cabeHow buildings and spaces createeconomic and social value

The value of good design

the Victorian age. Get it wrong and wewill have dysfunctional, under-utilisedand unloved buildings in every part ofthe country. The stakes are high but wewill succeed provided we abide by threekey principles:

• Good design does not cost more when measured across the lifetime of the building or place

• Good design flows from the employment of skilled and multi-disciplinary teams

• The starting point of good design is client commitment

CABE is here to help. We are working in partnership with organisations in allsectors, the major built environmentindustries, and project teamsthroughout the country to ensure thatthe lessons set out in this publicationare disseminated widely. Across theboard we are determined to make thecase for investment in good design evermore compelling, knowing that we willall benefit as a result. CABE, with itspartners is aiming to address this. Most of all, we want to add to thisevidence. If you have spent time andeffort measuring the impact of designinvestment, please let us know.

Introduction

Sir Stuart Lipton, Chairman, CABE

This short document has a very simpleaim. It draws together key researchfrom the UK and abroad to show thatinvestment in good design generateseconomic and social value. Collectivelythe studies provide evidence of thevalue of design in the areas of:

• Healthcare• Educational environments• Housing• Civic pride and

cultural activity• Business• Crime prevention

All of the examples listed prove thatdesign matters because our lives areconnected through our common builtenvironment. Across all sectors andbuilding types the message is the same– when we invest in the builtenvironment, we must consider theimpact of design throughout the lifetimeof the buildings, on the places in whichthey are located and on all stakeholdersinvolved. The vast majority of abuilding’s costs and benefits can beexpressed in terms of the impact uponits occupiers, users and passers by.

• A well designed hospital will help patients get better more quickly

• A well designed school will improve the educational achievement of its pupils

• A well designed department store will have a direct impact on stock turnover

• A well designed neighbourhood will benefit from lower crime and higher house values

We cannot afford not to invest in good design. Good design is not justabout the aesthetic improvement of our environment, it is as much aboutimproved quality of life, equality ofopportunity and economic growth. If we want to be a successful andsustainable society we have toovercome our ignorance about theimportance of design and depart fromour culturally-ingrained notion that apoor quality environment is the normand all we can expect from Britishbuilders, developers, planners andpoliticians.

Over the next five years, we are goingto experience the largest publicinvestment programme in newbuildings for a generation. Get it rightand we will have a legacy of civicbuildings to match or even surpass

People work moreproductively in well designed officesAgree 77%Disagree 7%

Well designed schoolsimprove children’s educationAgree 70%Disagree 17%

The design of hospitalsmakes no difference to how fast patients recoverAgree 29%Disagree 52%

How streets look and feel makes no realdifference to crimeAgree 22%Disagree 66%

Well designed houses will increase in valuequicker than averageAgree 72%Disagree 9%Source: MORI/CABE, 2002

The value of good design: public perception

In a MORI poll commissioned by CABE in the summer of 2002, anoverwhelming 81% of people said they are ‘interested in how the builtenvironment looks and feels’, with over a third saying they are ‘veryinterested’ and another third wantingmore of a say in the design of buildingsand spaces. 85% of people agreedwith the statement ‘better qualitybuildings and public spaces improvethe quality of people’s lives’ andthought that the quality of the builtenvironment made a difference to the way they felt.

The figures on the right summarisesome of the findings of the survey.They show that the majority of peopleconsider well designed buildings andspaces as positive influences on thequality of daily life, professionalproductivity, educational attainment,physical well-being, levels of crime and house values.

1 Courtyard of Pulross Centre, Brixton Penoyre & Prasad

2 Interior corridor and staircase ACAD Centre, Central Middlesex Hospital Avanti Architects

3 GP Surgery, Croydon AHMM Architects

4 GP Surgery, Hammersmith, Guy Greenfield Architects

5 Courtyard ACAD Centre, Central Middlesex Hospital Avanti Architects

6 Public art in Chelsea and Westminster Hospital,London

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A1. A study by Sheffield University for NHS Estates compared patientoutcomes in a newly refurbishedorthopaedic unit at Poole hospital withthose in a 1960s conventional ward.The study found that patients treatedon the refurbished ward required lessanalgesic medication than those on theolder ward. Patients not undergoingoperations were discharged significantlymore quickly from the newer ward –after 6.4 days compared with 8.1 days.

A2. The Sheffield study also comparedpsychiatric patients treated at Mill ViewHospital, a purpose-built unit in Hove,with those at two older wards atFreshfield Mental Health Unit withinBrighton Medical Hospital, located in aformer Victorian workhouse. The lengthof stay was again lower on the newunit. Patients treated entirely in the newbuilding had an average reduction of14% in their length of stay – 36.5 dayscompared with 42.4 days. In the samenew unit at Mill View Hospital 79% ofthe patients were judged by staff tohave made good progress (comparedto 60% in the old unit), and the level ofverbal outbursts and threateningbehaviour was reduced by 24% and42% respectively.

A3. A King’s Fund document publishedin 2002 highlighted the example of Newham Hospital in south eastLondon, where levels of staff moraleincreased by 56% following theredesign of the hospital. When asked if they felt valued, 78% of staff said‘yes’ after the redesign compared to 22% three years previously.

A4. Research by the National Institutefor Health and the National Institute onAgeing in the US showed that certaindesign features in Special Care Unitsand Assisted Living TreatmentResidences for people with Alzheimer’sdisease and related dementias madepeople calmer whilst certain othersgenerated more agitated behaviour. For example, unobtrusive and secureexits reduced paranoid delusions, andincreased bedroom privacy and betterthrough routes in common areasreduced both verbal and physicalagitation and aggression. The studyconcluded that the benefits of thesedesign features on health and quality of life are independent of the quality of other care characteristics.

A5. A study in a suburbanPennsylvania hospital examined therecords of patients recovering fromcholecystectomy. It compared patientswhose rooms had windows overlookingnatural landscapes with patients wholooked out onto a brick wall, and foundthat the patients with open views:

• had shorter post-operative stays – 7.9 days compared with 8.7 days

• had fewer negative evaluation comments from nurses

• took fewer strong and moderate analgesic doses

• had lower rates of minor post-surgical complications

A6. A study carried out by theUniversity of Nottingham whichcompared three healthcareenvironments before and after theywere redesigned found clear benefits to patient health and associatedimprovements in the efficiency ofmedical resourcing due to good design.The schemes included a cardiologyward with improved lighting, betterexternal views and clustering of beds in smaller groups; a waiting area withenhanced artificial lighting, betterseating and interior design; and acoronary day-care unit with better bedsand patient facilities, larger windowsand a visitors area. The new ward wasperceived by patients and staff as morepleasant, relaxing and welcoming. Itresulted in lower pulse rates and bloodpressure readings amongst patients,shorter post-operative stays – 8 daysdown from 11 days – and lowerprescribed drug intakes.

A. The value of design in healthcare

B1. A study carried out in 2000 byPricewaterhouseCoopers for theDepartment for Education and Skillsexamined the relationship betweencapital investment in schools and pupilperformance. It found that capitalinvestment in school buildings had the strongest influence on staff morale,pupil motivation and effective learningtime. The study highlighted one schoolwhere the design of playgrounds andthe school hall had enabled a reductionof lunchtime assistants from 8 to 5, withthe saved resources switched to directeducational expenditure.

B2. A study carried out at GeorgetownUniversity in Washington DC showedthat after controlling other variables,such as a student’s economic status,students’ standardised achievementscores rose by 5.5% as a school’sphysical environment improved fromone design category to the next, egfrom ‘poor’ to ‘fair’ to ‘excellent’. If aschool improved its condition from‘poor’ to ‘excellent’ an average increaseof 10.9% could be expected.

B3. A French study of two new schoolbuilding projects in Marseille and Paris,found that educational environmentsdesigned to integrate information andcommunication technology were moreconducive to learning. After thecompletion of the Marseille project therepeat rate among sixth grade studentswas only 2.5%, compared to thenational rate of 9.8%, the rate ofprogression from sixth to tenth gradewas 71.5% compared to the nationalnorm of 64.5%, and incidents ofvandalism declined despite the largesize of campus. After the completion of the Paris project the baccalauréat

success rate was 84%, compared tothe national average of 78%, the rate of progression from tenth grade tobaccalauréat was 73% compared to the national average of only 57% andthe number of enrolment applicationsfrom private school pupils has steeplyrisen – 17.4% of the students aged15–16 now come from these schools.

B4. A series of American studies on therelationship between pupil performance,achievement, behaviour and the builtenvironment found that scores for theComprehensive Test of Basic Skills(CTBS) amongst students aged 16–17in well designed high schools in NorthDakota were between 1 and 11%higher than those in poorly designedhigh school buildings.

B5. A study of Academic Proficiencytest results in small, rural high schools in Virginia, USA indicated a positiverelationship between building conditionand student achievement. Results weregenerally higher in school buildings withbetter structural and aesthetic qualities.Combined results on test scores were5% higher for students in betterdesigned schools.

B6. A related study which used thesame methodology to look at large,urban high schools in Virginia found agreater range of differences betweenstudents’ test scores in poorly designedand well designed buildings than thosein the rural high schools in the Virginiaand North Dakota high schools studyabove, with some of the differences asgreat as 17%.

B7. A separate study carried out inCalifornia analysed the test score resultsof over 21,000 student records from

three school districts in the US.Controlling for other variables, it foundthat students with the most natural daylighting in their classrooms progressed20% faster on maths tests and 26% on reading tests in one year than thosewith the least natural light.

B8. Research carried out at the School Design and Planning Laboratory,University of Georgia, found thatelementary schools with more than 100 square feet of building space perstudent tend to have significantly higherscience, social studies and overall IowaTest of Basic Skills (ITBS) scores thanschools with under 100 square feet perstudent. A separate study by the sameuniversity found evidence of improvedchild behaviour in schools with over 100 square feet per child. The impact of additional space on behaviouralpatterns was most noticeable onchildren with special learning needs.

B9. A doctoral dissertation from theUniversity of Georgia found that juniorhigh school pupils based in newlyrenovated school facilities showed morepositive attitudes toward school thanpupils based in older buildings and thatstudents in classrooms with the mostdaylight had 7–18% higher scores thanthose with the least daylight.

B. The value of design in educational environments

1 Kingswood Day School, Bath Feilden Clegg Bradley

2 Hayes School, KentPCKO

3 Martial Rose Library, Winchester Feilden Clegg Bradley

4 Great Notley Primary School, Braintree, Essex AHMM

5 Jubilee Campus, University of Nottingham Michael Hopkins & Partners

6 Greenwich Millennium School, London Edward Cullinan Architects

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1 Murray Grove, London Cartwright Pickard for Peabody Trust

2 Bishops Mead, Chelmsford, Essex Reeves Bailey for Bryant Homes Eastern

3 Slateford Green, Edinburgh Hackland & Dore for Canmore Housing Association

4 Iroko Housing Coin Street, London Howarth Tompkins for Coin Street Community Builders

5 The Point, Bristol Feilden Clegg Bradley for Crosby Homes

6 Chronos Housing, Whitechapel, London Proctor Matthews for Copthorne Homes

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C1. A study for the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors carried out in1997 estimated that more money – asmuch as £2 billion per year – is spenton treating illnesses arising from poorhousing conditions than is spent bylocal authorities on their own housingstock. National annual estimates of the increased costs associated with the 7.6% of public sector homesconsidered unfit for habitation are £3billion due to poor health, £1.8 billiondue to increased crime and £120million for the cost of fire services.Although not definitive figures, theyshow the extent of the problem.

C2. In a recent MORI pollcommissioned by CABE in the summerof 2002, nearly three quarters of thoseinterviewed (72%) said that they believewell designed houses will increase invalue quicker than average with lessthan one in ten (9%) disagreeing withthis statement. When asked to list twoor three things which they consideredimportant in the design of new housesover half the respondents (59%) saidsecurity against crime was a key factor;56% said that new homes should bebuilt to last; 45% said they should bedesigned to be safe from accidents and fires; 41% mentioned ease ofmaintenance; and 35% thought thatenergy efficiency was important.

C3. Extensive international research by the University of California in the1970s and 1980s using post-occupancy surveys discovered that not only did the overall impression of the exterior of a house and itssurrounding dwellings have an impacton how people felt about their homesbut also in many cases those residents’personal sense of worth.

C4. An Urban Land Institute study ofover 10,000 housing transactions infour pairs of housing developments inthe United States revealed an averagesales premium of $20,000 or 11%, onschemes upholding basic urban designprinciples similar to those set out inrecent UK planning guidance BetterPlaces to Live.

C5. The University of Bristol carried outa survey of 600 households on a largesuburban housing estate with little or no distinctive design quality. Theresearchers found that these residentsexhibited more difficulties in selling andexperienced more negative equity thanthose living on more distinctivelydesigned developments.

C6. The Popular Housing Forum usedover 800 interviews and discussiongroups across the UK to explore publicattitudes to the appearance and sitelayout of new housing. Appearance ofthe neighbourhood was considered amore important factor than the designof the home itself.

C7. An exploratory study carried out by international property consultantsFPD Savills in 2002 indicated thatvolume house builders who hadinvested in higher quality design inresidential schemes could expect toyield a residual value per hectare of up to 15% more than conventionallydesigned schemes.

C. The value of design in housing

D1. Research published by CABE and the Office of the Deputy PrimeMinister (ODPM) in 2001 analysed three pairs of selected commercialdevelopments in Birmingham,Nottingham and Manchester – eachpair of developments having one betterdesigned than the other – to test thevalue of investment in high quality urbandesign. The research found that thebetter designed schemes provided a range of economic, social andenvironmental benefits including higherrental levels, lower maintenance costs,enhanced regeneration and increasedpublic support for the development.

D2. Since 1965 Jan Gehl of theUniversity of Copenhagen hasconducted research on the contributionof public spaces to civic life inCopenhagen. The research hasconsistently shown that wherever public spaces of good quality areprovided an increase in public life alsotakes place. As a result, despite theclimatic differences, the level of publicoutdoor activity on a summer’s day inCopenhagen equals that of Rome. The amount of car traffic in the city has remained unchanged for the last 25 years while bicycle use hasincreased by 65%.

D3. By contrast, a European survey ofpeople’s attitude towards town centresfound that by far the highest incidenceof disliking town centres was recordedin surveys of British towns. Thedistinguishing factors were the lack ofcar-free spaces to sit and relax, the lowdesire to participate in social activities

and an unstimulating visual environmentin the form of shop displays, publicactivity and street furniture.

D4. Within two years of the Tate Galleryopening in St Ives, people whose mainreason for visiting St Ives was to visitthe Gallery contributed £16 million perannum to the local economy. On asmaller scale, within the first fewmonths of the opening of the New ArtGallery in Walsall, the local Boots storereported a daily sales increase of£4,000 and planned to open stores in the area on Sundays to capitalise on the impact of the gallery.

D5. A study by the University of San Francisco in 1999 which looked at case studies across the UnitedStates has reported that thepreservation and improvement of open land for public use creates a netincrease in municipal tax revenues by increasing land values in thesurrounding neighbourhood.

D6. Upon the completion of the award-winning Rose Center for Earth andSpace at the American Museum ofNatural History in New York, themuseum reported a 58% increase invisitors and a 200% increase inmembership applications. Thecontemporary nature of the newextension means that a 131 year-oldmuseum is now regarded as one of themost dynamic museums in the city.

D7. In 2000 the new Peckham Library,designed by Will Alsop, won the Stirlingprize for the best designed building bya UK architect. Usage figures for the

first six months of the new librarycompared to the two closed libraries it replaced show that annual visitsincreased from 171,000 to 450,000 and book loans rose from 80,000 toapproximately 340,000. Latest figuresshow that there were over 565,500annual visits made from April 2001 until March 2002.

D8. Finally, another award-winningproject. After the completion of a neweducational campus for the SpencerInstitute in Kadina, South Australia,library usage has increased by about30%, enrolments for courses haveincreased dramatically and the Institutehas been awarded the title ‘NationalTraining Provider of the Year.’

D. The value of urban design in promoting civic pride and cultural activity

1 Bus stop, Edinburgh Reiach & Hall

2 Brindley Place, Birmingham Terry Farrell / John Chatwin

3 Millennium Bridge, London Foster & Partners

4 Millennium Bridge, Gateshead Wilkinson Eyre

5 Peace Gardens, Sheffield Sheffield City Council /Sheffield One

6 South Promenade, Bridlington Bauman Lyons

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1 Boots Offices, Nottingham DEGW

2 Egg Offices, Pride Park, Derby DEGW

3 Entrance BT Headquarters,Stockley Park, West London Fosters and Partners

4 Kajima Offices, Tokyo Kajima Construction

5 SAS Headquarters, Stockholm Niels Torp

6 Interior BT Headquarters, Stockley Park, West London Fosters and Partners

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E1. According to international architectNorman Foster when considering theaverage costs of a building over a 25year period, the physical envelope ofthe building comprises only 5.5% of the total cost whereby the costs ofoccupying the building represent 86% of the total cost. His experiencehighlights that a small investment indesign quality can quickly make asignificant impact on this much largerpercentage.

E2. A survey undertaken for theUniversity of Nottingham of ten majorcompanies that had invested in highquality bespoke corporate buildings in the UK, including British Airways,Boots and Capital One, found that‘employee satisfaction’ and ‘functionalquality’ were the highest rated driversfor investment.

E3. Following the award-winningdesign for an arts and craft studio inDes Moines, Iowa, the company whichoccupies it has enjoyed a 20% increasein output and a reduction in the timerequired for handling and transportingproducts. The savings have been usedto enhance employee benefits and forrecruitment and retention programmes.

E4. A study carried out in Chicago inthe early 1980s used a method knownas hedonic price estimation to measurethe impact of ‘good’ architecture onrental rates for commercial offices.Using the receipt of architecturalawards as the relevant measure of‘good’ architecture it found that therewarded buildings commanded asignificant rental premium that could notbe explained by other factors. A similarstudy was undertaken a decade laterusing over a hundred high grade office

buildings across the United States.Again, the research again found apositive correlation between designquality and market rents.

E5. The leading writer on office design,architect Frank Duffy, cites the case ofAnderson Worldwide whose designinvestment in their new Chicago officeachieved a reduction of 30% in thespace that would have been used byconventional layout designs. The overallsavings on rent and occupancy levelspaid for the initial capital outlay withinfour years.

E6. In 1999 the Property Council ofAustralia established a scorecard formeasuring the financial performance of commercial urban developments. By looking at 16 developments in detail they found evidence of a ‘designdividend’ which can be measured infinancial terms.

E. The value of design for business

F1. A study published in Urban DesignInternational looked at the spatialdistribution of crime reports provided by the police in three towns with a widerange of social classes, spatial patternsand housing types, found that:

• property crimes tended to cluster in locally segregated areas, particularly in cul-de-sacs, footpaths and rear dead-end alleys

• positive features that made spaces safer included integrated through roads with front entrances on both sides, more passers-by on the street, more visible neighbours on the streets, good visual relations to the public realm rather than seclusion, more linear integrated spaces and visual continuity between spaces

F2. Adopting good design qualities in low-rise housing can lead to lowercrime rates. Research in Northamptonindicated that to reduce crime, the frontwindows of houses should face eachother across the street to create asystem of mutual surveillance.

F3. A comprehensive redesignprogramme of a 1970s housing estatein Edinburgh which includedfundamental changes in the estatelayout as well as individual units,reduced housebreaking by 65% andvandalism incidents by 59% with thetotal number of incidents being loweredoverall.

F4. The Crime Prevention Services Unitin Peel, Ontario, Canada has recordedexamples of redevelopments in the citythat have adopted ‘Crime PreventionThrough Environmental Design’(CPTED) principles. In 1992 CPTEDprinciples were adopted in the redesign

of a residential area including theremoval of negative environmental cues and an increase in site visibility.After completion there was a drop invandalism and loitering and a 90% drop in the number of break-ins in the area sustained over several years.

F5. A study of 27 housing estates inWest Yorkshire designed according to‘Secured by Design’ (SBD) principles,reported that crime rates had droppedby between 54% and 67% since theredesign. Burglary rates were 50% less than those on other West Yorkshireestates and there were 42% fewervehicle crimes. The average cost of theextra design measures was £440 pernew dwelling, compared to estimatedaverage burglary losses of £1,670 per dwelling.

F6. A research project in Kitchener,Canada compared the before-and-aftereffects of turning a large under-developed plot of land in a crime-riddenneighbourhood into a communitygarden. As a result, crime incidents inthe surrounding buildings dropped by30% immediately, and by 49% and56% in the two subsequent years.

F. The value of design in crime prevention

1 Terraced street in Jesmond, Newcastle. The diagram shows howbay windows and front doors which open on to the street provide increased surveillance for pedestrians and cars and houses

2 Diagram and close up of house in Rolls Crescent, Manchester demonstrate surveillance views

3 Ladbroke Grove Environmental Focus Area, West London Tibbalds MonroWell designed street lighting in public areas can prevent criminal activity

4 Crown Street Regeneration Project, The Gorbals, Glasgow CZWGArchitects. Well designed open space in this housing development in The Gorbals, Glasgow provides a safe semi-private area for residents

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C. The value of gooddesign in housing

C1. Barrow, M. and Bachan,R. (1997) The real cost ofpoor homes: footing the bill.London: RICS.

C2. MORI (2002) Publicattitudes towards architectureand the built environment.Research carried out by theMORI Social ResearchInstitute for CABE.

C3. Cooper, M.C. (1982) The aesthetics of familyhousing: the residents’viewpoint. LandscapeResearch, Vol 7 (3), pp 9–13.

C4. Eppli, M. and Tu, C.(1999) Valuing the newurbanism. Washington DC:Urban Land Institute.

C5. Forrest R., Kennett T.and Leather P. (1997) Homeowners on new estates in the1990s. Bristol: The PolicyPress.

C6. Popular Housing Forum(1998) Kerb appeal.Winchester: The PopularHousing Forum.

D. The value of good urbandesign in promoting civicpride and cultural activity

D1. CABE and DETR (2001)The value of urban design.London: Thomas TelfordPublishing.

D2. Gehl, J. and Gemzoe, L.(1998) Public spaces, publiclife. Copenhagen: The RoyalDanish Academy.

D3. Gehl, J. and Gemzoe, L.(1998) Public spaces, publiclife. Copenhagen: The RoyalDanish Academy.

D4. Worpole, K. (2000)Design, economy and thearchitectural imagination.London: RIBA Future Studiesand Jenkinson, P. (2000)Regeneration: can culture carrythe can? RSA Journal (2000).

D5. Lerner, S. and Poole, W.(1999) The economic benefits of parks and open spaces. SanFransisco: Trust for Public Land.

D6. Pearson, C.A. (2000)Making good design pay off.4th Annual BusinessWeek/Architectural Record Awards,Architectural Record. Vol 188(10), October 2000, pp 84–99.

D7. Platts, S. and Olsen, A.(2001) Interview and informationon the impact of the newPeckham library building.Stephen Platts, Development & Regeneration Manager, LBSouthwark and Adrian Olsen,Arts, Libraries and MuseumsServices Manager, LBSouthwark. 7 March 2001.

D8. The Royal AustralianInstitute of Architects (1999)Spencer Institute of TAFE,Kadina Campus andCommunity Library. RAIAAwards. GreenwayInternational Property Ltd.

E. The value of gooddesign for business

E1. Foster, N. (2001) Speech delivered at the CABE ‘Building for the future’conference, London.

E2. Rouse, J. M. (2000) How do profit-generatingorganisations measure andmanage the costs andbenefits of architecture anddesign when investing inproperties for their ownbusiness use?MBA Dissertation: University of Nottingham.

E3. Pearson, C. A. (2000)Making good design pay off.4th Annual BusinessWeek/Architectural RecordAwards, Architectural Record,Vol. 188 (10), pp 84–99.

E4. Hough, D. and Kratz, C.(1983) Can ‘good’ architecturemeet the market test? Journalof Urban Economics Vol. 14pp 40–54 and Vandell, K. and Lane, J. (1989) Theeconomics of architecture and urban design: somepreliminary findings. Journal of Urban Economics Vol. 17 (2) pp 1–10.

E5. Duffy, F. (1997) The new office. London: ConranOctopus Limited.

E6. Property Council ofAustralia. (1999) The designdividend. Canberra: PCANational Office.

F. The value of gooddesign in crimeprevention

F1. Chih-Feng Shu, S. (2000)Housing layout and crimevulnerability. Urban designinternational, Vol 5, pp 177–188.

F2. Poyner, B. and Webb, B.(1991) Crime free housing.Oxford: ButterworthArchitecture.

F3. Shaftoe, H. (2001) Crime prevention and security in Great Britain.Bristol: University of the West of England.

F4. McKay, T. (1992) CouncilRing Plaza. Crime preventionservices CPTED case study.Available on www.peelpolice.on.ca/crimeprevention/council.html

F5. Armitage, R. (2000) An evaluation of secured bydesign housing within WestYorkshire. Briefing note 7/00.London: Home Office.

F6. McKay, T. (1998) Emptyspaces, dangerous places.ICA Newsletter. Vol 1 (3) pp 2–3.

The value of good design:public perception

MORI (2002) Public attitudestowards architecture and thebuilt environment. Researchcarried out by the MORI SocialResearch Institute for CABE.

A. The value of gooddesign in healthcare

A1. University of Sheffield,School of Architecture(1999) The architecturalhealthcare environment and its effects on patient healthoutcomes: a report at the end of the first year of study.University of Sheffield, Schoolof Architecture in associationwith NHS Estates, PooleHospital NHS Trust and SouthDowns Mental Health Trust.

A2. University of Sheffield,School of Architecture(1999) The architecturalhealthcare environment and its effects on patient healthoutcomes: a report at the end of the first year of study.University of Sheffield, Schoolof Architecture in associationwith NHS Estates, PooleHospital NHS Trust and SouthDowns Mental Health Trust.

A3. Coote, A. (Ed) (2002)Claiming the health dividend:unlocking the benefits of NHSspending. London.

A4. Regnier, V. (1998)Alzheimer’s special care units.Places, Vol 12 (1), Fall 1998,pp 38–41.

A5. Ulrich, R. (1984) View through a window may influence recovery fromsurgery. Science, Vol 224 (27),April 1984, pp 420–421.

A6. Leather, P. (2000)Hospital design, health & well-being. Nottingham:Institute of Work Health &Organisations.

B. The value of gooddesign in educationalenvironments

B1. PricewaterhouseCoopers (2000) Buildingperformance: an empiricalassessment of the relationshipbetween schools capitalinvestment and pupilperformance. Research Report No 242.

B2. Edwards, M. (1991)Building conditions, parentalinvolvement, and studentachievement in the DC publicschool system. UnpublishedMasters Thesis, GeorgetownUniversity.

B3. Alt, P. (2000) Schooldesign and management: three examples in France.Administration et Education.Issue 86, 2000.

B4. Earthman, G.I., Cash, C.and Van Berkum, D. (1995) A statewide study of studentachievement and behaviourand school building conditionin Earthman, G. I. (Ed) (2000)The impact of school buildingconditions, studentachievement, and behaviourin OECD (2000) The appraisalof investments in educationalfacilities. OECD.

B5. Cash, C. (1993) A studyof the relationship betweenschool building condition and student achievement and behaviour. UnpublishedPhD Dissertation, VirginiaPolytechnic Institute and StateUniversity in Earthman, G. I.(Ed) (2000) The impact ofschool building conditions,student achievement, andbehaviour in OECD (2000) The appraisal of investments in educational facilities. OECD.

B6. Hines, E. (1996) Buildingcondition and studentachievement and behaviour.Unpublished PhD Dissertation,Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University inEarthman, G. I. (Ed) (2000)The impact of school buildingconditions, studentachievement, and behaviour in OECD (2000) The appraisalof investments in educationalfacilities. OECD.

B7. Heschong MahoneGroup (1999) Daylighting in schools: an investigation into the relationship betweendaylighting and humanperformance. California:California Board for EnergyEfficiency Third Party Program.

B8. O’Rourke Swift, D.(2000) Effects of studentpopulation density onacademic achievement inGeorgia elementary schools.Unpublished DoctoralDissertation, The University of Georgia.

B9. Cramer, J. R. (1976)Some effects of schoolbuilding renovation on pupilattitudes and behaviour inselected junior high schools.Unpublished DoctoralDissertation, The University of Georgia.

Bibliography

The research cited in this brochure summarises a CABE commissioned literature review compiled by the Bartlett School of Planning, University CollegeLondon. The complete review of design valueresearch is available on CABE’s websitewww.cabe.org.uk. CABE accepts no responsibility for the research material presented in this brochure or on the website.D

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Photography creditsfront cover Children playing in Somerset Housecourtyard ©Mascot A. 1©School of Architecture,Planning and Landscape, University of Newcastle2©Nicholas Kane 3©Tim Soar 4©Paul Tyagi5©Nicholas Kane B. 1©Feilden Clegg Bradley2©PCKO 3©Feilden Clegg Bradley 4©Tim Soar6©English Partnerships/Chris HendersonC. 1©Martin Charles 2©Mark Ellis 3©John Reiach4©Philip Vile 5©Mark Ellis 6©Peter Cook/VIEWD. 1©Reiach and Hall 2©Brindley Place plc 3©NigelYoung 5©Sheffield City Council Photographic Unit6©James O Davies E. 1©DEGW 2©DEGW 3©ChrisGascoigne, DEGW/VIEW 4©Shinkenchiku-Sha/TheJapan Architect 5©Lars Hallen, Neils Torp 6©ChrisGascoigne, DEGW/VIEW F. 1©Llewelyn-Davies2©Llewelyn-Davies 3©Llewelyn-Davies/Alan Baxter & Associates 4©Llewelyn-Davies/Alan Baxter & Associates

Bartlett School of PlanningUniversity College London22 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H OQB

T 020 7387 7500F 020 7380 7502www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/planning

Value of good design:relevant websites andlinks

General

CABEwww.cabe.org.uk

ODPMwww.odpm.gov.uk

DCMSwww.culture.gov.uk

The Prime Minister’s BetterPublic Building Award 2002 www.betterpublicbuildings.gov.uk

A. Health

NHS Estates – TheDepartment of Health’sproperty agencywww.nhsestates.gov.uk

Architects for Healthwww.architectsforhealth.com

Medical Architecture Research Unit (MARU)www.sbu.ac.uk/maru

The Nuffield Trustwww.nuffieldtrust.org.uk

B. Education

DfES Schools Building & Design Unit www.teachernet.gov.uk/schoolbuildings

School Works www.school-works.org

The Education Design Groupwww.educationdesign.co.uk

OECD – Programme onEducational Building (PEB)www.oecd.org/els/education/facilities

C. Housing

Building for Lifewww.buildingforlife.org

House Builders Federationwww.hbf.co.uk

Design for Homeswww.designforhomes.org

New Homes Marketing Boardwww.new-homes.co.uk

The Housing Forumwww.thehousingforum.org.uk

Joseph RowntreeFoundationwww.jrf.org.uk

D. Urban Design/Civic Pride

The Urban Design Alliancewww.udal.org.uk

The Urban Design Groupwww.udg.org.uk

Streets of shamewww.streetsofshame.org.uk

E. Commercial/Housing

Urban Land Institutewww.uli.org

F. Crime

Home Officewww.homeoffice.gov.uk

Secured by Designwww.securedbydesign.com

Relevant publicationsavailable through theCABE website

The value impact of housing design and layoutForthcoming 2002

Improving standards ofdesign in the procurement of public buildings (with OGC)October 2002

Client guide: achieving well designed schoolsthrough PFISeptember 2002

Building for life manifesto July 2002

Paving the way: how weachieve clean, safe andattractive streets (full report and executive summary)July 2002

Prime Minister’s BetterPublic Building Award 2002July 2002

Better civic buildings and spaces June 2002

2020 vision: our futurehealthcare environments June 2002

Primary care – making a better environment May 2002

Neighbourhood NurseriesInitiative – DesignCompetition April 2002

Design review March 2002

Schools for the future –designs for learningcommunities (a DfESPublication)February 2002

Building in context (with English Heritage)January 2002

Celebrating innovationOctober 2001

The value of urban design(with DETR)February 2001

Better public buildings (with DCMS and the Office of Government Commerce)October 2000

Design quality in PFIProjects: HM TreasuryGuidance Note No 7(with HM Treasury)May 2000

By design – urban design in the planning system:towards better practice(with DETR)May 2000

Further information

T 020 7960 2400F 020 7960 2444E enquiries@cabe.org.ukW www.cabe.org.uk

Commission for Architecture& the Built Environment

The Tower Building11 York RoadLondon SE1 7NX