up by Wich survey of the Sumatran islands. An average 1,000 are getting killed per year! If nothing is done, the Sumatran population will be completely wiped out in less than 8 YEARS!

It is estimated that the Sumatran rainforest will be completely wiped out in 20 years

(Vidal, 2013)

Do you think the species population will be gone in 2022? Discuss

Figure 10: Basic line graph showing the Sumatran Orang-utan decline from now to 2022; if nothing is done to stop it.

Over 300 football fields of rainforest are being destroyed every hour in south east Asia. By the time this presentation is finished, the equivalent of 75 football fields of rainforest has just been destroyed! Singleton estimates that there are 7,500 Sumatran Orang-utans left in the wild backed up by Wich survey of the Sumatran islands. An average 1,000 are getting killed per year! If nothing is done, the Sumatran population will be completely wiped out in less than 8 YEARS!

It is estimated that the Sumatran rainforest will be completely wiped out in 20 years

Conservation efforts

Sumatran Orang-utan Conservation Programme (SOCP)

A medical quarantine facility for confiscated ex-pet orang-utans and begun reintroducing the species to the Bukit Tigpuluh National Park; which is a forest that hasnt had any orang-utans for over 150 years which now harbours a small population.

It is divided into two blocks i.e west and east. There is a monitoring station, and it houses the only viable population south of lake Toba and is located in a upland forest setting. Considered unique, ever since the genetic study of 2008-2010 occurred showing unique DNA samples.

Creating an Orang-utan Haven. For long term refuge for un-releasable orang-utans currently residing in SOCP orang-utan quarantine area. Started this year (2014). (SOCP: 2014) (Orangutan.com, 2014)

lokasi-project-scaledFigure 11: All the SOCP project locations in Sumatra, Indonesia

It is an highly established medical quarantine facility for confiscated ex-pet orang-utans and begun reintroducing the species to the Bukit Tigpuluh National Park; which is a forest that hasnt had any orang-utans for over 150 years which now harbours a small population. It is divided into two blocks i.e west and east. There is a monitoring station, and it houses the only viable population south of lake Toba and is located in a upland forest setting. They are considered unique, ever since the genetic study of 2008-2010 occurred showing unique DNA samples. They are at hard work creating an ambitious Orang-utan Haven. Which will provide a long term refuge for un-releasable orang-utans currently residing in SOCP orang-utan quarantine area. The project started this year (2014).

Conclusion: Do we act?

What do you think? We have established that:

Sumatran Orang-utans are critically endangered under IUCN red list

They are a keystone species and incredibly important for seed dispersal

They are under major threat from mostly human related reasons

They are in major decline of over 1000 individuals a year with only around 7,500 left in the wild

Is the SOCP programme enough? Do you think its worth saving this species from extinction? Discuss

I believe that Orang-utans are an incredible primate species that has been unfairly killed by human greed. They are a beautiful keystone species that we must conserve and protect before its too late. There is still a viable population out there, the species numbers can still be increased if we can reduce the major threats affecting them, build awareness and successful conservation efforts would greatly help bring the species back up.

What do you think? We have established that:Sumatran Orang-utans are critically endangered under IUCN red list

They are a keystone species and incredibly important for seed dispersal

They are under major threat from mostly human related reasons

They are in major decline of over 1000 individuals a year with only around 7,500 left in the wild

I believe that Orang-utans are an incredible primate species that has been unfairly killed by human greed. They are a beautiful keystone species that we must conserve and protect before its too late. There is still a viable population out there, the species numbers can still be increased if we can reduce the major threats affecting them, build awareness and successful conservation efforts would greatly help bring the species back up.

Reference

David L A Gaveau, Serge Wich, Justin Eptine, Daniel Juhm, Markku Kanninen and Nigel Leader-Williams 2009;The future of

forests and orang-utans (Pongo Abelli) in Sumatra: Predicting impacts of oil palm plantations, road construction, and

mechanisms for reducing carbon emissions from deforestations ;IOP Science[online] available at:

http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/4/3/034013/pdf/1748-9326_4_3_034013.pdf [Assessed 19. Oct. 2014]

David Glover and James Schweithelm; Indonesias Fires and Haze: The cost of Catatrophe; IDRC, 1 Jan 1999 [online]

available at:

http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eMBu_rXSq3QC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=orangutan+agricultural+impacts&o

ts=IPW8WhyPqk&sig=O-rEOJicQlZ_yGOiABmWs28dTRc#v=onepage&q&f=false [Assessed 19 Oct. 2014]

Greenpeace, (2005).The Orangutan Under Threat. [online] Available at: http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-

blogs/news/the-orangutan-s-rainforest-hom/the-orangutan-under-threat/ [Accessed 21 Oct. 2014]

Palmoilaction.org.au, (2014).The Facts | Palm Oil Action Australia. [online] Available at:

http://palmoilaction.org.au/2014/01/the-facts/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2014].

Latimesblogs.latimes.com, (2014).Sumatran orangutans are imperiled by the pet trade, report finds. [online] Available at:

http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/unleashed/2009/04/sumatran-orangutans-imperiled-by-the-pet-trade-report-finds.html

[Accessed 21 Oct. 2014].

Iucnredlist.org, (2014).Pongo abelii (Sumatran Orangutan). [online] Available at:

http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39780/rangemap [Accessed 18 Oct. 2014].

Nellemann C., Miles, L., Kaltenborn, B. P.,Virtue, M., and Ahlenius, H (Eds).2007 The last stand of the orang-utan State of emergency: Illagal logging,

fire and palm oil in Indonesis national parks. Edited by Christain Nellemann [online] available at:

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DIYjpYUIFwIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false [Assessed 19 Oct.2014]

Orangutan.org, (2014).Orangutan Ecology | Orangutan Foundation International. [online] Available at:

http://orangutan.org/orangutan-facts/orangutan-ecology/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2014].

Orangutans-sos.org, (2014).Orangutan Crisis Sumatran Orangutan Society. [online] Available at:

http://www.orangutans-sos.org/orangutans/crisis

[Accessed 18 Oct. 2014].

Orangutan.com, (2014).Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme | Orangutan Conservancy. [online] Available

at: http://www.orangutan.com/projects/socp/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2014].

Palmoilaction.org.au, (2014).The Facts | Palm Oil Action Australia. [online] Available at:

http://palmoilaction.org.au/2014/01/the-facts/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2014].

SOCP, (2014).Habitat Protection | SOCP. [online] Available at: http://www.sumatranorangutan.org/habitat-

protection-batang-toru-2 [Accessed 18 Oct. 2014].

Serge A. Wich, Eric Meijarrd, Andrew J. Marshall, Simon Hisson, Marc Ancrenaz, Robert C. Lacy, Carel P. vanShhaik,

JitoSugardjito, Togy Sumorangkir, Kathy Traylor-Holzer, Matt Doughty, Jatna Supriatna, Rona Dennis, Melvin Gumal,

Cheryle D. Knott and Ian Singleton. (2008) Distribution and

conservation status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain?

The Great Apes Film InitiativeOrangutans. (2014). [online] GAFI -. Available at:

http://www.gafi4apes.org/gafi-species/orangutans/ [Accessed 18 Oct. 2014].

The Orangutan Project, (2014).Palm Oil and How it threatens Orangutans. [online] Available at:

http://www.orangutan.org.au/palm-oil [Accessed 16 Oct. 2014].

Vidal, J. (2013).'The Sumatran rainforest will mostly disappear within 20 years'. [online] the Guardian. Available at:

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/26/sumatra-borneo-deforestation-tigers-palm-oil [Accessed 16

Oct. 2014].

Picture

Taken by

Link

Female Sumatran Orang-utan

Unknown

http://wallpapers.pupazzo.org/animals/slides/Female%20Sumatran%20Orangutan%20and%20Baby.html

Male Sumatran Orang-utan

Unknown

http://surrey.greenparty.org.uk/mole-valley-green-party/orangutans,-palm-oil-and-our-shopping-baskets.html

Sumatran Juveniles representing SOCP

Ahmad Pathoni

http://blogs.wsj.com/searealtime/2012/05/24/orangutan-habitat-under-protection-after-outcry/

Durian Fruit

Unknown

http://fruitwarehouse.blogspot.co.uk/2012/02/durian-fruit-warehouse-earliest-known.html

Sumatran Logging

Alain Compost

http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/thailand/?203286/Habitat-loss-drives-Sumatran-elephants-step-closer-to-extinction

Immature male Sumatran orang-utan

Anup Shah

http://www.arkive.org/sumatran-orangutan/pongo-abelii/image-G4034.html

Palm Oil Products

N/A

http://ecoempire.org/2011/06/23/the-tips-and-tricks-of-avoiding-palm-oil/

SOCP locations

N/A

http://www.sumatranorangutan.org/where-we-work

Sumatran Orang utan in chains

Unknown

http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/unleashed/2009/04/sumatran-orangutans-imperiled-by-the-pet-trade-report-finds.html

Sumatran geographic range

N/A

http://www.gafi4apes.org/gafi-species/orangutans/

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Sumatran Orang-utan decline Oran-utan populationColumn1Column2