the “veneer” of being english: 18 th century british north america the thirteen colonies:...
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The “Veneer” of Being English: 18th Century British North
America
The Thirteen Colonies:
British or American?
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I. Economic Bonds
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A. The Navigation Acts
• After Royal restoration in 1660, the Crown showed more interest in controlling the colonies
• Various motivations for the Navigation Acts
• The components of these Acts
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A. The Navigations Acts (cont)
• Resisted or ignored by the colonists at first
• Mixed record on enforcement
• By 1700, the Acts were largely accepted
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B. Trade within the Empire
• American per capita income figures remain relatively stable
• 50% of American exports went to England
• 25% of American shipping involved in “carrying trade”, esp. to West Indies
• West Indian trade influenced New England agricultural practices
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B. Trade within the Empire (cont.)
• 25% of American shipping involved in intercoastal trade
• Balance of trade turned against the colonists between 1740-1770
• Colonists went deeper into debt, aggravated by two depressions during the 1760’s
• Colonies began issuing paper money as a solution to this crisis
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II. Immigrational Bonds
• Population doubled every 25 years in the 18th century = 3% annual growth rate
• By 1790, only half of Americans can trace their heritage to England
• Largest group of immigrants = Scots-Irish
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II. Immigrational Bonds (cont)
• Germans migrated from the Upper Rhine Valley
• Immigrants raise suspicions of older English settlers
• Increasing movement into the backcountry
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III. Cultural Bonds
• The role of cities in 18th century colonial life
--Philadelphia, New York City, Boston, Charles Town, and Newport, R.I.
--important centers of ideas as well as growing centers of poverty
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III. Cultural Bonds (cont)
• Colonial American Architecture
-- “Georgian”
--Thomas Chippendale
-- “Saltbox”
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III. Cultural Bonds (cont)
• Colonial American Art and Literature--John Singleton Copley
• Colonial American Food and Language-- “Norfolk whine”-- “hoosier”, “redneck”, “cracker”
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IV. Political Bonds
• The English System of Government
-- “rotten” boroughs
--Critics = Whig pamphleteers
• American colonial government
• Theory does not match reality
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IV. Political Bonds (cont)
• “Rise” of the Colonial Assembly
• Controlled money bills and governor’s salaries
• English law used to protect “English” liberties in colonial America
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V. Military Bonds
• The Birth of Georgia
--James Oglethorpe
• Imperial Warfare in America
• King William’s War (1689-1697)
• Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)
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V. Military Bonds (cont)
• King George’s War (1743-1748)
--loss of Louisbourg• The Albany Congress
(1754)• French and Indian
War (1756-1763)
--William Pitt
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VI. Intellectual Bonds
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A. The American Enlightenment
• The European Enlightenment--Isaac Newton--Voltaire
• American version was more tame in the sense that it did not move as far away from Christianity
• The appeal in Enlightened thinking for Americans was also the emphasis on the practical
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A. American Enlightenment (cont)
• Leading American philosophes = Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson--Monticello
• Enlightenment principles are embedded in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution
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B. The Great Awakening
• More impact on the common folk than the Enlightenment
• The phases of the Awakening throughout the colonies
• No single sect monopolized the movement while the Anglicans and the Quakers generally opposed it
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B. The Great Awakening (cont)
• Begins in Northampton, Massachusetts in the parish of Jonathon Edwards
-- “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
--Sarah Edwards
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B. The Great Awakening (cont.)
• Central figure = George Whitefield
--7 trips to America
--orphanage in Georgia
--friend of Franklin
--1st American celebrity
• Turmoil really begins with American itinerants following in Whitefield’s wake
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B. The Great Awakening (cont)
• Gilbert Tenant’s sermon “The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry” (1742)
• “New Lights” vs. “Old Lights”
• Results of the Great Awakening--New Colleges--Impact on the Revolution?